...Brtlt20a.wpd Lesson 20a: The Victorian Novel (Day: 168-170) The Victorian reading public firmly established the novel as the dominant literary form of the era. Virtually the entire literate population consisted of novel-readers. Herbert Spencer, that rigorous apostle of science, exempted George Eliot's works works from his general condemnation of "mere" novels; Newman and Arnold were avid readers of fiction; and Darwin stated in his Autobiography that to him novels were "a wonderful relief and pleasure." Carlyle, however, dourly excluded the novelist from the category of the hero as writer. Amazingly, Tennyson compared the novel to verse drama and gave it higher rating: "I am of the opinion that if a man were endowed with such faculties as Shakespeare's, they would be more freely and effectively exercised in prose fiction with its wider capabilities than when "cribbed, cabined, and confined" in the trammels of verse." Certainly the novel may well be termed the most distinctive and lasting literary achievement of Victorian literature. At the outset of the Victorian period no one, except possibly Thackeray, considered the novel a significant art form. By 1853, however, Clough, writing in the North American Review, recognized that cultured readers had turned their attention from poetry to the novel. By the century's end the novel had completely triumphed over poetry as aesthetic and spiritual nourishment for English readers. The novel by this time claimed writing...
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...As said by Evan Esar, “The only time a lazy man ever succeeds is when he tries to do nothing.” American poet and novelist Christopher Morley would agree with this, based on his poem, “On Laziness,” published in 1920. In this piece, Morley argues that, against popular belief, the real way to live a happy life is to simply live a lazy and relaxed lifestyle. This way, people are kept out of issues and problems that normally would cross their paths in a more involved lifestyle. In American poet and novelist, Christopher Morley’s poem, “On Laziness”, he uses the rhetoric of pathos to make his audience think twice about how they personally live their lives, and uses it to tap into the reader’s emotions. Throughout his poem, Morley uses a strong...
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...Zen: Chapter 12 The author interprets the viewpoints of a novelist and a Chautauqua distinguishing how in books the novelist has to make character whereas the relationship of John and Sylvia is already established. He displays how his discovery of philosophy made him distance himself from his friends and family, mourning the realization to the advancement of technology. His acquaintances will be meeting a Robert DeWeese in Bozeman he is an artist who is a professor. Phaedrus didn’t want DeWeese who knew Phaedrus before he dropped to question his new approach at life. Phaedrus could not understand Dweese making like him, providing a sense of different perspective to illustrate that both can be knowledgeable. Kants philosophy allowed him to explore the possibility of what life has to offer, and as he studied oriental philosophy avoiding Zen meditation because of rationale. The world is a illusion and it is up to us as individuals to chose what we believe. Zen: Chapter 13 As his reunion of his college approaches in Bozeman he becomes increasingly nervous because that’s when Phaedrus found himself. Due to the right-wing politician the liberalism in college seems to be content because the treatment by working credit that colleges teaches you. In one of his classes Phaedrus he set off the creed of school by his defense of action called church of reason lecture. In the lecture he explains how religion doesn’t rely on a physical spectrum like how a...
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...´ ´ ETAT PRESENT WHAT HAPPENED TO THE CATHOLIC NOVEL? TOBY GARFITT MAGDALEN COLLEGE, OXFORD The idea of a specifically Catholic novel arose during the nineteeth century. The often anti-Catholic agenda of the philosophes and the libertine novel had been counterbalanced by writers such as Rousseau and Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, who sought to reveal God through the wonders of the natural world. But it was Chateaubriand’s Atala (1801) that inaugurated the new genre of the Catholic novel as a riposte to the dechristianization associated with the Revolution. Chateaubriand was more partial to the epic, however, and in this he was followed by Bonald, who appreciated the scope that the epic afforded for the depiction of ‘le merveilleux chretien’, including angels.1 An interesting ´ twentieth-century representative of this tradition is Patrice de La Tour du Pin, ´ whose three-volume Somme de poesie (1946 – 63) charts the progression from lyrical poetry in a neo-Romantic vein, through a process of kenosis or selfemptying (which involves a shift towards prose in the second volume), to the ´ ´ creation of a new theopoesie.2 Epic poetry continued to offer a means of exploring religious and scientific ideas throughout the nineteenth century (Quinet, Hugo, Bouilhet), but there was already a backlash by the 1820s, and, as the novel rapidly established itself as the major literary genre, a number of Catholic sub´ genres developed. The ‘Avant-propos’ to Balzac’s Comedie humaine expresses nostalgia...
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...Why This Person is Superior George Orwell as a Novelist George Orweel is one of the leading novelists of modern age. His novels express a powerful sattire on the political and social hypocrisies. By thw quality of his writing, he has achieved international fame and recognition. In his evolution as a novelist he moved from simple narration to symbolic expression. But he has been criticised by many critics due to the lack of sincere characteristics of a novel in his novels. It has bveen proved that he has failed as a novelist. Tom Hopkinson opines, “Orwell’s reputaion as awriter rests largely on his novels, but his gifts are not those of a novelist; and, if the novel had not happened to be the prevailing literary form during the twenty years when he was writing, he would proably never have been attracted to it. Orwell had little imagination, little understanding of human relationshipl, little sympathy with individual human beings- though much with humanity in general.” O.D. Leavis also found that he had “wasted a lot of energy trying to be a novelist. I think I must have read three or four novels by him and the only impression those dreary books left on me was that nature didn’t intend him to be a novelist.” Edward M. Thomas also found that he did not possess the temperment of a novelist. Thus Orwell, who wished to produce more than thirty novels, had to admitin aletter, written to his friend, Julian Symons, “You are perfectly right about my own character constantly intruding...
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...discover a pretext for my temerity in the interesting pamphlet lately published under this name by Mr. Walter Besant. Mr. Besant's lecture at the Royal Institution--the original form of his pamphlet--appears to indicate that many persons are interested in the art of fiction and are not indifferent to such remarks as those who practise it may attempt to make about it. I am therefore anxious not to lose the benefit of this favourable association, and to edge in a few words under cover of the attention which Mr. Besant is sure to have excited. There is something very encouraging in his having put into form certain of his ideas on the mystery of story-telling. It is a proof of life and curiosity--curiosity on the part of the brotherhood of novelists, as well as on the part of their readers. Only a short time ago it might have been supposed that the English novel was not what the French call discutable. It had no air of having a theory, a conviction, a consciousness of itself behind it-of being the expression of an artistic faith, the result of choice and comparison. I do not say it was necessarily the worse for that; it would take much more courage than I possess to intimate that the form of the novel, as Dickens and Thackeray (for instance) saw it had any taint of incompleteness. It was, however, naïf (if I may help myself out with another French word); and, evidently, if it is destined to suffer in any way for having lost its naïveté it has now an idea of...
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...There is substantial evidence that by 1926, with the publication of The Weary Blues萎靡的蓝调, Langston Hughes had broken with打破 two well-established确立已久的 traditions in African American literature. In The Weary Blues, Hughes chose to modify the traditions that decreed规定 that African American literature must promote racial acceptance and integration融合, and that, in order to do so, it must reflect an understanding and mastery 掌握of Western European literary techniques and styles. Necessarily excluded 排除by this decree规定, linguistically and thematically, was the vast amount of secular 长期的folk material in the oral tradition that had been created by Black people in the years of slavery and after. It might be pointed out that even the spirituals 圣歌or “sorrow悲痛的 songs” of the slaves—as distinct from their secular songs and stories—had been Europeanized to make them acceptable within these African American traditions after the Civil War. In 1862 northern White writers had commented favorably on the unique and provocative激励人心的 melodies of these “sorrow songs” when they first heard them sung by slaves in the Carolina sea islands. But by 1916, ten years before the publication of The Weary Blues, Hurry T. Burleigh, the Black baritone男中音 soloist独唱歌手 at New York’s ultrafashionable非常流行的 Saint George’s Episcopal 主教的Church圣公会, had published Jubilee大赦年 Songs of the United States, with every spiritual圣歌 arranged 编排so that a concert singer could sing it “in the manner 方式of an art song.” Clearly, the artistic...
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...TERM PAPER COMPARATIVE POLITICS By PRAKASH BHANDARI {SAU/IR (M)/2015/O8} Submitted to: Prof. Siddharth Mallavarapu Date of submission: 02/11/2015 Word Count: 3520 approx. (excluding bibliography) Table of contents S.No. | Title | Page no. | I. | AbstractIntroduction | 3 3 | 1. | Satyajit Ray: The Master Storyteller: | 4 | 2. | Maqbool Fida Husain | 6 | 3. | Arundhati Roy: | 8 | III. | Conclusion | 10 | Abstract: Basically, before the 20th century, the study of the politics was shaped by history, ethics, philosophy, and law, but from the late 19th century onwards, scientific approach to study politics gradually emerged. Comparative politics, in my view, do not study and analyze big issues of politics only. It also provides us the stage to study and analyze the political, social and economic situation of a particular society or state from the lens of art, literature, cinema, dramas, etc. Not only that, art and literature are the mirror of the society, so to understand particular society and political system, studying and analyzing art, literature is important. Being a student of comparative politics, here I have a good opportunity to study and compare three distinct images of a particular society. In this term paper, I am going to study three distinct pillars of Indian art and literature, which represent three different images and ideas. Satyajit Ray, MF Husain, and Arundhati Roy are an Indian film director, painter, and writer respectively...
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...Studies in Literature and Language Vol. 3, No. 2, 2011, pp. 25-27 DOI:10.3968/j.sll.1923156320110302.215 ISSN 1923-1555[Print] ISSN 1923-1563[Online] www.cscanada.net www.cscanada.org Female Consciousness in Wuthering Heights ZHAO Juan1,* 1 Institute of Foreign languages, Beijing Technology and Business University, China * Corresponding author. Email: zhaoj@th.btbu.edu.cn Received 16 May 2011; accepted 18 August 2011 Wuthering heights , a representative work in Victorian Era by Emily Bronte, a famous female writer of the 19th century in Britain, has greatly influenced readers for generations. This article investigates the female consciousness in Withering Heights and analyses how Catherine rebels against the male-dominated society and pursues her love. The female consciousness includes the sense of independence and the pursuit of her true self. The spiritual equality is the foundation of happiness between lovers, and although women dace lots of obstacles in their struggle and fight against the society, a wonderful future to women is to be ushered in if they keep fighting. Key words: Feminism; Female consciousness; Rebellion; Spiritual pursuit Z H A O J u a n ( 2 0 11 ) . F e m a l e C o n s c i o u s n e s s i n Wu t h e r i n g Heights . Studies in Literature and Language, 3 (2), 252 7 . Av a i l a b l e f r o m : U R L : h t t p : / / w w w . c s c a n a d a . n e t / i n d e x . p h p / s l l / a r t i c l e / v i e w / j . s l l . 1 9 2 3 1 5 6 3 2 0...
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...The analysis of the story: From W.S. by L.P. Hartley Leslie Poles Hartley (1895—1972), the son of a solicitor, was educated at Harrow and Balliol College, Oxford and for more than twenty years from 1932 was a fiction reviewer for such periodicals as the Spectator, Sketch, Observer and Time and Tide. He published his first book, a collection of short stories entitled "Night Fears" in 1924. His novel "Eustace and Hilda" (1947) was recognized immediately as a major contribution to English fiction; "The Go-Between" (1953) and "The Hireling" (1957) were later made into internationally successful films. In 1967 he published "The Novelist's Responsibility", a collection of critical essays. L.P. Hartley was a highly skilled narrator and all his tales are admirably told. "W.S." comes from "The Complete Short Stories of L.P. Hartley" published posthumously in 1973. At the beginning of the story the author introduces the main character of it who is Walter Streeter. The first postcard he receives is from Forfar and is anonymous. Usually he answers to the letters but this one didn’t have any address so Walter was relieved that he doesn’t need to answer to it. The photograph of Forfar was uninteresting and he tore it up. About ten days later, Walter receives another postcard, but this time it was from Berwick –on –Tweed. After reading the second letter Walter began to wonder if the sender was a woman or a man. After some time he dismissed the stirrings of curiosity that...
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...In the 18’Th century, the world was in a conflict between the traditional superstition and the emerging rationalism. This change in society was also seen in the literature of the century and many gothic novelists was inspired to include this conflict in their works. Edgar Allen Poe’s short story, the black cat, is a great example of how the literature reflected the conflict of the real world. In the horrific short story, the black cat, by Edgar Allan Poe, the reader follows the mind of a reflective 1.st person narrator, whose sanity and reliability is constantly questioned. To do this, Poe uses many literary techniques, which add up to the constant questioning of the narrator’s reliability. One technique is the distancing of norms and values between the reader and the narrator. An example proving this is the clinical and calmly description of how the narrator plans to hide the carcass of his wife: “Many projects entered my mind.” Notice how the narrator thinks rationally about hiding the carcass because it has a significant meaning later on in the interpretation. One might think that this is a sure sign that the narrator is completely insane, but because Poe uses a 1.st person narrator, he is, arguably off course, able to justify all his wicked actions. This is partly due to the 1.st person reflective point of view, where the reader follows the mind of the narrator, but also due to the narrator’s constant tries to convince the reader that he is rational and sane, and in such...
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...science editor of the British newspaper, The Observer. The statement itself in text one is definitely clear. It already appears from the title “Benefits of smoke ban will be felt at once”. He claims that the smoking ban will actually benefit the people of England. Robin McKie’s argumentation is very objective, and is based on scientific documentation which supports his claim. All the numbers and fact that are given up throughout the text, makes it obviously very difficult for anybody to argue against the claim of the science editor. However, in text two, it is a completely different opinion that appears. The text is written by A.N Wilson, a British novelist and biographer, who claims that the smoking ban definitely will affect Britain negatively. In contrast to Robin Mckie, A.N Wilson uses examples of many well-known English novelists who had been smoking during their famous works, as a support for his statement. Furthermore he explains how the smoking ban symbolizes an attack on the basic liberty as it denies the right of a human decision whether to smoke or not. The claim of the last text separates from the former texts. The text is written by Simon Jenkins who is a British newspaper columnist. Simon Jenkins explains that if it was a decision that should have been made by local authorities, it would then be a good thing to have a smoking ban. At the same time he makes it clear that he dislikes smoking but still have respect for smokers as long as they keep their smoke out of...
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...Brazilian novelist Paulo Coelho once said, “culture makes people understand each other better. And if they understand each other better in their soul, it is easier to overcome the economic and political barriers.” Culture is a way of thinking, behaving, and representing a group of the same morals and art. Culture gives us a sense of belonging in society, and differences in cultures lead to diversity in people from different parts of the world. Our cultural values and beliefs manifest themselves through lifestyle, making the United States a multicultural society. In our daily lives, those who live around us, those we socialize with, and those we work with, come from different parts of the world and have different cultures, so we are forced to...
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...For most readers, the name of Edgar Allan Poe has become a byword for horror and fear. Moreover, the images and motifs created by the novelist had an immense influence on the following generations and works of other authors, so that they even became immersed into the popular culture. Poe’s memorable images and quotes became an integral part of the world’s cultural heritage, giving inspiration to the horror movie script writers and novelists. As a result, many fans of the horror genre don’t even rate Poe’s contribution at its true value, taking his efforts for granted. For nearly two centuries so far, Poe has been providing realistic images of morbidity, fear and the horror of life to everyone who is interested in the genre or makes parallels between fiction and certain moments in life. The biography of Edgar Allan Poe is full of mystery which can be explained by his own passion for exaggeration and fantasies, which confused biographers who were trying to learn about his life from his works or his own words. However, most biographers agree that Poe hardly knew his parents and when biographers claim that he was a spoiled child, they mean the family who adopted Edgar. Edgar was born in a family of young actors. His father was an alcohol addict, whose addiction went so far that he even was drunk on the stage. Once he left his wife and kids and nobody saw him ever again. Edgar’s mother fell ill and died when Poe was only a child. That’s how Edgar was adopted by the Allens, the family...
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...Prevailing Philosophies and Psychosocial Dimensions of Philippine Contemporary Novels in English Chapter I – Introduction Philippine contemporary novels or literature in general is an offshoot of the Philippine-American War or what is coined as the Philippine War of Independence which transpired from 1899 to 1902. As early as 1863, the Spanish colonizers have introduced the public elementary school system to the Philippines. During the American colonization, U.S. soldiers have started layering down the bricks as foundation of the public school system in the Philippines when they opened the first public school in the Philippines at Corregidor Island. On January 21, 1901, the Taft Commission headed by William Howard Taft, passed the Education Act No. 34 that incepted the Department of Public Instruction. William Howard Taft was also given the responsibility of expanding the public school system in and around the Philippines. On August 21, 1901; around 600 American educators or “Thomasites” were sent to the Philippines by the U.S Government aboard the USAT Thomas whose main purpose is to integrate a new and expanded public school system, to train and hone Filipino teachers with the use of English as the primary medium of instruction, and to inculcate basic education to Filipinos. The American educators taught an extensive curriculum which cover subjects on English, Grammar, Reading, Mathematics, Agriculture, Housekeeping and Related Arts (cooking, sewing, and crocheting),...
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