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Study Guide: Lesson 7
Introducing Metaphysics
Lesson Overview

Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that deals with questions of reality. Since it deals with literally everything that exists, it is perhaps the broadest branch of philosophy. However, we will briefly spend time in this area. In this lesson, we will introduce some of the questions that we seek to answer in metaphysics as well as some basic metaphysical terminology you will need to master as we discuss metaphysical issues. We will also discuss the issue of method in arriving at answers to our metaphysical questions.

Tasks

Review and take notes of the presentation, “Metaphysical Terminology.”-Deals with reality - has 2 aspects to it: events and things or (time and space) -things: 3 attributes; properties, substance and an essence

* Know the 4 characteristics of properties.- other words for properties: as qualities or characteristics; definition: this is an attribute or a quality a thing is said to possess, it’s a characteristic about that particular thing, (color, texture, size, shape) (adjectives) * 1) Properties are universals- they can be in more than one thing at a time. * 2) Properties are immutable and eternal- they do not change over time. * 3) Properties inhere in things- they are “had” by or are “in” things (they have to exist in things) * 4) Properties do not have causal powers- they cannot cause any things or event to occur.
Two kinds: Accidental properties- properties which a particular thing may or may not possess; they are not essential to what the thing is. (ex. “human” Color, height, weight, personality) Essential properties- properties which a particular thing must possess; they are necessary to what the thing is. (ex. “human” Rational, emotional, & willful capacities) * Know the 4 characteristics of substances.- other words for substances; a thing, entity or noun. Definition: that which has its being in itself and not in another, such as a particular thing. (ex. table, tree, hand, a person, God) * 1) Substances are particular things- they can only be in one place at a time. * 2) Substances can change and are not necessarily eternal. * 3) Substances are “fundamental existants”- they have being in themselves; they do not inhere in other things (they exist in of themselves and not in something) * 4) Substances have causal powers- they can cause things or events to occur
Two kinds: Material Substances- substances made out of matter: Natural Kinds- occur naturally (tree, water), Artifacts- man made things (table) Immaterial Substances- substances not made from matter (God, angels, mind) * Know the different kinds of properties and substances. * Know the difference between property, substance, and essence. * Know three different view of essence.- other word for essence: human nature. Definition: it’s the sum of the essential properties of a thing that makes it what it is. It’s what makes that thing to be that kind of thing(it is a things “whatness”). * Essence is not a property- it is the sum of essential properties of a thing * Essence is not a substance- substance is the “thatness” of a thing, essence is its “whatness”; substance tells me “that” there is something there, essence tells me “what” the something is. * (Tree) Properties: * Accidental (Is it possible for this thing to be what it is without having that?) * Leaves, Fruits * Essential (What does a tree have to have in order to be a tree?) * Roots, trunk * (Tree) Substance: * Matter * (Tree) Essence: * “Treeness” * (Human) Properties: * Accidental * Brown Hair, Blue Eyes * Essential * Human body (DNA), Rantional, emotional and willful capacities * (Human) Substance: * Matter * Mind (?) Soul, spirit, personality (immaterial part that does my thinking, reasoning and dreaming) * (Human) Essence: * “Humaness” or human nature * 3 views: * Metaphysical Realism- the view that natures or essences possess objective reality: they actually exist in things themselves. (I contain a human nature, tree contains a tree nature) * Nominalism- the view that natures or essences are merely names by which we group things together which possess similar features. (The reason that we call you a human is because you have similar characteristics to all of these other things over here and we call all of those humans. From the word “nomos” means name.)(things don’t exist at all) * Conceptualism- the view that essences or natures exist, but only as ideas in our minds and not objectively in reality. (They exist but they exist really as ideas in the mind, not objectively in reality)

**Essence: is the most controversal

Read Chapter 1 of Metaphysics: Constructing a World View, “Introducing Metaphysics.” As you do, make sure you understand the following points and questions:

* Explain the 3 metaphysical questions.- 1) What is real: distinguishing between things that are real, that really exist, and things that arent’t real. 2) What is ultimately real: what are the basic constituents of reality?, the idea that things can be broken down into their constituents to see what the are made of; is what objects consist of, is something very different from physical objects as we ordinarily think of them. 3) What is man’s place in what is real: who is at the top of the “great chain of being” (pg 14-17) * What is the meaning of ultimately real?- constituents identified by science (pg 15) * Why is “man’s place in the real” significant?- it is significant b/c we sometimes call this the meaning of life, for how we ourght to live and for what (if anything) we ought to worship. (pg 16) * Know the method for doing metaphysics and the 2 rules of thumb.- The method is begins with having “good reasons”, this is also done based on other things we know to be true. 1) We may take as premises for a metaphysical argument anything we know, or have good reason to believe, to be true: this includes ordinary perceptual beliefs, beliefs that are justified through sense perception including historical facts and well-established results of science, also headings of logic justified by some sort of rational insight or understanding along with our convictions that there must be a cuase somewhere for something to exist; the mentioned principles are considered to be metaphysical data-fundamental assumptions that we seem to bring to experience rather than derive from it, and which we seem firmly to believe in without being able to prove. 2) No belief, no matter how firmly held or apparently well supported, is beyond the possibility of challenge or questioning: nothing is accepted merely on authority, no matter how reputable; and no assertion, however outrageious, is ruled out of court if it can be supported with good reasons (pg 19-20) * Identify the 3 kinds of beliefs we may take as our staring point in metaphysical investigation.- 1)our ordinary perceptual beliefs/ sense perception “not statement can be both true and false” 2)our convictions “nothing begins to exist without a cause” 3) “nothing we do now can change the past” (pg 19) * Explain the role of authority in metaphysical investigation including the different types of authorities.- Legal Authority- include not just the law in a narrow sense but rather all situation in which some person or group of persons has the right simply to dcide something which henceforth is so just b/c it has been decided that way (this has no place at all in metaphysics). Expert Authority- there are cases where certain persons are relied on for information b/c of special experiences or expertise, this authority is authoritative, but it is not absolute. Religious Authority- truths are proclaimed by God or by someone authorized to speak on behalf of God, cannot be accepted as a basis for philosophical assertions (pg 21-23) * Describe the relationship between Christian theology and philosophical investigation (noting the important distinctions).- to ask philosophy to proceed along the lines of religious authority would be to replace it altogether with Theology. First there needs to be a dinstinction between the “content” of one’s belief and the “reasons” for that belief- between “what” is believed and “why” it is believed. The second dinstinction needs to be- a dinstinction bewtween one’s final, overall conclusions about the way things are, and what canbe ascertained through the methodology of a particular discipline. (pg 24) * What is the function of a metaphysical theory?- they serve to unify areas of our experience and make them understandable to us (pg 25-26) * Explain 3 ways we can evaluate metaphysical theories.- 1) factual adequacy: must be in agreement with the facts about the subject matter with which they are concerned. 2) logically consistent- must fit the logical structure 3) explanatory power- used to unify the theory (pg 26-27)

Terms

Make sure you can explain the following terms and concepts:

* Property * Accidental Property * Essential Property * Substance * Universal * Particular * Essence * Metaphysical Realism * Nominalism * Conceptualism | * Basic Constituent * Wholism (pg 15) * Metaphysical Data (pg 20) * Legal Authority (pg 21) * Expert Authority (pg 22) * Religious Authority (pg 23) * Factual Adequacy * Logical Consistency * Explanatory Power |

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