...London School of Engineering and Materials Science Laboratory report writing instructions DEN101 - Fluid Mechanics 1 Flow Rate Measurement Experiment A. Student Student Number: 1234567 Version 2.0, 27 November 2010 Template for Word 97-2003 Abstract This document explains what is expected in your Fluids 1 lab report. The sections that should be covered are outlined and a structure you could follow is proposed. Detailed advice on how to edit the report is given. The document concludes with the marking criteria for this lab report. Table of Contents Abstract 2 1. Introduction 3 1.1. Writing 3 1.2. Editing and formatting 3 1.3. Content of the introduction 4 2. Background and theory 4 3. Apparatus 4 4. Test 4 5. Experimental procedure 4 6. Results 5 7. Discussion 5 8. Conclusions 5 9. References 5 10. Appendix A: Marking criteria 6 Introduction Before starting to write a report, you should think about what is your audience. Am I writing for colleagues who want a lot of detail how it is done, or am I writing for my boss who just wants an executive summary as he has no time for details? In general, there is not a single type of audience and we have to make our writing suitable for the detailed read, as well as the fast perusal. To understand what is required from you in this report, please have a look at the marking criteria in the Appendix. 1 Writing To limit...
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...For the first round of the stimulation was random mating. After the 20 students drew out two new cards from starting genotype, the new genetic pool had five pairs of dominant homozygous, ten pairs of heterozygous, and five pairs of recessive homozygous. The new generation had the same number of the starting gene pool of the known allele frequency. Random selection frequency of alleles does not change over time, due to which all individuals have an equal chance of being selected. The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equation, p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1, is used to define a population in which to understand both allele and genotype frequencies. The equation only occurs when mating is at random on a large population, and the relative genotype and allele frequencies persist in being constant. In all possible combination defined by the Punnett square, 60% or 0.6 of the gene pool is the A allele, and 40% or 0.4 of the a allele, totaling in for 100%. When adding the probability, the results are 0.36 for AA, 0.24 for aA, 0.24 for Aa, and 0.16 aa. In total, will equal 1. The AA homozygotes will have the frequency of p2, and similarly, aa homozygotes will have the frequency of q2 when the population is in equilibrium. Then lastly, the Aa heterozygotes will have the relative genotype frequency of 2pq. The calculation would remain the same throughout generations, but only with random mating. The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium will not equal 1 when it is disturbed by nonrandom mating, mutations, migration, and...
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... Task Two How Genetic information is stored in a sequence of Nitrogenous bases in DNA DNA is the principle molecule responsible for carrying genetic information within almost all living organisms for their development. They also provide some of the apparatus by which the instructions are carried out. This excludes viruses, as they use RNA, to carry their genetic information. (Image 1: DNA molecule, nucleotide, base pairing. Reference: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/422006/DNA-sequencing ) Structurally, the DNA molecule consists of two intertwined strands, the margins of which are chains of sugar and phosphate groups. The chains are linked by pairs of substances called bases, of which there are: adenine, guanine, thymine and cytosine. The nitrogenous bases are responsible for the containing or storing the genetic information, found within DNA. DNA construction Each base is chemically bonded to a phosphate group, and a pentose sugar. The pentose sugar within DNA is deoxyribose. It is a five carbon sugar molecule called deoxyribose. It essentially, one of its carbons lacks an oxygen group. In contrast, RNAs pentose sugar is ribose, whereby it has an extra oxygen group, on one of its carbons. The Phosphate group is chemically bonded to the deoxyribose pentose sugar, an ester bond forms between the 5’ –OH of the sugar and one of the negatively chagered oxygen groups of the phosphate group. The deoxyribsose sugar will bond with another phosphate group, and here...
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...TASK 1 Comparing light and electron microscope Note:- A microscope is an instrument used for viewing a tiny object that cannot be seen with our naked eyes. The microscope is an important instrument found in the laboratory. We have two types of microscope. Light Microscope and Electron Microscope. The light Microscope is one which can be illuminated by light while an electron microscope is one which can be illuminated by electron. Electron microscope is expensive and not portable compared to the light microscope. The Electron microscope is then of two types. We have the Scanning Electron microscope and the Transmission Electron microscope. Features Light Microscope Electron Microscope Comments Cell Components Seen Animal Cell:- Nucleus, Nucleolus (when stained), Mitochondria (when stained), Vacuole, cytoplasm Plant cell:- Chloroplast, vacuole, Cell wall, nucleus, cytoplasm. Animal cell:- Ribosome, Lysosome, Endoplasmic reticulum, nucleolus, cytoskeleton, Golgi body, cell membrane. Plant cell:- Golgi body, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, cell membrane, Cell components are the various organelles that can be seen under a microscope. Light microscope cannot view some organelles present in a cell but electron microscope can view them all. Specimen preparation Often simple. The specimen preparation is simple. It does not require any special skills. More Complex. The preparation is complex. It requires a special skill, training and experience to determine some features...
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...Questions relating to Sanders and Hunter Chapt 7 1. The 31P spectrum of phosphate changes as the pH of the solution is changed, because it changes what is in the solution. It can make the phosphate change from its anionic form to its cationic form which changes the spectra because it reflects the molecular structure. 2. The time scale of the instrument is what determines whether the signals are averaged or separate, if it is in slow exchange the signals are spate and if they are in fast exchange the signals are averaged. 3. A molecular complex with 2 conformations gives a pair of peaks on a 13C 200MHz spectrometer. a. When the temperature of the sample was increased from 20 to 50 the pair of peaks changed to a single peak because the time scale changed. It changed from slow exchange (separate signals) to fast exchange that gave an averaged single peak instead. b. When repeated on a 80MHz spectrometer the pair of peaks stayed at 50, it is due to the change in the frequency between the exchange site, at 50 using a 800MHz spectrometer may give the same frequency for the exchange sites as 20 using a 200MHz spectrometer. This makes the spectra look the same of the pair of peaks didn’t collapse. 4. In an NMR: a. Slow exchange is when the two conformations of a molecule can be seen in the spectra. b. Fast exchange is when the two conformations of a molecule are exchanging too fast for the two separate signals to be read that an averaged signal of the molecule is seen on the spectra...
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...The single-phase induction motor can successfully be driven from a variable frequency power supply. Hence, the motor speed can be easily adjusted. The torque performance of the capacitor- connected motors can be enhanced at low frequency range by altering the V/f control law such that the internal power dissipation in the motor is held constant. VFD control provides efficient speed control the speed is controlled by varying the frequency not the stator voltage. The power factor is improved and the harmonic distortions were less. The simulation of a Modified SEPIC PFC converter fed induction motor drive is done using MATLAB. MATLAB is a high performance language for technical computing. It integrates computation, visualization and programming in an easier environment where problems and solutions are expressed in familiar mathematical notation. MATLAB is specially designed simulation software for power electronics and motor drive. By using MATLAB, various converter configurations can be modelled and compared. 4.1 Open Loop control Fig 4.1 Open loop control of Modified SEPIC converter Input voltage of 230V is given to the Modified SEPIC PFC Converter so that an output voltage of 400V DC is obtained. The input current waveform is of pure sinusoidal. Fig 4.2 Input Current Waveform Fig 4.3 Output Voltage Waveform Power factor of 0.98 above is obtained using the open loop control of the Modified SEPIC PFC converter. 4.2 Closed Loop Control Fig 4.4 Closed Loop Control...
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...The fig3 shows a set of lung CT images in JPEG format of size 512 x 512 is considered for study of the system Fig3 lung image There is a presence Gaussian noises in the lung image because of human breathing there are different filters are used to remove the Gaussian noise. Mainly three different filters are used to remove the Gaussian in lung images. The SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio).is gets calculated. The better filter chooses by SNR value. Table1 Noise Comparison Table Image Name Gaussian Filter Median Filter Wiener Filter 1 3.9DB 3.2DB 4.9DB 2 3.4DB 3.5DB 4.8DB 3 3.9DB 3.3DB 4.8DB 4 4.0DB 3.0DB 4.9DB 5 3.5DB 3.4DB 4.8DB 6 3.7DB 3.3DB 5.0DB 7 3.6DB 3.2DB 4.8DB 8 3.3DB 3.3DB 4.6DB 9 3.7DB 3.5DB 4.8DB 10 3.9DB 3.1DB 4.9DB The lung regions of the denoised CXRS images are separated from the rest of the anatomical structures by applying graph cut segmentation operations as shown in fig4 Fig4 segmented lungs EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS The output of image processing is to find the TB was shown to an experienced radiologist and based on his feedback, the number of true positives (TP), true negatives (TN), false positives (FP), and false negatives (FN) were counted. Lung classified by the system as normal/abnormal classified as positive by the expert are true positives. Nodules classified by the system as normal/abnormal and classified as negative byte expert are false positives. The performance measures of the system such as specificity...
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...division in cancerous tissue compared to the rate of cell division in normal tissue? What data did you use to answer this question? Answer: By comparing table 3 (normal cell tissue table) and table 4 (cancerous cell tissue table) I found that cancerous cell tissue has much faster rate of cell division. Specifically, I looked at the mitotic indexes on both tables and found that cancerous cell tissue actively divides at a much faster rate than normal cell tissue. 4. Which type of cancer is the fastest growing? Explain your answer, using your relevant data. Answer: By looking at the mitotic index side of table 4 (cancerous cell tissue table) I found that ovarian cancer has the fastest growth rate. 5. With what you have observed in this lab, if you were to compare tissue sample from normal breast tissue and cancerous breast tissue: a. Would you expect to see a difference in the rate of cell division...
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...ci3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM Fig 3.1 block diagram of the vibration measurement system The above figure shows the block diagram of the vibration measurement system. The different blocks of the block diagram are the sensor which is used to measure the vibrations. The sensor we are using in this project is MMA8451Q accelerometer, which is able to measure the vibrations. The vibration data need to be measured from the acceleration data of the accelerometer by setting different thresholds. Then the data from the accelerometer need to be transferred to the microcontroller which is used to process the data. The microcontroller which we have selected to do the processing of the data is MKL25Z32VFM4 which is ARM® Cortex™-M0+ processor. This is best suited for the processing of the accelerometer data. There are different types of protocols that can be used to communicate with this controller. It supports SPI, I2C etc, the communication between the accelerometer and the microcontroller uses I2C protocol to transfer the data between two. For development we used MKL25Z128VLK4 controller. Even this is also ARM® Cortex™-M0+ processor. The reason for using this processor is this processor will be available on a FRDM KL25Z board from freescale and this board also has MMA8451Q accelerometer populated on the board. So till the completion of designing the PCB this board can be used for development. The processor which will be used in the final product and the processor which we are using now for development...
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...The individual string is constructed overt the binary number V^binary={0,1} with fixed length of l expressed as Figure .In this setting, the string itself a representative of 2^lschemata. In a population with n members there are at most n∙2^l schemata contained. Figure 4 2 Schematic representation of an individual string with length l=8 Initialization Initialization routines vary. For some purposes, a good deal can be learned by initializing a population randomly. Evaluation In this step a individual in the population would be assigned a positive number called fitness number f(τ)which represents the goodness of the encoded solution. Firstly, a problem specific fitness function f has to be included into its phenotype. The choice of the fitness function is done upon the condition with g(x)>0,∀x>0 and g(x+ε)>g(x) ∀x>0,and ε>0 leads to another possible fitness function f^' (τ)=g(f(τ)) that evaluates the individual strings. The evaluation function can decide the selection pressure which is determined by the average selection probability of all individuals. If the stress pressure is too high, it stresses improvements too much it will lead to the driving out of alternative genetic material in the population, and will promote rapid dominance of a single strain. Selection In the selection step, the next population is made by selecting at random but according to the fitness. Fitness proportional selection is widely used method that chooses i-th individual proportional to the fitness...
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...1.5.1.1 Incandescent Lamp A tungsten filament bulbs were used to performed and verified the effect of voltage variations on the performance and efficiency of the lighting lamp. From the experimental setup, it was showed that the lamps (incandescent lamps) consumes more energy at higher voltages; as the voltage increase, the lamp brightness (intensity) increases. Similarly, as the voltage decreases the lamps brightness appear dim. It should worth saying here that as the brightness increase at a higher voltages, so it consumes more energy and it may lead to a shorter lifespan of the lamp. One of the foremost effect of voltage variations on the incandescent lamp was lamp flicker. Lamp flicker is an effect on a lamp brightness in which there is rapid visible changes or variations of the intensity or brightness level for the incandescent lamp. The fluctuations in the brightness or intensity of the lamps causes inconvenience or discomfort to the utility consumers. 1.5.1.2 Computer From the experimental setup, it was clearly showed that the computer (Laptop) consumes a constant power with voltage variations. As the voltage varies with the corresponding variation in current at 70volts, the laptop was still consuming the same power but one effect is noticed with the charger becoming hotter showing high current presences at the time of very low voltage which can damage the charger overtime. 1.5.1.3 Television The CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) television of 34cm, 14'' was used for this experimental...
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...What safety procedures must you follow during this lab period? During this lab period, the safety procedure that should be followed are safety glasses, lab coat gloves and proper tools for dissection. Use a text book or online references to define the following word modifiers. Proto= “first” Deutero=second Stome= “organism having a mouth or mouthlike organ” Nephro= “relating to kidneys” How might you benefit from remembering the definitions of word parts? I might benefit from remembering the definitions of word parts because if I cannot remember the definition of the whole word the prefix or suffix can at least give me an idea of what it is. What diagnostic features are present in mollusks and annelids were not present in the phyla studied in the previous lab exercises? What...
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...Observations: 1.The role of MHC in autoimmune disease and organ and tissue transplant: The Major histocompatibility complexes (MHC), think of them like trackers or identifications tags that are found on almost every cell that has a nucleus. They play an important role in activating the immune response and stopping further destruction. However, if MHC is not working properly, they can become antigenic. This means that the cell will not be able to recognize or distinguish self from non-self causing destruction of the cell. Thus, MHC plays an important role in organ and tissue transplantation success as well as can give rise to autoimmune diseases. In the case of organ and tissue transplant, it is crucial to match the MHC molecules of the donors and recipients to reduce risk of rejection of transplant. 2. Understanding the difference between humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity: Humoral immunity is an antibody-mediated response that involves the B lymphocytes or B cells. Basically, the antibody a “y-shaped” molecule on the surface of B-cells that has two antigen-binding fragment (Fab) at the ends that binds to the antigen and neutralizes the extracellular pathogen and toxins. The T-helper cells must bind with the B-cells to get activated and this will give rise to plasma cells. Plasma cells will produce the antibodies against the antigen during the primary immune response (first initial exposure). As the primary response is terminated, the memory B-cells will remember...
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...Energy metric • Each node calculate their remaining battery power for each node By using the following equation: - Rp = Einitial - Eci Eci = Er(ni) + Es(ni) + Ef(ni) Where Rp is remaining battery power, Er for energy consumed for receiving, Es energy consumed for sending, Ef energy consumed for forwarding. • Calculate the transmission energy required to reach from node u to v for each node In our approach, to transmit a data packet, a node determines the transmission power that is enough to reach the next-hop node on the path to the destination. A node calculates the transmission power based on the next-hop node geographical position and its mobility pattern. A node u computes the transmission power to the next-hop node v on the path as follows: Tx= (D + ∆ + ps) First the distance between the nodes is determined and stored in the cache. where D is the Euclidean distance between u, and v, transmitted power is varied in accordance with the distance. The transmit power is adjusted according to the distance between transmitting node and receiving node ∆ is the expected variance of distance between u, and v obtained by considering the mobility, β is the path loss exponent with 2 <= β <= 4, and C is a constant and Sn is the speed of the node V. Expected variance of distance ∆ is calculated as • After the route discovery the destination has the information of all the path to it. Select all possible path that each node have enough transmission power to perform...
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...where C_gP^* is the gate capacitor per unit width of Mp2, f_cis the carrier frequency (f_c=13.56 MHz), D_effis the effective duty cycle, and W_p is the width of Mp2. Additionally, the optimal size ration for the NMOS and PMOS transistors (Mn1, Mn2, Mp1 and Mp2) has been proven in [2], and van be formed as: (W_p/W_n )=√((K_n (V_REC-V_(ThN) ))/(K_p (V_REC-|V_(ThP) |) )) (3.5) where K_n=μ_n C_ox and K_p=μ_p C_ox, are the transconductances of the NMOS and PMOS, respectively. The main rectifying transistors should have an optimal sizes to minimize the power dissipation depending on f_c and R_L because large transistors will decrease the R_on loss, but it will increase the switching loss. More over large transistors will make an impact on the speed of the comparator due to the gate capacitance [2]. 3.3 The Comparator Comparator is one of the most generally used analog simple integrated circuits. Thus, high power comparator is a tremendous approach to operate a large rectifying transistors at high operating frequency (13.56 MHz) with high operating efficiency, and low power consumption. The turn on and turn off delays of the comparators have an effect on the power efficiency of the rectifier because these delays can cause a reverse current and also affect the switching time of the PMOS transistors. Therefore, the operation of the comparators is controlled by its delay propagation (Tp), which means how speedily the output can behave to a change in the input. Because of that, the comparator...
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