...summarize several change theories and assumptions about the nature of change. The author shows how successful change can be encouraged and facilitated for long-term success. The article compares the characteristics of Lewin’s Three-Step Change Theory, Lippitt’s Phases of Change Theory, Prochaska and DiClemente’s Change Theory, Social Cognitive Theory, and the Theory of Reasoned Action and Planned Behavior to one another. Leading industry experts will need to continually review and provide new information relative to the change process and to our evolving society and culture. T here are many change theories and some of the most widely recognized are briefly summarized in this article. The theories serve as a testimony to the fact that change is a real phenomenon. It can be observed and analyzed through various steps or phases. The theories have been conceptualized to answer the question, “How does successful change happen?” Lewin’s Three-Step Change Theory Kurt Lewin (1951) introduced the three-step change model. This social scientist views behavior as a dynamic balance of forces working in opposing directions. Driving forces facilitate change because they push employees in the desired direction. Restraining forces hinder change because they push employees in the opposite direction. Therefore, these forces must be analyzed and Lewin’s three-step model can help shift the balance in the direction of the planned change (http://www.csupomona.edu/~jvgrizzell/best_practices/bctheory...
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...LYMPHOID NEOPLASIA ETV6/RUNX1-positive relapses evolve from an ancestral clone and frequently acquire deletions of genes implicated in glucocorticoid signaling Lilian Kuster,1 Reinhard Grausenburger,1 Gerhard Fuka,1 Ulrike Kaindl,1 Gerd Krapf,1 Andrea Inthal,1 Georg Mann,2 Maximilian Kauer,1 Johannes Rainer,3 Reinhard Kofler,3 Andrew Hall,4 Markus Metzler,5 Luder Hinrich Meyer,6 Claus Meyer,7 ¨ Jochen Harbott,8 Rolf Marschalek,7 Sabine Strehl,1 Oskar A. Haas,2 and Renate Panzer-Grumayer1,2 ¨ Cancer Research Institute, St Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Vienna, Austria; 2St Anna Kinderspital, Vienna, Austria; 3Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute and Biocenter - Division Molecular Pathophysiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria; 4Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom; 5Department of Pediatrics, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; 6Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; 7Institute of Pharmacological Biology/DCAL, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany; and 8Onkogenetic Laboratory, Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Justus-Liebig-University, Gießen, Germany 1Children’s Approximately 25% of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemias carry the ETV6/RUNX1 fusion gene. Despite their excellent initial treatment response, up to 20% of patients relapse. To gain insight into the relapse mechanisms, we analyzed single nucleotide polymorphism arrays for DNA...
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...'Discuss one or more learning explanations of addiction' The social learning theory puts forward the idea that addiction occurs through observation and communication. The individual is motivated to engage in behaviors whose outcome is valued in which they feel capable of performing effectively. Therefore if the user learns about the positive consequences of the drug use weather they are learnt directly from the drug use itself of through vicarious learning, they are more likely to repeat the drug use. A good example of vicarious learning would be that of smoking. The initial experience of smoking is unpleasant. Operant theory states that this powerful punishment, directly associated with the act of smoking, should lead to an immediate cessation of such behavior. Vicarious learning suggests that at the same time the individual experiences the first consequences of smoking, they also observed in others that smoking could be an enjoyable and rewarding behavior, so they persist in the expectation of future enjoyment. Models can be Family and friends but the media also provides an enormous number of models of behavior. High status persons exert a stronger influence on behavior than low status individuals (Winett et al 1989). Modeling can be used to teach skills necessary to achieve behavioral change, or increased efficacy expectations through seeing others attempting and succeeding in change. Because most drugs have positive and negative effects, users are motivated to...
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...Research Methods Instructor: Keisha Keith 11/23/2015 Schizophrenia Introduction Schizophrenia is a serious brain disorder that gives a misleading or false account of the way a person thinks, behave, communicate their feelings, realize or understand, and relates to others. Schizophrenia has been considered as one of many chronic and disabling conditions for people that suffers with a major mental illness. People with schizophrenia often have problems fulfilling a task in the general population, at work, at school, and in relationships leaving an individual not wanting to communicate with other people and frightened. Schizophrenia suffers will live with it the rest of their life, it cannot be cured but treatments are available and controllable with proper and advance treatments. Contrary to popular belief, schizophrenia is not a split or multiple personality. Schizophrenia is a psychosis, a type of mental illness in which a person cannot tell what is real from what is imagined. In writing this paper on Schizophrenia I will show how popular belief, has an antithesis of what is really Schizophrenia? Is it really a split or multiple personality or a psychosis considered by popular belief? I will introduce why Schizophrenia was chosen as my research topic, and the field of studies of the process...
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...Paranoid schizophrenia, what must the nurse assess? How do they go about assessing? Upon assessing, how will the nurse manage the outcomes of the assessment? These important questions are what this paper will resolve. Through review of recent literature into the assessment and management of individuals affected by paranoid schizophrenia, this paper will discuss in detail how the nurse goes about assessing the patient, why assessment is vital, common outcomes of the assessment and finally go into detail on how the nurse manages a patient with paranoid schizophrenia. Stein-Parbury (2009) discuss the importance of providing an environment without distractions for an assessment to occur in, as this enhances the ability of both the patient and nurse to listen and understand. This can assist with patients with paranoid schizophrenia, experiencing perceptual disturbances or delusions. It is also important to provide a space that is private, thus giving the patient a sense of safety in disclosing personal information. Snyderman and Rovner (2009) highlight the importance of using a Mental State Examination (MSE), to assess the patients’ mental state and to aid in diagnosing a patients’ mental illness through identifying a range of sections including thought form, content and mood. It also enables the treating team to formulate a plan individualised to the patients needs. The following areas should be assessed in a mental state examination (MSE). Appearance including the physical characteristics...
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...Multiple Sclerosis (MS): An Autoimmune Disease. You are in your mid twenty but you feel fatigue, numbness of extremities, chronic pain, vision problem, etc almost daily. Then sometime, you feel dizzy, vertigo, loss of balance, involuntary muscle spasms, and difficult to move around. You may feel depress and mood swings in addition to these symptoms. What is wrong with you? You are at the age where as young adults with full energize life ahead, ready to take charge of an independent life and assume a various social roles and economic responsibilities like a new career after college and graduate school, begin an intimate romance relationships, or maybe starting a family of your own (Falvo, 2009). What you are experiences are the common symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis (MS), a Central Nervous System (CNS) disease which affects over 400,000 Americans, and every week about 200 people are diagnosed. Worldwide, it affects about 2.5 million people (NewsRx Health and Science, 2012). Its exact cause is unknown, however the common thought is some unknown virus or gene defect is the blame. To really understand Multiple Sclerosis we will need to look at it definition and history, the statistics of number people afflicted with it, what are the social-psychological challenges of the disease. We will also need to look at what kind of research projects and experiments have been done regarding the disease, what kind of help and support that the community have to offer to its patients,...
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...Girgis 1 Schizophrenia In the United States, nearly 3 million people have been, or will be affected by Schizophrenia according to Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing (pg252). What exactly is schizophrenia? Understanding what the meaning of the term helps shed some light on this disease. Schizophrenia comes from the Greek words “schizo” which means to split, and “phrenia” which means mind. However schizophrenia does not imply a split or multiple personality disorder. Rather “split mind” depicts the many symptoms in which the disease splits or disrupts mental functions. Schizophrenia is one of the major chronic psychiatric disorders with symptoms that can affect a person’s thoughts, behavior, emotions, and mind. Furthermore, the symptoms associated with Schizophrenia prevent the individual from sustaining a normal healthy lifestyle by preventing the individually from logically distinguishing between what is real and what is imaginary. In order to understand the severity of this disease it is important to explore what exactly schizophrenia is, the causes, and the different treatments. What exactly causes or contributes to the onset of this disease? There is not one major cause for schizophrenia, however it is a combination of genetic, environmental, and psychological factors that result in the disease. Various studies have indicated that schizophrenia does have a genetic factor and several different experiments were performed to prove that it could be inherited...
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...many special needs prisoners, one that many are familiar with are the mentally ill, and substance abusing. In 1955 there weren’t any mental institutions being built, and there were forty that were shut down about a decade ago. As of today there were more prisons opening up, and many people seemed the most qualified to care for and house these patients. Today prisons have taken on the lead role of caring for mentally ill patients, housing 45,000 in prison to 3,000 in mental institutions. Rehabilitation programs are lacking in the mentally ill category, therefore mentally ill prisoners usually return to prison. There are many inmates in prisons that have different special needs. Some of these needs are based on the sex of the inmate. Male’s prisoners have a lot more special needs to take care of their selves as the females prisoners do not. You also have inmates who suffer from a mental illness. Their special needs are much more different than those who have basic needs. People who suffer from substance abuse have needs in the area called addiction. With having these different kinds of individuals it affects the diverse needs, and affects the jails and prisons in various ways. If people were not care for properly there would be negative consequences. There are programs that help the prisoners and also in prisons that allow these prisoners to be cared for in a great way. Some of the prisoner’s special needs are having a physical disability, mental health...
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...Learning Experience Paper Learning experience Learning experience discussed in this paper will focus on how someone can learn how not become addicted to drugs. The discussion will also identify what could be learned from the time an individual started using drugs to the time they were no longer a drug user. There will be a discussion of the description of how someone’s learning could have occurred through classical conditioning, identify the unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, the conditioned stimulus, and the conditioned response. The operant conditioning, a description of the behavior, the consequences, and reinforcements will also explain. The discussion will address how the learning could have occurred cognitive social learning. Identifying the Learning Experience Let’s say a person has been a casual drug user, his lifestyle has been very carefree. Through his carefree lifestyle he is introduced to a new method of using drugs. The instant the drug is introduced becomes addicted. He experiences an overwhelming desire to have more to obtain the same sensation. He experiences a loss of control over his life. This loss of control is heightened when the drug cannot be obtained when his body desires it. The drug and its use becomes a part of his life much the same as taking a breath. Classical conditioning, Unconditioned Stimulus and Response, Conditioned Stimulus and Response Classical conditioning is a form of learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes a...
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... Although proven to be an effective therapeutic theory it has many weaknesses. It does not account for learning that does not involve negative or positive reinforcement, nor does it explain adaptive behavior. Proponents of this theory also argue that this approach is too deterministic and cannot be accurate, as it does not account for free will or emotion (Feist & Feist, 2009). Social Cognitive Theory Much like behavioral analysis theory, the main advantage of the social cognitive theory is that it is based on solid quantitative evidence that is observable and recordable. The other advantage of this theory is the idea of self-efficacy. Self-efficacy is best described as the how someone perceives that he or she can hand certain situations. Individuals with high self-efficiency are more motivated...
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...time. Each child will eventually join the ranks of all the other members of society fighting a war against evil at the personal level so cleanly brought to life by James Baldwin (Albert). Amongst all the chaos, the reader is introduced to Sonny's special secret weapon against the pressures of life: Jazz. Baldwin presents jazz as being a two-edged sword capable of expressing emotions like no other method, but also a presenting grave danger to each individual who bears it. Throughout the story, the reader follows Sonny's past and present skirmishes with evil, his triumphs, and his defeats. By using metaphorical factors such as drugs and jazz in a war-symbolizing setting, Baldwin has put the focus of good and evil to work at the heart of "Sonny's Blues. At several points in the story, Baldwin emphasizes the quickness at which Harlem residents fall to the pull of evil. The children of Harlem are described as often turning "hard or evil or disrespectful, the way kids can, so quick, so quick, especially in Harlem". These children can be compared directly to soldiers in a war....
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...citations which have been duly acknowledged. I also declare that it has not been previously or concurrently submitted for any other MBA at UniMAP or any other institutions. ____________________________ (Signature) NAME: MOHANRAJ A/L SUPPARAMANIAM DATE: 10/05/2015 THE ROLE OF COMPUTER AND INTERNET ACCESS IN BUSINESS STUDENTS’ACCEPTANCE OF E-LEARNING TECHNOLOGY IN UniMAP By MOHANRAJ A/L SUPPARAMANIAM Research Report Submitted in Partial Fulfillment Research Methodology Requirement of the Degree of Master of Business Administration (MBA) UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS 2015 ABSTRACT This study was taking into account past research that explored the divergence or crevice between the individuals who have entry to PCs and the Internet and the individuals who don't( (Hoffman & Novak, 1998; NTIA, 1999b; Carey, Chisholm & Irwin, 2002; Vail, 2003 Zeliff, 2004; Glenn, 2005). The Technology Acceptance Model grew by Davis, Bagozzi, and Warshaw (1989) was utilized to explore whether PC and Internet access impacted the acknowledgement of e-learning innovation apparatuses, for example, Blackboard and the Internet. Of the studies led concerning reception of these innovations, a predetermined number have tended to the degree to which school understudies acknowledge these instruments. The dominant part of these studies neglected to consider PC access as a variable in regards to PC innovation acknowledgement. The E-Learning Technology...
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...critically evaluate the effectiveness of MI as a psychosocial intervention in alcohol dependence. The rational and motivation for choosing to explore this topic is because of a particular interest in substance misuse nursing and experiences from using MI in the care and treatment of alcohol dependent clients. Alcohol dependence represents a major burden to the National Health Service (NHS) and the wider health and social care systems (alcohol concern, 2009, Cabinet Office, 2003). The Department of Health (2004) estimates that nationally, six percent of men and two percent of women can be classified as alcohol dependent. It is estimated that between 15,000 and 22,000 deaths occur each year resulting from alcohol related illness like stroke, cancer, liver disease (Cirrhosis or Hepatitis) and accidental injury or suicide (RCP, 2001). The World Health Organisation (2001) defined alcohol dependent individuals as those exhibiting a range of...
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...Background of Study Jade Birkley PSY480/Senior Project February 14, 2013 Professor Eric Durbrow Background of the Study In a given year 2 million Americans and 25 million people worldwide suffer from one of the top ten most debilitating diseases. Schizophrenia is a long-term major mental disorder that affects several aspects of behavior, thinking, and emotion, which makes it difficult to tell between what is real and unreal; it is also characterized by positive and negative symptoms. Either being acute with a rapid beginning and good hopes of resurgence or a chronic longer term course that builds over time. Such variation in symptoms leads to observations of discord in patients. “According to the DSM-IV, schizophrenia is a disorder characterized by deteriorating ability to function in everyday life and by some combination of hallucinations, delusions, thought disorder, movement disorder, and inappropriate emotional expressions” (Kalat, 2009, p. 449). The positive symptoms fall into two cluster (psychotic and disorganized) and represent behaviors that are distorted version of normal functions. Psychotic symptoms consist of delusions (unsubstantiated beliefs) and hallucinations (hearing voices, seeing things others do not or feeling things that are not there). Disorganized symptoms “consist of inappropriate emotional displays, bizarre behaviors, incoherent speech, and thought disorder” (Kalat, 2009, p. 449). The negative symptoms represent behaviors deficiency or absence...
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...Leadership Styles of Men and Women Executive Summary A research study on the main characteristics that lay the foundation for leadership styles of men and women is carried out in this paper. The key focus emphasized in this paper is on recognizing and studying the differences between the 2 sexes with respect to leadership attributes. Factors that lead to this distinction are highlighted, along with the traditional reasons that lead to these differences. A historical insight into the various trends that dominated different societies is given, in a view to engage the reader and lead him/her to understand how the gender roles evolved as the societies evolved. Many challenges that women encountered in the past are described that further aid in this understanding. The outcomes of this comparative study are then observed. These outcomes include gender-stereotypic expectations by the leaders, mental health of the individuals, efficiency at the job role, industrial pressure and gender discrimination. Generic leadership traits for men and women are observed and described, which tie to the gender-stereotypes. These observations distinguish the women to possess an interpersonal-oriented leadership style, as opposed to men, who possess task-oriented style of leadership. Different leadership studies are implemented to understand the impact of these styles. The impact varies for organizational studies, laboratory experiments and assessment studies. Other traits like how the leadership qualities...
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