...TASK 1 Comparing light and electron microscope Note:- A microscope is an instrument used for viewing a tiny object that cannot be seen with our naked eyes. The microscope is an important instrument found in the laboratory. We have two types of microscope. Light Microscope and Electron Microscope. The light Microscope is one which can be illuminated by light while an electron microscope is one which can be illuminated by electron. Electron microscope is expensive and not portable compared to the light microscope. The Electron microscope is then of two types. We have the Scanning Electron microscope and the Transmission Electron microscope. Features Light Microscope Electron Microscope Comments Cell Components Seen Animal Cell:- Nucleus, Nucleolus...
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...What safety procedures must you follow during this lab period? During this lab period, the safety procedure that should be followed are safety glasses, lab coat gloves and proper tools for dissection. Use a text book or online references to define the following word modifiers. Proto= “first” Deutero=second Stome= “organism having a mouth or mouthlike organ” Nephro= “relating to kidneys” How might you benefit from remembering the definitions of word parts? I might benefit from remembering the definitions of word parts because if I cannot remember the definition of the whole word the prefix or suffix can at least give me an idea of what it is. What diagnostic features are present in mollusks and annelids were not present in the phyla studied in the previous lab exercises? What...
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...A GPR is made up of three core components, control unit, antenna, and the power supply. The control unit is what contains the electronics which trigger the energy pulses to the antenna that sends it into the ground. The GSSI SIR 20, which was used in this lab, has a laptop with software loaded on it already which processes and interprets the data. The antenna is what receives the electrical pulse from the control unit and transmits it into the ground. The frequency is a huge factor in the depth penetration. The frequency that used was 200 MHz which is right between the high and low pass filter allowing a the signal to go deeper. The time interval for collecting this data was 400 ns with 20 traces per meter. In this amount of time and traces per meter, 12 transecs were collected. The AGC was used to amplify the GPR lines getting better data. The data from the GPR was then brought back to the lab and the lines and sections were examined to figure out the GPR facies. The equipment used for coring was an auger core....
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...where C_gP^* is the gate capacitor per unit width of Mp2, f_cis the carrier frequency (f_c=13.56 MHz), D_effis the effective duty cycle, and W_p is the width of Mp2. Additionally, the optimal size ration for the NMOS and PMOS transistors (Mn1, Mn2, Mp1 and Mp2) has been proven in [2], and van be formed as: (W_p/W_n )=√((K_n (V_REC-V_(ThN) ))/(K_p (V_REC-|V_(ThP) |) )) (3.5) where K_n=μ_n C_ox and K_p=μ_p C_ox, are the transconductances of the NMOS and PMOS, respectively. The main rectifying transistors should have an optimal sizes to minimize the power dissipation depending on f_c and R_L because large transistors will decrease the R_on loss, but it will increase the switching loss. More over large transistors will make an impact on the speed of the comparator due to the gate capacitance [2]. 3.3 The Comparator...
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...1) As an individual, what did you contribute/accomplish in lab this week? 2) What did you learn (individually and as a team)? 3) How can you or your team improve in the future? 4) As a team, what do you need to accomplish in lab next week? 1) In lab this week, after multiple attempts to evaluate and redesign the cranking system for the dollar bill side of our project, we (my lab partner and I) decided to use six dowels to fabricate the conveyor belt. We went over many designs, mostly facing the same problem: no supporting unit for the system. We eventually came up with a design that attained our need and started fabricating in lab. However, since we should have figured this out earlier, we had to work on fabricating out of labs so that we could catch up with the progress. 2)...
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...Graph 1 as shown above describes the relationship of length and tension from the data gathered from the experiment. In this graph, the two variables are increasing in each point, thus it can be generalized that the length of the string is directly proportional to the tension of the string Graph 2 as shown above describes the relationship of length and varying linear densities of the strings from the data gathered from the experiment. In this graph, the two variables are not equal in the change that is happening on them in each point, whereas the linear density of the string increases the length of the string decreases. Thus it can be generalized that the length of the string is indirectly proportional to the linear density of the string. The experiment conducted is an example of a transverse wave. Waves are classified into two types, longitudinal and transverse wave. Transverse wave is defined as a moving wave which is consisted of oscillations, which occurs perpendicularly to the direction of the energy transfer. This type of wave has a sinusoidal wave pattern which is visually represented by a standing wave as a result of the interference incident and reflect waves. The guitar strings used in this experiment showed...
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...4.2 INSTRUMENTATION 4.2.1 OSCILLOSCOPE A mixed signal digital Oscilloscope (Figure 4.5) was used to record the signals from accelerometer, laser vibrometer, strain gage and impulse hammer. It shows the wave shape of the electric signals in time voltage scale. This allows the measurement of, for example, peak-to-peak voltage of a waveform, the frequency of periodic signals, the time between pulses, the time taken for a signal to rise to full amplitude (rise time), and relative timing of several related signals. The specifications of the oscilloscope are in Table 4.1[1]. Figure 4.5 YOKOGAWA DLM2022 Oscilloscope Table 4.1 Specifications of YOKOGAWA DLM2022 Oscilloscope Name...
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...Discussion Questions: 1. Do the results support our hypothesis? 2. What data led us to accept our hypothesis? 3. Why do the results support our hypothesis? 4. What errors occurred during the experiment? 5. How could these errors have affected our results? The results of the experiment fully support our hypothesis, as the glucose drink improved exercise performance compared to the water. According to our data, Alex was able to bike for 08:11 following his consumption of the glucose drink. At the point of his exhaustion, the machine was at 250 W and the RPE scale was at 18, indicating Alex was working at maximum intensity. It was certainly the glucose that allowed him to endure up to this point, as his blood glucose levels rose from 101 mg/dL to 134 mg/dL, indicating it was in his bloodstream during the exercise. After consuming water, Nasir reached exhaustion at 06:06. At this point, the bike was at 225 W and the RPE scale was at 16. He was still exercising at maximum intensity though; his recovery heart rate was the same as Alex’s – 100 bpm. However, Nasir was working at his personal maximum intensity, which fell short of Alex’s due to his ingestion of water as opposed to glucose....
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...To start the lab, the wire was cut into two pieces, both about 12 inches in length. The wire was burnt from one end on each of the wires to expose the copper end, one wire was burned an inch and half the other an inch. Crayfish was selected from the box and the claws were taped off and placed it into the pan. Using the needle provided two small holes were made through the cephalothorax. One hole will be on the upper cephalothorax where the copper wire with one inch burned is placed. The other hole is on the lower cephalothorax, where the burnt wire is inserted. To hold these wires in place, a drop of superglue was placed around the hole where the wire was inserted. The crayfish was then placed inside the Tupperware container and add 100 ml of freshwater crustacean saline. Wire ends that aren’t attached to the crayfish are attached to input posts located on the impendence converter....
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...these range of variations have been fixed considering the mean values suggested in literature for gasoline [10, 12, 15] and methane [816]. The model has been tuned minimizing the KOCA error instead of integral error (i.e. the difference between the integral value at knock onset and 1) because the first better represents the model prediction accuracy from an engine optimization point of view, since it shows the model error in terms of crank angle degrees. This procedure allowed to trace the surface and the contour map of the minimum MA as function of B and n, which, as example, are reported in Figure 8 and Figure 9 respectively for methane: the cross indicates the absolute minimum of MA and allow to determine the best values of the three model parameters, reported in Table 6 together with the mean and the maximum absolute error |?MAX|. Table 6 also shows the values obtained for gasoline and NG, which, as can be noted, are quite different from each other due to the different knock resistance of the fuels. As regards the simultaneous combustion of gasoline and gaseous fuel (also called Double Fuel operation), some preliminary considerations have to be pointed out. The results obtained in previous works [1, 30, 23], as well as the knocking compression ratio increments due to the addition of NG or methane to gasoline (see Table 3 and Table 4) demonstrates that, as regards knock resistance, the gasoline-air mixture strongly benefits from the addition of both NG and methane; the experimentally...
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...It was clear that during run number 1, many problems existed. Changes made to the simulation for run number two of the paper airplane factory were implemented as a means of combatting the chaotic atmosphere that were present during run number one. These changes are listed as follows. Workstations one through four were relocated to one table. Signal cards were placed on the table after each workstation. The foreman was no longer part of the simulation, and the paper stock inventory was relocated to a position right beside workstation one on the table. Batch sizes were reduced to just one unit. The same work instruction was used for each operation just as in run number one. The material handler was in charge of moving one batch from the inventory...
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...for our body and the level of thyroid hormones are very low. Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis is most common in middle-aged and women. The signs and symptoms of this condition are fatigue, muscle pain, hair loss, brittle hair, dry skin, weight gain, depression, constipation and prolonged menstrual periods. A goiter, enlargement of the thyroid gland, is one of the symptoms of Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis. When an autoantibody attack its’ own thyroid tissue, the thyroid cells are damaged and the thyroid gland is inflamed. Autoantibody is an antibody that attacks its’ own tissue. It is produced by the body under some genetic and environmental factors especially when one has another autoimmune disease such as Addison’ disease, Rheumatoid arthritis, and Type 1...
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...anywhere else. 20.03 If the period of a wave is 0.20 s, it means each particle in the wave completes one vibration in 0.20 s. The wave does not continue to travel for 0.20 s before stopping; a period is the time it takes for a wave to complete one vibration, so after 0.20 s the wave still continues to travel, completing another vibrations. The wavelength is not 0.20 s; wavelength is the length of the wave, and the unit is in meter. 20.04 If the speed of a wave is 300 m/s, it means the wave disturbance travels 300 m during each second. The wave disturbance does not travel 300 m for each wavelength since its wavelength is not necessarily 300 m. The period or the frequency of the wave has to be known to determine the exact length of the wavelength. Each particle does not move at a speed of 300 m/s; like people making a wave in the stadium, the wave made by the people is moving at 300 m/s, each person (the particle in the wave) does not move at 300 m/s. 20.05...
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...behavior and accordingly their movement towards a destination [10]. Physically, this mimics a flock of birds that communicate together as they fly. Each bird looks in a specific direction, and then when communicating together, they identify the bird that is in the best location. Accordingly, each bird speeds towards the best bird using a velocity that depends on its current position. Each bird, then, investigates the search space from its new local position, and the process repeats until the flock reaches a desired destination. It is important to note that the process involves both social interaction and intelligence so that birds learn from their own experience (local search) and also from the experience of others around them (global search) [1]. 3.4.1 Comparison Between Genetic Algorithm and Particle Swarm Optimization In PSO, instead of using more traditional genetic operators, each particle (individual) adjusts its "flying" according to its own flying experience and its companions' flying experience. In PSO, a particle is analogous to a population member (chromosome) in a GA. Like a GA chromosome, a particle represents a candidate solution to the problem being addressed. In a GA, each of the three main classes of operations (selection, crossover, and mutation) can be implemented in a number of ways. PSO does not label its operations in the same way as GAs, but analogies exist [3]. PSO does not have a crossover operation. However, the concept of crossover is represented in PSO...
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...Skills Developed: In this lab, I have better understanding of how to use excel and find magnitudes. I learned how to use and download data from GISS website, which is Goddard Institute for Space Studies, one the databases of National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to study on going global warming problem. Also, I learned to create “Global map” to show the regional surface temperature distribution of the years I chosen. I learned how to make comparison by observing maps and line plot graphs for the two chosen years. Thought this exercise, I have better skills on reading line plot graphs and maps. Summary: In task 4, we choose three major volcanic eruptions respectively occurred in 1902, 1963 and 1991 from the database, and the average annual global temperature for the year before each major eruption and two years after each major eruption. We calculate the typical magnitude for the four years (including the year of the major eruption) of the major eruption. By comparing the result of typical magnitude and sign, we discovered that the temperate of the year after the major eruption will drop at certain degree, and the temperate of the years following the year...
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