...CONSUMER RESEARCH, Inc. ● Vol. 31 ● June 2004 All rights reserved. 0093-5301/2004/3101-0008$10.00 The Effects of Brand Relationship Norms on Consumer Attitudes and Behavior PANKAJ AGGARWAL* The key premise underlying this work is that when consumers form relationships with brands they use norms of interpersonal relationships as a guide in their brand assessments. Two relationship types are examined: exchange relationships in which benefits are given to others to get something back and communal relationships in which benefits are given to show concern for other’s needs. The conceptual model proposes that an adherence to or a violation of these relationship norms influences the appraisal of the specific marketing action and also the overall brand evaluations. Results of three experiments provide converging evidence in support of the theory. Branding and brand-based differentiation are powerful means for creating and sustaining competitive advantage. Prior research has examined differences in how consumers perceive and evaluate brands, for example, through investigating brand equity (Keller 1993; McQueen, Foley, and Deighton 1993), brand personality (Aaker 1997; Plummer 1985) and brand extensions (Aaker and Keller 1990; Nakamoto, MacInnis, and Jung 1993). More recently, researchers have noted that consumers differ not only in how they perceive brands but also in how they relate to brands (Fournier 1998; Muniz and O’Guinn 2001). This line of research has suggested...
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...The Effects of Brand Relationship Norms on Consumer Attitudes and Behavior PANKAJ AGGARWAL* The key premise underlying this work is that when consumers form relationships with brands they use norms of interpersonal relationships as a guide in their brand assessments. Two relationship types are examined: exchange relationships in which benefits are given to others to get something back and communal relationships in which benefits are given to show concern for other’s needs. The conceptual model proposes that an adherence to or a violation of these relationship norms influences the appraisal of the specific marketing action and also the overall brand evaluations. Results of three experiments provide converging evidence in support of the theory. B randing and brand-based differentiation are powerful means for creating and sustaining competitive advantage. Prior research has examined differences in how consumers perceive and evaluate brands, for example, through investigating brand equity (Keller 1993; McQueen, Foley, and Deighton 1993), brand personality (Aaker 1997; Plummer 1985) and brand extensions (Aaker and Keller 1990; Nakamoto, MacInnis, and Jung 1993). More recently, researchers have noted that consumers differ not only in how they perceive brands but also in how they relate to brands (Fournier 1998; Muniz and O’Guinn 2001). This line of research has suggested that people sometimes form rela- *Pankaj Aggarwal is an assistant professor of marketing at the Division of...
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...an easy way out. In our culture, we have what are referred to as “cultural norms” which are rules and expectations which guide the behaviors of the members of the society. When there is a violation of these “cultural norms” it is referred to as deviance. There are many forms of deviance within society, some that are easily overlooked and those that are not. Those more serious wherein a person violates society’s formally enacted criminal law have committed a crime at this point. Even criminal deviance takes on many levels of deviance. We have the traffic tickets on the less serious note up to the murder charges on the more serious end of the spectrum. With increased internet access we have opened up opportunities to the children and adults of today who are already susceptible to deviance from the “cultural norms” and have in turn increased our own desires to cheat and plagiarize reports instead of doing the work themselves. I began my research using www.yahoo.com. For my keyword I chose “college term papers”. The results were astounding. I received 18,800,000 website hits, which were both paid and free websites. A few of the top websites are www.ghostpapers.com where you can buy a term paper, book report, thesis for college, high school and graduate school as low as $8.99 per page. There is also www.termpapershortcut.com/ which is very interesting. You let them know what type of paper you need, what the format is, and the prices are as low as $12.95 per page,...
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...Individual Paper: Evaluation of Business Code Ethics Francisco Pacheco PHL/323 - ETHICS IN MANAGEMENT September 9, 2012 Donna Falloon Individual Paper: Evaluation of Business Code Ethics In the business world, every company, large or small, has a set of guidelines and standards that describe a person’s expected behavior at the work area. Everyone, including employers, must follow these regulations because it describes organizational expectations for all employees. Business organizations often develop several different policies, rules and guidelines for administering their business. Code of ethics and guidelines do not exist to govern all behaviors, but just enough so that everyone can harmoniously work together while at the same time being productive so that the business or organization can prosper. There are many big and small companies in the business world, and they all have a set of code of ethics that help to establish order and integrity. Even one of the largest oil companies in the world, Shell, has a code of conduct and ethics. They share core values and honesty, integrity and respect for everyone in their foundation and are required to conduct their affairs in accordance with those same principals. Shell Code of Conduct provides basic rules, standards and behaviors that are necessary to achieve the agenda. They are expressed clearly and concise for all their employees on a number of enterprise-wide risk areas and employees are reminded to remember that there...
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...Plagiarism is defined in the paper written in violation of academic standards, academic achievement with plagiarism for the purpose of copying, rewriting behavior, including: 1, cited the views of others, programs, information, data, etc., without explanatory notes the source; 2, using the views of others constitute all their papers, the core or main ideas, the academic achievements of others as a major part of their academic achievement or substantial part; 3, identical with the others content of the paper, and over one-third of the length of time and published in the post, they cannot prove his thesis does not constitute plagiarism of others; identical parts not up to one third of the length, but his thesis has become the main part of the content or substantial part; 4, two or more signatures, non-duplication of the first author publication or use of the entire contents of the paper; 5, two or more signatures, in addition to the first author, the paper I write non-users of content; 6, used his position did not participate in actual research work in academic papers, books, research, etc. in the signature, share academic honors; 7, by others for their own writing papers or writing papers for others; 8, other papers plagiarism. Norms of academic ethics and academic research workers should follow the basic ethics and norms, is to ensure the normal academic exchanges, raise academic standards, academic accumulation and innovation to achieve the fundamental guarantee. In...
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...Final Paper Nick Beech Fort Hays State University A contemporary analysis of the term “white collar crime” is as pertinacious as various concepts within the realm of the Criminal Justice System. According to fbi.gov, there are a host of crimes ranging from health care fraud to computer crime amassed under the umbrella of white collar crime. In addition, the term is widely utilized by both criminologists and sociologists alike, incorporating a mass of non-violent behaviors related to pecuniary fraud. Beyond the fundamental description, currently there is a pervasive inaptness and disciplinary criticism of the definition and application of white collar crime. An assortment of criminologists with the focal point being on state and federal law, contend that many of the behaviors society believes to be white collar crimes are in fact not crimes at all. Short of a statute to delineate whether specific conduct is labeled as a criminal violation of law, behaviors tend to be categorized by individual standards rather than in the context. An individual evaluation of what is or is not deviant allows for a subjective approach that softens the scientific objectivity of criminology (Tappan 1977). Furthermore, the Criminal Justice system was assembled upon the foundation of individual culpability. This presents difficulties when criminal acts involve cooperative intricacies. The penalty phase in regards to the corporate criminal action was not intended to impose sanctions against groups...
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...Börzel/Jana Hönke SFB-Governance Working Paper Series 25 • October 2011 DFG Sonderforschungsbereich 700 Governance in Räumen begrenzter Staatlichkeit - Neue Formen des Regierens? DFG Research Center (SFB) 700 Governance in Areas of Limited Statehood - New Modes of Governance? SFB-Governance Working Paper Series Edited by the Research Center (SFB) 700 „Governance In Areas of Limited Statehood - New Modes of Governance?“ The SFB-Governance Working Paper Series serves to disseminate the research results of work in progress prior to publication to encourage the exchange of ideas and academic debate. Inclusion of a paper in the Working Paper Series should not limit publication in any other venue. Copyright remains with the authors. Copyright for this issue: Tanja A. Börzel/Jana Hönke Editorial assistance and production: Tanja Kilper/Sara Gebh/Anna Jüschke All SFB-Governance Working Papers can be downloaded free of charge from our website www.sfb-governance.de/en/ publikationen or ordered in print via e-mail to sfb700@zedat.fu-berlin.de. Börzel, Tanja A./ Hönke, Jana 2011: From Compliance to Practice. Mining Companies and the Voluntary Principles on Security and Human Rights in the Democratic Republic of Congo, SFB-Governance Working Paper Series, No. 25, Research Center (SFB) 700, Berlin, October 2011. ISSN 1864-1024 (Internet) ISSN 1863-6896 (Print) This publication has been funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG). DFG Research Center (SFB) 700 Freie Universität Berlin...
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...and assess five ethical principles to be considered when carrying out educational research .Relevant examples should be cited from educational systems in Zimbabwe .Ethical principles encompass morals or rules for distinguishing between right and wrong .This paper is taking an ethic as a method ,procedure or perspective for deciding how to act ,norm for behavior that suits particular aims and goals for analyzing complex problems and issues when conducting educational research .There are several reasons why it is important to adhere to ethical norms in research .Norms promote the aims of an educational research , such as knowledge , truth and avoidance of error for example prohibitions against fabricating falsifying or avoid error .The five ethical principles are now going to be observed and assessed intern as the essay unfolds Definition of terms Educational system Ethics Ethical principles Educational research An examination of five ethical principles to be considered when carrying out educational research The first ethical principle to be considered in this paper is confidentiality ,privacy or protection of anonymity when carrying out educational research .Sales and Folkman(2000) assets that there is need to protect confidential communications ,such as papers , grants submitted for publication ,personal records ,trades or military secrets...
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...M1A2 Kristin Aydt Argosy University M1A2 Ethical norms are a framework to distinguish acceptable and unacceptable behaviors. These rules of conduct are not universal, but instead are established by academic, professional and scientific institutions. Research ethics address such issues as trust, fairness, rigor, protocols, and attribution of authorship. The public and policy makers are dependent on the scientific community for reliable information on key societal issues. Codes of conduct allow for the vetting of information and the determination of scientific expertise. Violations of research ethics negatively impact the credibility of the researchers involved, and their affiliated institutions. Ethical breaches may also create confusion and distrust among the public, and can be exploited by policy makers. One highly publicized example of an ethical breach involves the plagiarism and misconduct charges leveled against Edward Wegman, a statistics professor at George Mason University. In 2005, Wegman agreed to work with Joe Barton, a congressman from Texas, regarding a request to prepare an opinion on the credibility of key findings of climate science research. In 2006, Wegman testified in front of the United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce. Wegman’s testimony (Wegman, Said, & Scott, 2006) was critical of previous climate science research, particularly of a paper published in Nature (Mann, Bradley & Hughes, 1998). The testimony, commonly referred...
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...390 Dr. Almeida EXPECTANCY VIOLATIONS THEORY Judee K. Burgoon is an American academic. She is Professor of Communication and Professor of Family Studies and Human Development at the University of Arizona. She is also Director of Human Communication Research for the Center for the Management of Information and Site Director for Center for Identification Technology Research at the university, and currently holds an appointment as Distinguished Visiting Professor with the Department of Communication at the University of Oklahoma, and the Center for Applied Social Research at the University of Oklahoma. She has published over 240 articles and 7 books. Among the theories that she is most notably linked to are: Interpersonal Adaptation Theory, Expectancy Violations Theory, and Interpersonal Deception Theory. This paper will give insight about two journals that elaborate on Burgoon’s Expectancy Violations Theory. It will also compare the difference of the journals with Em Griffin’s approach about the theory and how I personally feel that the journals may be the same or different than the views of Griffin. Journal 1: “Nonverbal Expectancy Violations: Model Elaboration and Application to Immediacy Behaviors” By: Judee Burgoon & Jerold Hale The journal discusses that nonverbal expectancy violations theory holds that positive violations produce more favorable communication outcomes than conformity to expectations, while negative violations produce less favorable ones, and...
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...AFRICA NAZARENE UNIVERSITY UNIT TITLE : BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODS UNIT CODE : BCM 308 TASK : GROUP WORK STUDENT NO. NAME : NEWTON WANYAMA 12M03EBA074 : LEWIS MUNDIA 12J03ABA007 : JAMES IKUA 12S03EBA003 : MARY ODERO 12S03ABA011 : GLADYS MUMO 12J03EBA011 : PENINAH MBUTHIA : GEORGE OLIWA QUESTION : Discuss the ethical issues in research? DUE: 8 JULY 2013 LECTURER: HANIEL NJOGU MUCHIRI INTRODUCTION When most people think of ethics (or morals), they think of rules for distinguishing between right and wrong, such as the Golden Rule ("Do unto others as you would have them do unto you’’. This is the most common way of defining "ethics": norms for conduct that distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable behavior. Most people learn ethical norms at home, at school, in church, or in other social settings. Although most people acquire their sense of right and wrong during childhood, moral development occurs throughout life and human beings pass through different stages of growth as they mature. Ethical norms are so ubiquitous that one might be tempted to regard them as simple commonsense. On the other hand, if morality were nothing more than commonsense, then why are there so many ethical disputes and...
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...Uslu1 ------------------------------------------------- Human Trafficking in Egypt ------------------------------------------------- Human Rights Research Paper Sally Anne Corcoran ETHR 100 Sec2 Seren Seren Uslu 20130966 25.03.2014 Abstract Human trafficking is a widespread human rights violation in Middle-East mostly in Egypt. Despite the fact it is recognized and the consequences are harmful, state party fails to suspend traffickers and implement penalties, which will be dissuasive for a further violation. The violation will be examined in international instruments’ and victim’s point of view. Uslu2 Ancient Egypt is one of the most rooted civilizations in Middle East by its 7.000 years history and it has reigned under powerful sovereigns whom founded more than 10 empires such...
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...dunfeet@wharton.upenn.edu. 2- The McDonough School of Business, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057 Phone: 202.687.5405 Fax: 202.687.4031 Email, smithn@gunet.georgetown.edu. 3- School of Business and Management, Temple University, Speakman Hall (006-00), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19122 Phone: 215.204.8111 Fax: 215.204.6237 Email: rossw@sbm.temple.edu. Acknowledgements: The authors thank Thomas Donaldson, Diana Robertson and participants in the Kennedy Institute of Ethics Seminar at Georgetown University, and three anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on earlier versions of this article. Funding by the Carol and Lawrence Zicklin Center for Business Ethics Research and the Georgetown University School of Business summer research fund is gratefully acknowledged. Abstract This paper describes the need and the search to date for a normative moral foundation for marketing. Social contract theory appears promising because of its clear correspondence to the exchange relationships central to marketing thought and practice. It is introduced in a specific formulation known as Integrative Social Contracts Theory. ISCT provides a coherent framework for resolving ethical issues arising between different communities and is therefore particularly appropriate because marketers frequently engage in boundary-spanning relationships and crosscultural activities. The application of ISCT to ethical decision making in marketing is explored through the use of bribery...
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...------------------------------------------------- ABSTRACT: ------------------------------------------------- This paper explores the issue of early marriage in Africa. It sheds light ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- specifically on reason behind its perpetuation, its harmful consequences, shows how it ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- constitutes a barrier to education and enjoyment of girl’s human rights and how it ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- further threatens the development of countries. ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- The findings from an extensive reading of materials related to early marriage ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- suggest that early marriage is due to various factors including among others, ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- the search for economic survival,protection of young girls, peer group and ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- family pressure, controlling female behavior and sexuality, wars and civil ------------------------------------------------- ...
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...Global Finance Environment Paper FIN/403 May 4, 2008 Globalization refers to the merging of national markets into one huge global marketplace. In today’s market, selling internationally is much easier due to falling barriers in cross-border trade. Now businesses don’t have to be industry giants to operate and succeed in global markets. Although it can be beneficial to offer a standard product that can be used worldwide, significant differences still exist between national markets such as cultural differences, consumer taste differences, product preferences and legal regulations. It is important to define and understand these differences when merging into national markets. Globalization is inevitable and it’s happening at an astonishing speed in nearly every market possible. The technology era that we are in has enabled businesses to join forces like never before and we are seeing significant changes in the global marketplace. There are main drivers in globalization and this paper will define three of them, as well as describe the risks associated with financial investing, and explain the importance of cultural sensitivity and ethics in global finance. Drivers of Globalization Market drivers Domestic markets are saturated and growth opportunities are often times limited. Expanding globally opens up many new opportunities allowing for real growth within a business. The following lists in detail the specific market drivers that play a key role...
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