...A BRIEF STUDY OF NURSING THEORIES ACCORDING TO FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE, JEAN WATSON AND MADELEINE LEININGER TOLULOPE ADEDIWURA MINOT STATE UNIVERSITY ABSTRACT Nursing as a profession is based on concrete (scientific, philosophical, behavioral, social, and humanities among others), concepts and theories by past and current nursing theorists. These theorists have helped shape the profession from 19th century till date. New theories are emerging due to advance in health care, as off-shoot of previous theories and also as addition to suit present day application. This paper shall look at the works (theories) of Florence Nightingale; Environmental theory, Jean Watson; Human caring theory, and Madeleine Leininger; Culture care diversity and universality and how it relates with Minot State University’s mission statement and philosophy. In addition, the paper will venture into the merits and demerits of these theories. These nursing theorists viewed nursing differently but, have a common goal in aiming to deliver service to clients using different methods. This adds to the dynamism inherent in nursing profession and provides platform upon which improvements are made. Nightingale focuses on manipulating the environment to cater for health needs of patients and prevention of illnesses. Jean Watson presents a care approach view at nursing. She ultimately support the value of caring relationship in dealing with clients. While Madeleine Leininger stress the importance of cultural understanding...
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...Running head: Nursing Theorists Nusing theorists Abstract “Nursing theorists are the men and women in the nursing field who develop models of nursing. Often, they don't set out to develop a nursing theory, instead, they simply want to help improve nursing care for their patients, and the theory develops as a result. Once a method is established as a theory or model of nursing, it is integrated into the practice of nursing, as well as added to the study of nursing.” Nursing Theorists Nursing theory helps beginning and experienced nurses use the best possible methods for their particular situations. Different theories take different approaches to handling the patients and their care. For example, the holistic approach to nursing looks at the patient's whole health, from physical to spiritual. Theories apply to specific types of nursing care or different groups of people, so it's up to each individual nurses to determine the best nursing approach for their particular patient. One theorist who believed in the holistic approach was Florence Nightingale. As the founder of modern nursing, Florence Nightingale's Environment Theory changed the then present and future nursing practice. She served as a nurse during the Crimean War, at which time she noticed a similarity in the environmental conditions and the patients who died. As a result of her observations, she developed the Environment Theory. The Environment Theory of nursing is a patient-care theory. This theory focuses...
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...Nursing Theorist Timothy Mack University of Phoenix Theories and Models of Nursing Practice NUR/403 Judith Mc Leod July 25, 2010 Nursing Theorist The theorist that I have chosen is Dorothea Orem. This theory describes the role of nursing in helping a patient’s who can no longer care for themselves (Mosby, 2009). The theory is divided into three parts; universal, developmental, and health deviation. Orem’s Theory The universal portion of Orem’s theory consists of the self care that a patient needs to meet their physiologic and psychosocial need. The developmental portion of the theory covers the care when coping through developmental stages, and the health deviation, which cover the care a patient need when theory health has deviated from their normal state. Theory History Dorothea Orem was born in Baltimore Maryland in 1914. After receiving a diploma in nursing, she attended the Providence Hospital School of Nursing earning a BSN degree in 1939. In 1945 he received the MSN degree from Catholic University of America. Dorothea Orem developed her theory in 1959, with the purpose of guiding nurses to assist patients in performing self care. The nurse was to assess the reasons the patient could not perform tasks of their self care and to assess them in discovering ways the patient will be able to meet their self care needs (Potter & Perry, 2009). Orem’s model was designed to assess nurses in assisting a patient to be able to care for their needs. Orem’s...
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...MYRA ESTRIN LEVINE NUR-240 Professional Transitions June 7, 2011 Myra Estrin Levine is known as a Nursing theorist for creating “The Conservation Model”. Levine obtained a diploma in 1944 and attained her B.S in 1949 and completed M.S.N in 1962 from Wayne State University. She served as a consultant to hospitals and schools of nursing. She also provided a teaching structure for medical-surgical nursing and established “The Four Conservation Principles”. “She explicitly linked health to the process of conservation model views health as one of its essential components” (Levine, 1991). The three major concepts of the Conservation Model are 1) wholeness, 2) adaption, and 3) conservation. “Whole, health, hale all are derivations of the Anglo- Saxon word hal” (Levine, 1973, p.11). Myra Levine based her use of wholeness as an open system, which meant exploring the parts of the whole. The next concept according to Levine was adaption, “a process of change whereby the individual retains his integrity within the realities of his internal and external environment” (Levine, 1973, p.11). This process allows in creating an economy where there is safety for the individual/patient. There are three characteristics of adaption: 1) Historicity, 2) Specificity, and 3) Redundancy. Levine states that adaptive patterns are developed and hidden in the individuals’ genetic code and that redundancy means that there is an option for the individual to achieve adaption, which is fail – safe option...
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...Grand Nursing Theorist Assignment # 2 Grand Nursing Theorist Assignment # 2 Descriptive Analysis For this assignment, I chose to study grand nursing theorist Dorothy Orem and the nursing concept she introduced, the self-care deficit theory (also known as the Orem model of nursing). I chose to study Dorothy Orem because she is well known in Indiana, the state in which I reside. Orem’s grand nursing theory “was developed between 1959 and 2001…[and] is particularly used in rehabilitation and primary care settings where the patient is encouraged to be as independent as possible” (Orem & Taylor, 2011). Background of Theorist “Dorothy Orem was born in Baltimore, Maryland in 1914. She received her diploma in nursing in 1934 from Providence Hospital School of Nursing, Washington, D.C. Orem received her bachelor of science in nursing education in 1939 and a master of science in nursing education in 1945 from Catholic University of America, Washington, D.C. She had a varied background in clinical practice: OR, pediatrics, adult med-surg, private duty, and ER supervisor. She taught biological sciences, served as a director of nursing service and director of the school of nursing at Providence Hospital, Detroit, Michigan. In 1949, she went to the Indiana State Board of Health, Hospital Division, where she worked to help upgrade the nursing services in general hospitals in Indiana” (Hartweg, 1991). “As part of her master’s degree work, Orem had to formulate a definition of nursing...
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.../ 7\4Nursing Theorist Grid Use grid below to complete the Week 4-Nursing Theorists assignment. Please see the “Nursing Theorists’ Grading Criteria” document, located on the Materials page of the student Web site. Name: Pamela Eliowitz Theorist Selected: Ida Orlando Description of Theory: Orlando’s theory is, one that reflects on the practice of nursing and teaches nurses to learn what is causing an imbalance for the patient in his immediate environment and figuring that out by the nurse interacting with the 2007, p. 338). There are five concepts mentioned by Alligood (2010), they are the following: • Nurses function • Presenting behavior or problem situation • Immediate reaction • Reflective inquiry • Improvement in resolving dilemma (p. 339). In Chitty (2010) one of many theories discussed in nursing explores Ida Orlando’s Theory of the coined process of “Deliberate Nursing (Alligood, 2010, p. 346). Her theory is the cornerstone of the “nursing process” (Chitty, 2010, p. 315). Her theory is one, which has shaped nursing on the premise of “how to improve the patient’s condition by figuring out what they need through the nurses interaction with the patient?” (Chitty, 2010, p. 314). By interactions, verbal and non-verbal can illuminate the problem, which is the immediate concern. Orlando is the one that initiated the patient-centered focus by “involving the patients’ in the decision making process” (Chitty, 2010, p. 315). Her theory...
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...Nursing Theorist Grid 1. Theorist Selected: Jean Watson 2. Description of key points of the theory: • In Watson’s philosophy of human caring she developed carative factors. She uses the word carative to classify nursing and medicine. The carative factors aim at the caring process. There are 10 carative factors each one involving a lived experience from all involved in the relationship, including the nurse. • Watson described a need for transpersonal caring relationship. This is defined as a relationship between the nurse and patient, in which the relationship affects both. The patient and the nurse are both open and accepting of each other. • Watson’s theory emphasized on the caring moment. She describes this as spending uninterrupted time with the patient. 3. Theory’s historical background: The Theory of Human Caring was developed between 1975 and 1979. Watson focused on the relationship between human caring and nursing. Watson’s theory emphasizes human aspects of nursing blended with scientific knowledge. She developed this theory to bring about the importance and focus to nursing as a well-defined profession. Term Definition Applied to Nursing Practice Applied to Nursing Education Applied to Nursing Research Person Unique individual, a holistic being who needs to be cared for, respected, encouraged and valued Practicing Watson’s theory of caring and applying it to nursing practice allows the nurse to understand the patient as a whole and...
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...DOROTHEA OREM - NURSING THEORIST IN SOME SITUATIONS, PATIENTS ARE ENCOURAGED TO BE MORE INDEPENDENT. THIS CAN BE ESPECIALLY TRUE IN REHABILITATION SETTINGS, IN WHICH PATIENTS ARE TRANSITIONING OUT OF BEING CARED FOR BY PHYSICIANS AND NURSES AND BACK HOME TO EXCLUSIVE SELF-CARE. IN THESE CASES, THE SELF-CARE DEFICIT NURSING THEORY CAN BE APPLIED TO HELP PATIENTS BE MORE INDEPENDENT AND PREPARE TO BE RELEASED FROM THE HEALTHCARE FACILITY WHERE THEY ARE BEING CARED FOR. BIOGRAPHY OF DOROTHEA E. OREM DOROTHEA E. OREM WAS BORN IN 1914 IN BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. IN THE EARLY 1930S, SHE EARNED HER NURSING DIPLOMA FROM THE PROVIDENCE HOSPITAL SCHOOL OF NURSING IN WASHINGTON, D.C. SHE WENT ON TO COMPLETE HER BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN NURSING IN 1939 AND HER MASTER'S OF SCIENCE IN NURSING IN 1945, BOTH FROM THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA IN WASHINGTON, D.C. DOROTHEA OREM DIED ON JUNE 22, 2007. CAREER OF DOROTHEA E. OREM DOROTHEA OREM HAD A DISTINGUISHED CAREER IN NURSING. SHE EARNED SEVERAL HONORARY DOCTORATE DEGREES. SHE WAS GIVEN HONORARY DOCTORATES OF SCIENCE FROM BOTH GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY IN 1976 AND INCARNATE WORD COLLEGE IN 1980. SHE WAS GIVEN AN HONORARY DOCTORATE OF HUMANE LETTERS FROM ILLINOIS WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY IN 1988, AND A DOCTORATE HONORIS CAUSAE FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI IN COLUMBIA IN 1998. SHE WAS ALSO GIVEN MANY AWARDS DURING HER CAREER: THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA ALUMNI ACHIEVEMENT AWARD FOR NURSING THEORY IN 1980, THE LINDA RICHARDS AWARD...
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...Nursing Philosophy and Comparison Paper A Comparison of Personal Philosophy and Sr. Callista Roy’s Adaptation Model September 14, 2011 Nursing Philosophy and Comparison Paper A Comparison of Personal Philosophy and Sr. Callista Roy’s Adaptation Model A personal philosophy is what one values for themselves as human beings. It reflects the many faceted realities of their self-concept and is influenced by: culture, spirituality, morals, values, and belief concepts. The relevance of one’s personal philosophy to nursing is significant. One’s philosophy directly affects the interpersonal relationship and care given to patients. For the purpose of this paper, the author will reflect and incorporate her nursing philosophy with the four nursing metaparadigms: person, environment, health and nursing, with the Roy Adaptation Model (RAM) and compare similarities’ and differences. Personal Philosophy The author’s personal philosophy is seeded in spirituality and seeing the world as interconnected with a divine source where all things are possible. She attempts to integrate the core concepts of her philosophy: intuition, altruism, holism, empathy, knowledge, compassion and advocacy into the nursing process. The author will define and demonstrate her nursing philosophy as applied to the metaparadigms. The person is viewed as a unique individual and energetic being (spirit) within a physical and integrated body system connected to a higher supreme source; environment:...
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...Conspiracy theory Protective sense of human-beings naturally help observe others’ action whether it is hostile or not. A person, who is suspicious of persecutory actions from others around him for some or no reason due to excessive protective sense, is said to be jealous. When this sense goes even further, it becomes a disease. In medicine, it’s called paranoia. This is one type of schizophrenia. Paranoia leads one to reach quick conclusion about why a bad thing has happened to him, accuse the suspect easily and overlook one’s easy conclusion. This disease is common in any society. Personal analysis is much better and healthier and therefore less prone to this disease while paranoia at the level of society is more common as it is more prone. Psychologists say that this has to do with the fact that individuals are directly responsible for consequences of his action while no one is held responsible for actions of society as a whole. Society is much more susceptible to paranoia and is easy to escalate it once infected. In other words, society holds much stronger conviction in order to find the person guilty of causing bad things got them. It’s very common for social paranoia to be directed towards people with different nationality, religion and beliefs, and different social strata. Its symptoms manifest in accusation and suspicion. Victims of social paranoia tend to be accused of having supernatural power and association with witches, and of plotting evil conspiracy. This delusion...
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...these statements to help define whatever we are discussing such as theory, research study. e. Help to integrate unrelated phenomena into a hypothesis which creates research. Critical to have very defined concepts and the concepts needed to be created into hypothesis so that you had something to study. That is critical when we discuss concepts and research i. Phenomenon is any even that can be experiences via senses, it is observable and can be seen. ii. Proposition: closed sentence or statement 1. Like geometry: If A=B and B=C, then A=C 2. Tend to be true or false 3. Content of beliefs and or assertions of the theorists. You will see a lot of theoretical statements and propositions that define what are the beliefs and values of a theorists in designing their grand model or model of theory II. Theory? f. A set of multiple concepts, that have definitions and its their relationships among the concepts that present a systematic view of phenomenon g. What does that mean?...
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...Historical Development of Nursing Timeline 1850s The history of theoretical and scientific approach in nursing evolution rooted in mid-1800s by the founder and pioneer of modern nursing; Florence Nightingale. She was considered “The Lady with the Lamp” and “The Mother of Modern Nursing “. Florence Nightingale was born in Florence Italy on May 12, 1820. She grew up with the belief that her religious calling was to take care of other people. She started her work during the Crimean war. Her amazing management skills and her ability to provide nursing care to the healthy and wounded soldiers, using her great base knowledge and understanding about the cause and effect of disease and the influence of the environment in healing process, provided a major impact in healthcare and started the beginning of the nursing profession. Her satisfaction however did not end alone in taking care of her patients. She broadened the concept of nursing by research and studies on how to come up with more effective care using statistics, cases and data. Her dedication and the positive outcomes influenced many peoples around the globe and inspired the continuation of her great work. In 1859, Florence Nightingale published her views on nursing care in “Notes on Nursing”. The basis of nursing practice was based on this theory. 1960s Theorist Year Nursing Theories V. Henderson 1960...
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...Historical Development of Nursing Timeline Christopher Vinson NUR/513 January 1, 2015 Historical Development of Nursing The historical development of nursing today is based upon the lives of many, their contributions, sacrifices and experiences. These things brought about renovations in patient care. Different ways of thinking led to research, theories and evidenced based practice. The importance of studying nursing history has led to overall progression of nursing as a profession. In order to fully study the historical development of nursing we need to study all aspects of nursing science throughout time, explain the relationships between nursing science and our profession, as well as influences of other disciplines on the development of nursing. Time Line Specific Years, Theories, Theorists, and Nursing Historical Events Prior to the 17th century. Prior to the 17th century to the 19th century, nursing care included basic hygiene, and primarily comfort needs. These were carried out by Nuns, and other religious groups (Craven & Hirnle, 2003). Nursing could possibly be the oldest profession. It started with wet nurses, who delivered babies, cared for them and their mothers (Weatherford, 2014). 19th century. Florence Nightingale developed the Environmental Theory. During the Crimean War she noticed more soldiers died of disease then of battlefield injuries. Through research she believed that dirt, and lack of cleanliness led to diseases. She instituted...
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...Historical Development of Nursing Timeline Bianca Fleming NUR/513 October 8, 2013 Georgia Swank According to George (2011), Nursing science is the substantive, abstract knowledge describing nursing’s unique phenomenon of concern, the integral nature of unitary human beings and their environments (Barrett, 1997, p. 12). Nursing science represents a compilation of theories that began with Florence Nightingale. They provide structure for nursing practice and research, and continue to evolve to meet the needs of the nursing profession. Cody (1997) described nursing science as the essence of nursing as a scholarly discipline (p. 12). In this paper, a timeline of the historic development of nursing science will explain the relationship between nursing science and the profession, and influences of other disciplines. The first nursing theory on manipulation of the environment for the benefit of the patient was authored by Florence Nightingale in 1859. Unbeknownst to Nightingale, Notes on Nursing (1859), guided nursing practice and continues to do so today even though she never even meant it to be a theory. Then in the 1950s Columbia University’s Teachers College developed graduate level programs to educate nurses for administrative and faculty positions. According to George (2011), “The first theoretical conceptualizations of nursing science came from graduates of these programs.” The graduates, known as theorists, include Peplau, Henderson, Hall, and Abdellah. Their...
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... Historical Development of Nursing Science Timeline Paper * Stacey Simmons * NUR/513 * February 3, 2014 Rebecca Gesler Historical Development of Nursing Science Timeline Paper The historical development of nursing science began with Florence Nightingale’s influential Notes on Nursing. The science of nursing has grown and developed into an academically sound and proven study of nursing care. In the 150 years following Florence Nightingale’s innovative approach to nursing care, many influential nursing theorists have emerged. This paper will discuss the Florence Nightingale, the pioneer theorists from the 1950’s, the transitional theorists from the 1960’s, and the research theorists from the 1990’s. The Historical Development of Nursing Science and Theory Nursing science and theory began with Florence Nightengale’s Notes on Nursing. Florence Nightingale is remembered for building the foundations of modern nursing establishing nursing as a profession. “Her book, Notes on Nursing (Nightingale 1859) first published in 1859, was the first nursing text book. She wrote the first modern nursing curriculum for St Thomas's Hospital, London when she instituted nurse education there in 1860 and followed these with a number of other books, reports and pamphlets. (Stanley, D., 2007). However, it would be decades before her insights, observations and educational model would be acknowledged as the first nursing theory. In the 1950’s Columbia...
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