...CONTENTS S.No Titles Page No Introduction 1. Classification of Noise 1 1.1 Community Noise 2 1.2 Occupational Noise 2 2 Effect of Noise on Public Health 3 3 Noise Standards in Pakistan 4 3.1 Motor Vehicle Rules, 1969 5 4 Studies and Data for Removal of Pressure Horns in Different Cities of Pakistan 6 4.1 Environmental Protection Agency, NWFP 6 4.2 Environment Protection Department, Punjab 6 5 Major Steps Taken by Ministry of Environment 7 8 References 8 INTRODUCTION Noise is an unwanted, unpleasant and annoying sound caused by vibration of the matter. Vibrations impinge on the ear drum of a human or animal and setup a nervous disturbance, which we call sound. When the effects of sound are undesirable that it may be termed as “Noise”. Noise from industry, traffic, homes and recreation can cause annoyance, disturb sleep and affect health. Thus, sound is a potentially serious pollutant and threat to environmental health. The response of the human ear to sound depends both on the sound frequency (measure in Hertz, Hz) and the sound pressure, measured in decibels (dB). A normal ear in healthy young person can detect sounds with frequencies from 20Hz to 20,000 Hz. Noise measurements are expressed by the term Sound Pressure Level (SPL) which is logarithmic ratio of the sound pressure to a reference pressure and is expressed as a dimensionless unit of power, the decibel (dB). The reference level...
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...The effects of noise pollution (final draft) Noise pollution is a common phenomenon in our daily society. It is any sound that is interfere with human life. The noise is commonly produced by vehicular traffic, construction sites and other sources. It is the unpleasant sound that may affect nearly every aspect of life. It is unlikely produce the physical substances such as environmental pollution, but it will cause a lot of damages to both human and animals in many ways. Noise pollution has serious effects on human health. This is a matter of great concern to the society. Hearing loss is the most probable outcome to the people who are always under this type of pollution. The sustained and loud noise can cause hearing loss. We may suffer from hearing impairment if we are exposed to this excessive noise for a long time. Therefore, occupational hearing loss is one of the common problems among the industrial diseases. Construction workers are most likely to be influenced by the noise pollution among all other jobs. The noise is hazardous to hearing in the construction industry. They are exposed to the excessive noise pollution in a long period. By retirement, many of them are having a noticeable hearing loss problem. This type of permanent hearing loss can never be repaired. It is sadly that it is impossible to restore hearing. Hearing impairment may lead to some accidents, because the people cannot hear the waning signals from others clearly, they may ignore the dangerous. It...
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...NOISE POLLUTION IN DHAKA: CURRENT SITUATION AND SUGGESTIONS FOR ACTION Amit Ranjan Dey Nazneen Kabir Debra Efroymson Work for a Better Bangladesh House #49, Road #4/A Dhanmondi, Dhaka-1209 tel. 966-9781 fax (8802) 862-9271 wbb@pradeshta.net http://wbb.globalink.org Report Highlights □ 97% of students reported that their studying is disrupted by horns. □ 86% of the general population consider noise pollution a big problem; only 1% said it is not a problem. □ Among the general population, 78% experience aggravation, 71% experience headaches, 49% bad temper, 43% difficulty concentration and trouble sleeping, and 33% experience hearing problems from noise pollution. □ 45% of drivers say they honk in traffic jams. □ The general public strongly support actions to reduce noise pollution, with the vast majority supporting improved traffic control, banning industrial activity and brick breaking machines in urban areas, placing limits on the decibels allowed in different areas, and banning miking for processions, advertising, and election campaigns. METHODOLOGY Survey During the months of May and June 2002, Work for a Better Bangladesh (WBB) surveyed a total of 2,500 people—500 drivers, 1,000 students, and 1,000 members of the general public—to understand their opinions about noise pollution, the problems they experience, and what they feel should be done. Focus group In order to gain better understanding of people’s feelings...
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...CONTROLLING NOISE AND AIR POLLUTION FROM TRAFFIC: A CASE STUDY 1. INTRODUCTION Pollution is defined as the introduction into the natural environment that cause adverse change. Pollution can take form of chemical substances or energy, such as nose, heat or light. Pollutants, the components of pollution, can be ether foreign substances/energies or naturally occurring contaminants. Pollution can kill plants and animals, it may be muddy landscapes, poison soils, waterways, noise, air, etc. People are also regularly harmed by these pollutions. Long-term exposure to these pollutions may lead to any diseases such as lung cancer. Chemicals that accumulate n top predators can make some species to eat for humans. In fact, more than one billion people lack access to clean water these days and 2.4 billon don’t have enough clean sanitation, putting them at risk of contracting deadly diseases. 1.1 Objective of the Study This study aims to examine the problem of noise and air pollution from traffics in the wake of its all effect on the life of the people by planning on how to control pollution at source to the maximum extent possible with due regards to technological achievement and economic viability as well as sensitivity of the receiving environment. It also aims to minimize adverse effects of nose and air pollution by selecting suitable locations for the establishment of new industrial projects. 1.2 Statement of the Problem Associations has...
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...Analysis of Noise impact on various parameters by Response Surface methodology for optimum Safe Working Area N.Boominathan1, G.K.Vijayaraghavan2, R.Kathiravan3 1Research scholar, Periyar Maniammai University, Vallam, Thanjavur, Tamilnadu. Email:nboominathan@gmail.com 2Principal, Dhaanish Ahmed college of engineering, Padappai, Chennai 601 301. Tamilnadu Email: haigkv@yahoo.com 3Professor and Head, Aerospace engineering department, Periyar Maniammai University, Vallam, Thanjavur, Tamilnadu. Email: kathirrk3000@gmail.com Abstract— Enormous growth of population and industries leads waste disposal problems and occupational health hazards like noise, illumination, pollution. They become very difficult to control and manage. Huge amount of money and time are spent year by year to minimize the effects and to find an easy and safe way to manage them. Lot of research works are going on to find an optimum level to minimize the health hazards for workers and society. Various factors are to be considered and it may vary from place to place and time to time. Noise analysis is essential with various related parameters like noise producing sources, its intensity, number of sources and distance. It is necessary to find an optimum safe working area or location for occupational...
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...No matter the demographic of people being questioned, we as people can all relate to the need for clear and distinct territories, a sense of privacy and a desire for personal space, however as individuals we all experience the same events and situations entirely differently, depending on such factors as pervious experiences, personality type, cultural influences, age, socio-economic status, gender, etc. When taking into account the above referenced “factors” a clear and distinct definition of the key concepts , being discussed, is in order. Territory, Privacy, and Personal Space: Concepts such as Territory, privacy, and personal space take on a new meaning in relation to the ever-increasing population density. Here we take a brief look at the definition of each concept, as well as how each concept relates to high-density populations. Territory: The term territory refers to an area of land under the ruler ship or jurisdictions of a governing power (weibster.com). A similar term called, Territoriality refers to manner in which both Humans as well as animals utilize and defend, usually via physical acts of aggression, their physical space. (Territoriality, 2004). According to Abu-Ghazzeh (2000) “no area can be called a territory unless it is characterized by its owner's personal means of identification and unless it constitutes a component of the social behavior of its related group” (para. 1). What this means is that, behaviors are the catalyst to what truly define...
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...credit added the requirements for room noise levels, speech privacy and sound isolation, reverberation time, and paging, masking, and sound reinforcement systems harmonized ANSI and ASHRAE standards. Effective acoustic design provides classroom and workspaces that promote occupant communication, productivity, and well-being. The ASHRAE (American Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air Condition Engineers) has been developing a standard for high performance buildings in conjunction with Illumination Engineering...
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...important to our material resources this earth has created for us? This is the essential question so many are asking in today’s society. Many decades have been addressing the ecological impacts of consumptions and production therefore air quality has improved, waste and industrial pollution has been controlled more and products are more proficient with more informed consumers to boot. As we know these are steps in the right path, however more must be done to manage consumption and production of our material resources. Elemental changes are needed in how natural resources are removed and the way products are produced, dispersed, used and disposed of. Action is needed at all levels of society from individuals and industry through to central and local administration in order to reverse past and current trends and live within biological limits. Thus in this thesis, I will discuss two material resources of consumptions and productions that humans are constantly producing and consuming and how we can potentially decrease them. The first consumption called deforestation often leads to a production such as farming. The second consumption to be discussed is urban sprawl, which leads to the production of water pollution. However, let us first define deforestation and urban sprawl. “Deforestation commonly defined as the elimination of trees and other plants from forest areas more quickly than they can be replanted or rejuvenated naturally. Urban sprawl is the spreading of urban and suburban...
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...1.0-Thesis statement Urban planning is the political and technical process focused on utilization of urban land and designing of urban environment in ensuring and guiding the orderly development of communities and settlements (Levy, 2011). The entire urban planning process entails analysis and research, architecture, public consultation strategic thinking, urban design, policy recommendation, management and plans/policy implementation. One of the most notable aspect urban planning covers the housing planning and transportation planning. With increasing need for sustainable development in the urban, diverse policies are adopted by region, community, or State in ensuring effective urban planning. Thus, this proposal will offer a comparative analysis of policies and political aspects of transportation planning and housing planning with particular interest in the imperative role the urban planning has played in ensuring sustainable development. 2.0- Annotated Bibliography Ankner, W. (2005). Revisiting Transportation Planning. Public Works Management & Policy, 9(4), 270-277. The author revisits the contextual reality surrounding the U.S. transportation planning. Ankner (2005) examines the existing transportation planning models as well as decision-making tools, in supporting the view that the U.S. urban planning framework is either too divided or too limited in scope, thus, incapable of attaining the intended transportation goals. The source will inform the study by availing...
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...below it for an average 8-hour duration. b. ans 2.3dB 4. a. Ans This is a limit set by NIOSH and it is based on noise intensity that is able to cause loss in hearing if an employee is exposed to daily at work throughout their career. b. Ans 7.3dB 5. Imagine you are an occupational health professional...
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...paper in which you analyze the effect of population density and noise on individuals. As a part of your analysis be sure to address the following items: Describe the concepts of territoriality, privacy, and personal space. Examine how the concepts of territoriality, privacy, and personal space have become increasingly important as populations become denser. Clarify the effect nature (e.g., zoos, parks, gardens) has on individuals living in urban environments. Describe the concept of noise and examine the effect that it has on individuals. Examine at least two strategies that can be used to reduce noise in the workplace or in the living environment. The Effects of Population Density and Noise Paper The first line of strategy is to do what an individual can do to minimize the noise pollution he or she can control in their environment. For instance, if an individual lives next to a noisy freeway or airport, he or she can invest in double panel windows in their home (cite). The double panel windows action server two purposes, one purpose is keep the noise out and the purpose is keep the hot sun and cold winter out (cite). For example in the home individual can control noise pollution by their home by turn off television when not been watched and radio and stereo at low volume. Another strategy to minimize or reduce noise pollution is to try to minimize noises directly from the source. In the workplace or industries environment...
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...PLANT LOCATION The decision on locating an industrial plant is frequently one that has a vital effect on the success or failure of the operation of that plant. Hence it should be based upon a careful consideration of all factors pertinent to the business of the particular enterprise. Steps in selecting a plant site Selection of the region * Proximity to the market * Proximity to the necessary materials * Availability of transportation facilities * Adequacy of public and private services such as power, water, fuel, and gas * Favorable climatic conditions Selection of the particular community Which of all the communities in the chosen region can best supply the needs of the individual enterprise? * A labor supply that is adequate in numbers and in types of skill required. * Wage scales that competitive with or lower than those paid by other firms in the same industry. * Other enterprises in the community which are complementary or supplementary as regards raw materials, products ,labor demands and skills used. * Moderate taxes and the absence of restricting laws and ordinance. * Favorable living conditions and standards which label the community for both key and rank-file employees as a good place in which to live. Selection of the exact plant site Alternative communities may have to considered it no available or adequate plant site can be found in the first community selected. Trends in Plant Location * First is the...
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...Unit 45: Transport systems and the environment In this report I will be describing the different forms of impact that transport systems can have on the environment Air pollution This is one of the most obvious impact that transport systems can have on the environment. Many forms of transport rely on burning ‘unclean’ fuels such as petrol and diesel. Cars and buses are among the main culprits for polluting the environment. The emissions that these vehicles release can be potentially harmful to people’s health. A huge percentage of people living in busier cities such as London, Beijing and Los Angeles die or are seriously affected by diseases and complications that the high concentration of emissions cause. Noise Pollution Cars, buses, trains and planes when moving make noise. This is known as noise pollution. Many people choose not to live in busy cities because of the high level of noise pollution. Visual Intrusion As I have mentioned above, many people choose not to live near a busy road, in a city centre or near an airport because of the loud noise that is associated with these places because of the amount of traffic that goes through them. However it is not just the noise pollution that can be a factor. These places need to be lit up all day and all night so that drivers, pedestrians and pilots can see where they are going as the safety of these people is paramount. The problem with that is that people living near these sort of areas may find it hard to sleep at night...
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...The Effects of Population Density and Noise Population density and noise can have many effects on individuals. Population density is the amount of people, which live in a particular area. Along with population density, comes noise; noise is typically an unwanted distraction. In this paper the subject to discuss is the concepts of territoriality, privacy, and personal space; examine how the concepts of territoriality, privacy, and personal space have become increasingly important as populations become denser; clarify the effect nature has on individuals living in urban environments, describe the concept of noise and examine the effect it has on individuals; and examine strategies that can be used to reduce noise in the workplace or in the living environment. Concepts of Territoriality, Privacy, and Personal Space Territories are areas marked and defended by their owners and often used for life-sustaining activities (Territoriality, 2004). The most common example of a person's territory would be his or her home because one tends to personalize and defend what is theirs. A person identifies themselves with his or her territory and any threat to that territory feels like a threat to themselves (Territoriality, 2004). A person feels connected to his or her territory and sees it as a means to satisfying his or her needs within society. Privacy is the selective control of access to oneself and group (Privacy, 2004). A person has the ability to decide who to allow in his or her...
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...Environmental Psychology Week 3: Individual Assignment The Effects of Population Density and Noise Paper “A man's home is his castle” always has been an English common law for centuries, and is even a saying that is very familiar among many individuals within today’s society. In addition, individuals within today’s society have created numerous ways of defending what they may consider to be their own land, turf, or spread. This allows others to understand the difference or features conscientiously labeled among territory of an individual, which is considered private property and opened territory meant to be shared by a group that is public property. This paper will attempt to define and explain the concepts of territorial, privacy, and personal space. Even though society views these terms as somewhat similar to each other, they are very distinct in their own respected way. Territoriality is defined as a “persistent attachment to a specific territory: the pattern of behavior associated with the defense of a territory” (Merriam-Webster, 2011). This basically means that territoriality is viewed as a behavior in which a species lays claim to an area and shields it against members of its own species. Various key functions are expressed in territoriality, for instance it confirms the procreation of the species by regulating density as well as providing an outline in how things are simply done. Proper spacing is vital because it protects the species against over-exploitation...
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