...their expectations of the ideal behavior. Culture When examining subjects that involve normal and abnormal behavior there are many aspects that one must consider....
Words: 668 - Pages: 3
...Defining Abnormality Paper This paper will be about the challenges in defining and classifying normal and abnormal behavior. There are several challenges that arisen when defining and classifying normal and abnormal behavior. The challenges that will be elaborated will be situational context, culture, and mind and body. Efforts to understand, clarify and control challenging behaviors can be found back to more than a few years. Influences can range from age and gender to culture and situational contexts. When bearing in mind the age of an individual, experts have their work cut out for them, anyone from any age group can experience from abnormal behaviors, this makes it challenging to make a diagnosis Certain cultures have what some would think of being odd or “abnormal” customs. Even with each of these concerns taken into account, mind, body, culture, and situational context, trying to determine if a person is displaying normal or abnormal behaviors can still be challenging. Many human behaviors can follow what is known as the normal curve. Looking at this bell-shaped curve, the majority of individuals are clustered around the highest point of the curve, which is known as the average. People who fall very far at either end of the normal curve might be considered "abnormal” (Sherry, K., N.d.). Situational Context Situational context is a social situation, behavioral setting, or general circumstances in which an action takes place. If the situational context is not considered...
Words: 1424 - Pages: 6
...every race, culture, gender, and age group. Human Development Relationship to Socialization Human Development The psychological, social, and physical changes that and individual experiences in a lifespan from conception to death is known as human development (Shiraev, 2010). All cultures accept and understand human developmental stages. Specialists are able to identify biological, physiological changes, and behavioral norms to all cultural norms. For instance in many developmental books common life span stages are distinguished by stages like prenatal, infancy, the two stages of childhood early and middle, adolescences, and the three stages of adulthood (early, middle, and late). These stages give a reference to what is acceptable and normal in every culture or environment (Shiraev, 2010). This is where socialization becomes important in development. For an individual to meet each stage of human development successfully he or she needs to be taught what is socially acceptable. Socialization For an individual to meet each stage of human development successfully he or she needs to be taught what is socially acceptable. Socialization has several interpretations but, the...
Words: 1299 - Pages: 6
...Abnormal Psychology and Therapy Psychology itself is defined as the scientific investigation of the mental process and behavior (Kowalski & Westen, 2011). The discipline includes a closer examination of thoughts, how people feel about situations and the way they interact with their environment and react to situations and other people. Problems that may arise when dealing with psychology can be conflict, general unhappiness or depression. Mental disorders/illness are not part of normal human behavior and can lead to problems in relationships as well as harm to the person with the disorder or people close to them. There are a wide range of therapies for such disorders and each situation differs from case to case. A closer examination follows with a contrast of normal and abnormal psychology, mental disorders from the view of psychology and a deeper look into two therapies used for both normal and abnormal psychology. Normal and Abnormal Psychology According to "What Is The Difference Between Normal And Abnormal Psychology" (2015), "The difference between normal and abnormal psychology tends to be one of degree of disruption. Normal psychology is the study of human behavior, with a focus on “normal” or average, socially-acceptable traits and behaviors. Abnormal psychology, by contrast, is the study of unusual human behavior, and includes the study of mental disorders.” (para. 1). The standard of normal versus abnormal psychology can be very apparent, or it can be subtle...
Words: 1178 - Pages: 5
...package. There will be a need to describe what is considered normal versus abnormal behavior within the workplace. This will help to me define how these labels relate and effect a successful working atmosphere. I will also provide a description pertaining to the different psychological perspectives in relation to abnormal and normal behavior. Finally, I will discuss whether labeling a person “normal” is appropriate or not. Abnormal Psychology and Defining Abnormal and Normal There are many different branches in the field of psychology, including abnormal psychology. This branch deals with abnormal behaviors and psychopathology (Cherry, 2013). Abnormal p [psychology covers a wide range of different disorders; depression, obsession-compulsive disorders (OCD), to sexual deviation (Cherry, 2013). This branch looks at looks at different modes of stress or distractions that cause a person to act in a particular manner (McLeod, 2008). For instance, a person’s behavior that interferes with their daily life routine, working or taking care of their children, creates a need to address this behavior. To understand this concept better one needs to get a better realization of the terms “normal” and “abnormal.” When thinking about the two terms one would think the answer to such a question, like what is normal or vice versa, is a simple response. But, in actuality it is a little more complex than that. Behaviors are deemed normal or the other by looking at behaviors of a group, age or gender...
Words: 1475 - Pages: 6
...SUMMARY * Abnormal psychology is the branch of psychology that studies unusual patterns of behavior, emotion and thought, which may or may not be understood as precipitating a mental disorder. * The field of abnormal psychology identifies multiple causes for different conditions, employing diverse theories from the general field of psychology and elsewhere, and much still hinges on what exactly is meant by "abnormal". * There has traditionally been a divide between psychological and biological explanations, reflecting a philosophical dualism in regards to the mind body problem. * There have also been different approaches in trying to classify mental disorders. * Abnormal includes three different categories, they are: * subnormal * supernormal * paranormal * The science of abnormal psychology studies two types of behaviors: * Adaptive behavior * Maladaptive behavior * Clinical psychology is the applied field of psychology that seeks to assess, understand and treat psychological conditions in clinical practice. * The theoretical field known as 'abnormal psychology' may form a backdrop to such work, but clinical psychologists in the current field are unlikely to use the term 'abnormal' in reference to their practice. * Psychopathology is a similar term to abnormal psychology but has more of an implication of an underlying pathology, and as such is a term more commonly used in the medical specialty...
Words: 1239 - Pages: 5
...and using all of there senses rather its cognitive, physical, or mental. Some other questions that came to mind during my research are what is normal psychology and what is abnormal psychology? What is normal psychology? Most people consider one to be normal if they seem to have no problems physically or mentally. Are you O.K. the way you are? Should you be different? Most of us tend to roles that are acceptable behavior in society. Society expects us all to play certain roles. Health and science guide says that normality is only questioned when there is a conflict between roles. Why do we conform to these roles? We do it because in most societies, including ours, there are rewards for conformity. People tend to treat us with respect when we play roles that others are comfortable with. What is abnormal psychology? I think it could be the study of mental illness as some journals stated. Overall it's the study of mental illnesses and of how people with mental illnesses can be treated. Stated in Health and Science guide mental illness is a much-debated topic in the world of psychology to which a lot of research is still needed. Problems usually come up when people try to define what is normal. Sigmund Freud was considered to be the father of Psychoanalysis, said there was no such thing as a normal person. Since the beginning of psychology, psychologists have been exploring methods of psychology. There will always be problems with the...
Words: 1360 - Pages: 6
...Historical Perspectives of Abnormal Psychology Sandra Hall PSY 410 - Abnormal Psychology May 6, 2013 Dr. Kristi Husk Historical Perspectives of Abnormal Psychology Psychology is a diverse discipline with many facets. Throughout the years, scientists have developed a variety of disciplines to understand and explain human behavior from their respective fields. One such development is the discipline of abnormal psychology. It is a relatively young discipline and consists of six core concepts. These concepts aid in the diagnosis of abnormal behavior, and includes various theoretical models to help understand psychopathology. The Origins of Abnormal Psychology and Its Evolution into a Scientific Discipline Andrew Colman defines abnormal psychology as “a branch of psychology devoted to the study of the classification, etiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental disorders and disabilities” (Colman, 2009, p. 2). The desire to understand human behavior and (mental) illness dates back to the Ancient Greeks. In 460 BCE, Hippocrates documented his first attempts to understand mental illness. He believed illnesses are the result of an imbalance of various bodily fluids. Hippocrates’ observations led to the development of the very first biological theory of mental illness and emphasized the importance of the observation of the patient’s symptoms rather than relying on religious beliefs (Hansell & Damour, 2008). Hippocrates’ findings began the progress of...
Words: 1388 - Pages: 6
...Traceability for Cost Measurement. Variability for Decision making and Inventoriability for Inventory Valuation, again Cost Measurement. Other typical cost classifications in the context of Decision making are Relevant Costs, Sunk Costs, Opportunity cost, Incremental cost. Session 2 Methods of Costing are Industry Specific. Job Costing, Process Costing, Unit Costing, etc... Unit costing is generally used for large scale mass production products or services. Terms: Prime Cost,Works Cost, Cost of Productionr or Cost of Goods Manufactured, Cost of goods sold, Cost of Sale, etc...... Process costing determines the NORMAL PROCESS COST of a process in each period. Normal Process Cost = Total cost of process in excess of realisable value of Normal loss DIVIDED by Normal Output[which is Input less normal loss]!!! Abnormal loss and Abnormal gain output are always valued at the Normal Cost. Session 3 How do Volumes impact Revenues, Costs and Profit. Terminology to understand: BEP(single product and multiple product], MOS,PVR or CMR . the meaning, and application of these numbers to different Business applications..and may be in personal life too! Key applications: Short term pricing, product mix decisions, resource allocation decisions, make or buy decisions, profit planning and volume planning decisions, make or buy decisions, maximising or optimising profit under constraints[intro to TOC]. Significance of the number CONTRIBUTION in most decision making situations using CVP. Session...
Words: 334 - Pages: 2
...cultural and for people who practice particular religions. Different cultures have their own set of behavioral norms that they follow to maintain structure. Therefore, understanding behavior from other cultures may be significantly difficult to relate too. The text refers to this type of view as the relativist perspective on psychopathology because it gives a comparison to unique cultural perspective of psychological disorders. Another perspective is called the universalist perspective on psychopathology because it suggests the absolute continual of ideas and attitudes that people share despite cultural differences. It is common in some cultures to treat an illness as a disorder and label it as such. It is likely to consider normal behavior as abnormal and vice versa in different cultures. American clinicians use the DSM-IV to diagnose mental disorders. However, every illness is not found in the DSM-IV. Anxiety Disorder Anxiety disorder is a term used to describe universal experiences of fear, worry, and apprehension that can be disruptive to daily activity. These symptoms can cause severe distress to an individual. Although the fear can range from a wide variety of situations, such as fear of spiders to fear of socializing with people....
Words: 670 - Pages: 3
... The interest of the paper will be to look at the areas of anxiety, mood/affective, and somatoform disorders. Many of the disorders that people can have are complex and more debilitating than others. Each disorder can be analyzed in components like biologic, psychodynamic, cognitive, and behavioral. Anxiety to people is the fear of different things that come and the cause for much of the flourish of disorders. People who suffer from the anxiety disorder would have intense to extreme feelings. The thoughts that can come to mind would make the disorder worse and the help people can get can calm the thoughts. The mind is not the only part that could affect people because the body is also affected. There is a difference between normal anxieties to abnormal anxiety which has worse affects on a person. The generalized anxiety disorder which is also GAD and people who deal with this feel tense and they worry most of the time. Biological part of the anxiety can come from a family history which the disorders could be different from each other. The relation in the disorders is that they have them and it does not mean that it has to come from their parents but runs in the family somewhere. Psychodynamic in the anxiety normally can be the interaction of the emotional and motivational forces which would affect the behavior of people. Behavioral affects from anxiety could be a person afraid of what they see or hear. The disorder can have people not wanting...
Words: 852 - Pages: 4
...offerings, the contractual arrangements associated with the marketing of corporate securities and incentives for under-pricing in initial public equity offerings. 2. On the corporation’s choice of security to offer When contemplating the type of security to issue, the corporation must consider the reaction of the market to its announcement. Four generalisations are made when looking at the two-day common stock price reactions to the announcement of industrial and utility firms raising capital with various securities – * average abnormal returns are non-positive; * abnormal returns around the time of the announcements of common stock sales are negative and larger in absolute value than those observed with preferred stock or debt; * abnormal returns around announcements of convertibles are negative and larger in absolute value than those for comparable non-convertible securities; and * abnormal returns related to security issues by industrials are negative and larger in absolute value than those for utilities The author looks at several hypotheses for this pattern of relative stock price effects. While they are not mutually...
Words: 3055 - Pages: 13
...the behavior and mental processes of organisms. > the goals of psychology are to describe, explain, predict, and control behavior. ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY * Abnormal psychology is the branch of psychology that studies unusual patterns of behavior, emotion and thought, which may or may not be understood as precipitating a mental disorder. * Although many behaviors could be considered as abnormal, this branch of psychology generally deals with behavior in a clinical context. * There is a long history of attempts to understand and control behavior deemed to be aberrant or deviant (statistically, morally or in some other sense), and there is often cultural variation in the approach taken. * The field of abnormal psychology identifies multiple causes for different conditions, employing diverse theories from the general field of psychology and elsewhere, and much still hinges on what exactly is meant by "abnormal". * There has traditionally been a divide between psychological and biological explanations, reflecting a philosophical dualism in regards to the mind body problem. * There have also been different approaches in trying to classify mental disorders. * Abnormal includes three different categories, they are: * subnormal * supernormal * paranormal * The science of abnormal psychology studies two types of behaviors: adaptive and maladaptive behaviors. * Behaviors that are maladaptive suggest that some problem(s)...
Words: 5375 - Pages: 22
...offerings Daniel A. Cohen 1, Paul Zarowin à New York University, Stern School of Business, NY 10012-1118, USA a r t i c l e i n f o abstract Article history: Received 15 January 2008 Received in revised form 22 December 2009 Accepted 18 January 2010 Available online 2 February 2010 We show that SEO firms engage in real activities manipulation, and the decline in postSEO performance due to the real activities management is more severe than that due to accrual management. Our evidence is important, because it shows that post-SEO operating underperformance is driven not just by accrual reversals, but also reflects the real consequences of operational decisions made to manage earnings. We also show how firms’ choices of real versus accrual-based earnings management activities around SEOs vary predictably as a function of the firm’s ability to use accrual management and the costs of doing so. & 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. JEL Classification: G14 G32 M4 M41 Keywords: Seasoned equity offerings Earnings management Accounting choices Accounting Accruals Real activities 1. Introduction In this paper, we examine both real and accrual-based earnings management activities around seasoned equity offerings (SEOs). Prior research has documented that SEOs are associated with earnings management and subsequent declines in operating performance (e.g., Rangan, 1998; Teoh et al., 1998; Shivakumar, 2000; DuCharme et al., 2004). These studies focused...
Words: 14924 - Pages: 60
...offerings Daniel A. Cohen 1, Paul Zarowin à New York University, Stern School of Business, NY 10012-1118, USA a r t i c l e i n f o abstract Article history: Received 15 January 2008 Received in revised form 22 December 2009 Accepted 18 January 2010 Available online 2 February 2010 We show that SEO firms engage in real activities manipulation, and the decline in postSEO performance due to the real activities management is more severe than that due to accrual management. Our evidence is important, because it shows that post-SEO operating underperformance is driven not just by accrual reversals, but also reflects the real consequences of operational decisions made to manage earnings. We also show how firms’ choices of real versus accrual-based earnings management activities around SEOs vary predictably as a function of the firm’s ability to use accrual management and the costs of doing so. & 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. JEL Classification: G14 G32 M4 M41 Keywords: Seasoned equity offerings Earnings management Accounting choices Accounting Accruals Real activities 1. Introduction In this paper, we examine both real and accrual-based earnings management activities around seasoned equity offerings (SEOs). Prior research has documented that SEOs are associated with earnings management and subsequent declines in operating performance (e.g., Rangan, 1998; Teoh et al., 1998; Shivakumar, 2000; DuCharme et al., 2004). These studies focused...
Words: 14924 - Pages: 60
