...Several different neural structures in the brain play an important role in the ability to see and understand what is being seen. Before visual information enters the brain, it must first pass through the retina in the back of the eye, which contains special photoreceptor cells called rods and cones (Kalat, 152). Rods help to see in dim light conditions, while cones are active in bright conditions and are used to see color (Kalat, 152). There are specific types of cones for different colors, such as red and blue cones (Lin & Tsai, 2015). After light is processed by these photoreceptors, it travels to the bipolar neurons of the retina and then to special ganglion cells whose axons come together to create the optic nerve (Kalat, 149). The ganglion...
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...Anthropology. A sub field of Physical anthropology would be > paleoanthropology, which studies human development and human variation; why we look the way we do. Cultural anthropology> Linguistics, and the functioning and development of cultures. M.O.S > Case studies, participant observations, surveys, and excavations (digging up remains) Sociology: The study of human social life, and the development of societies. *Goal is to understand the whole world, not just part of it. Psychology: Scientific study of the human brain, mental processes, and human behaviours. METHODS OF STUDY: Case Study > observation of individual/group over period of time Experiments > Allows you to see how 1 factor is related to another Surveys > Obtain information on thoughts of a large group Interviews > used when you require detailed information, you look for explanations behind behaviour and thoughts Observation> Unstructured Observation: observing a group without a predetermined idea of what to look for. Structured Observation > Observing a group based planning what to look for Participant observation > immersing yourself into the daily activities of a group, MOS > Excavations, observations, surveys, experiments Anthropology > Study of human origins, traditions, cultures, and varieties of human beings Physical Anthropology> Paleoanthropology, Primatology, Human variation Cultural Anthropology> Linguistic anthropology, Ethnology Human variation > study of the...
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...Cognitive Psychology Definition Paper PSY/340 Cognitive Psychology Dr. 07/14/2014 The cognition process study is an integral part of getting familiar with the human nature. Considering the topic of human nature, the most interesting thing to discover is the way people behave themselves, what is ascribed to the study of behavioral psychology. Nevertheless, the way people behave is fully dependent upon what people learn, what do they read, which information they process, and how does it take place. A human's behavior in different situations is just as set of theoretical and practical knowledge received in the process of cognition. All the questions regarding this topic are put under deep scrutiny by the branch of psychology, which is called the cognitive psychology. This kind of psychological studies is one of the most important, as it examines and researches not only what and who we are, but how do we acquire the features we possess. The 18th century was a harsh time for the development of psychology in the role of a scientific discipline. Towards the end of the 19th century psychology was dominated by an approach known as introspectionism. The basis of introspectionism was to study mental processes via a method of subjective self-examination. (Parkin, 2000, p. 1) In the middle of the 20th century, three general movements arose to inspire and shape a cognitive psychology. First of all, after the introduction...
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...Cognitive Psychology Tonya Hill PSY/360 June 17, 2013 Eric Tomlinson The Definition of Cognitive Psychology Cognitive Psychology is a psychological perspective that addresses mental processes such as thinking, problem solving, remembering, believing, and speaking, and seeks to identify behavior by characteristics other than its obvious properties (Defining Cognitive Psychology 2011). It includes mental representation and the use of abstract constructs to find relationships between brain structure and their functions (Willingham, 2007).This area of psychology is important in order to acquire knowledge and gain an understanding on how a person’s mental process works. Four Key Milestones in Cognitive Psychology There are at least four key milestones in the development of cognitive psychology as a discipline and they are as follows: the failure of behaviorism, the computer metaphor and information processing, abstract constructs of artificial intelligence and neuroscience. Behaviorism was similar to cognitive psychology but it failed to identify mental processes. Freud’s psychoanalysis required that mental processes be identified in the study of cognitive psychology but behaviorism failed to meet this need. All aspects of the human psyche needed to be accommodated especially in the area of language and memory. This lead psychologists to really rethink behaviorism and gave support for the development of another area of science that would focus attention on...
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...the participants would learn in the following days (2009). After the scan was completed, the participants spent five days dancing the sequences and watching the sequences. On day six, the participants underwent another fMRI scan in which they observed all of the sequences (danced, watched, and untrained). Finally, the participants were subjected to a behavioral retest where they were asked to dance to three songs from each training condition-watched, danced, or untrained (Cross et al., 2009). This study found large amount of activity within the action observation network when observing motor movements that have been previously practiced and passively observed. This provides support for neurons in this network acting as mirror neurons, as these neurons are active in both observation and performance of an action. This study also found that passive observation is associated with better performance, which suggests that observation of a motor movement can help lead to better execution of that movement at a later time. To summarize, passive...
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...TBI in Early Childhood: Impact of Early Intervention on Childhood Development TBI in Early Childhood: Impact of Early Intervention on Childhood Development Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a growing concern for children in their preschool years. Children of young ages undergo many developmental changes during the ages of two through five. These changes are significant for their growth and maturity. They include cognitive, social, and behavioral development as well as development in executive functioning. Sustaining a traumatic brain injury during these years can pose as a direct risk of developmental deficits in any or all of these areas. After an extensive literature review, it was found that most of the previous research resulted in areas of consensus. These areas compare the how TBI severity and the age of the TBI effect developmental. Results from multiple studies show that the more sever the TBI, the more prevalent the developmental deficiencies (Gerrard-Morris, A., Taylor, H., Yeates, K., Walz, N., Stancin, T., Minich, N., & Wade, S., 2009; McKinlay, A., Grace, R., Horward, L., Fergusson, D., & MacFarlane, M., 2008; Morse, S., Haritou, F., Ong, K., Anderson, V., Catroppa, C., & Rosenfeld, J., 1999; Taylor, H., Swartwout, M., Yeates, K., Walz, N., Stancin, T., & Wade, S., 2008). It is also found that children injured in early childhood are more vulnerable to developmental deficits, According to Taylor et. al (2008), a younger age at the time of injury is a predictor...
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...second-order cybernetic perspective. Within this context, type physicalism remains a tenable solution to the mind-body problem so long as an isomorphic mapping between physical and psychological processes is possible. Introduction The motivation for type physicalism stems from empirical evidence of pervasive and systematic psychoneural correlations, that is, correlations between mental phenomena and brain processes. These correlations are systematic enough to allow scientists to successfully sense, transmit, analyze, and apply the language of neurons using an assortment of sophisticated imaging techniques and brain-computer interfaces. For instance, in 2003, Dr. Miguel Nicolelis, associate professor of neurobiology at the Duke University Medical Center, used a brain-computer interface system to successfully filter and utilize motor command impulses from the electrical activity of a primate brain to operate a robotic arm in real time. Foxborough-based Cyberkinetics Neurotechnology Systems, Inc., founded by John Donoghue, followed up this achievement by developing similar implantable brain-computer interface that proved capable of translating human thought into controlled cursor and even robotic arm movements. The Wadsworth Center in Albany, NY, run by Dr. Jonathan Wolpaw, has developed a...
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...decision making, learning, perceiving, and reasoning. Cognitive psychology uses scientific research methods in studying the mental process. It focuses on how someone acquires, processes, and stores information, and it studies how someone views and understands the world around them. Using this method also utilizes other methods to identify behavior through characteristics other than its obvious properties. This discipline of psychology was not just created overnight, it took some milestones in psychology to help create. Neuroscience Neuroscience is used to see how the brain and nervous system determine behaviors, cognitive psychologists use this to identify brain areas that enable functioning. Neuroscientists can account for intelligent behavior through the use of abstract constructs, hypothetical representation, and processes. They have also established definitive links between structures of the brain and functioning. The research of neuroscientists enables the understanding of states of consciousness, sensory experiences, emotion, motivation, development through life spans, and psychological health. Behaviorism Behaviorism helped create cognitive psychology because when behaviorism was criticized, it was not able to answer many of the questions or account for different human processes that cognitive psychology could. Behaviorists focused mainly on observable behaviors and almost disregarded the importance of genetics. There are many things that behaviorism could...
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...Cognitive Psychology Definition Cognitive Psychology Definition (Scholarpedia, 2007) states “Cognitive psychology is the scientific investigation of human cognition, that is, all our mental abilities – perceiving, learning, remembering, thinking, reasoning, and understanding. It is closely related to the highly interdisciplinary cognitive science and influenced by artificial intelligence, computer science, philosophy, anthropology, linguistics, biology, physics, and neuroscience” (Dosher, Lin-Lu, 2007, p. 2769). Cognitive psychology uses experiments and the scientific method to establish how humans transform sensory input into one’s own thoughts, which in turn becomes the individual’s actions through the intricate series of one’s cognition (Willingham, 2007). In the beginnings of the 20th Century cognitive psychology declined, because of the rise in behaviorism. In the mid- 1950’s the cognitive revolution developed because of the lack of behaviorism ideas and understanding “between memory and performance, and complex learning” (Dosher, Lin-Lu, 2007, p. 2769). Cognitive psychology began to come into play with the support of brand new technology, concepts that were abstract, and neuroscience (Willingham, 2007). Milestones in the Development of Cognitive Psychology As mentioned earlier behaviorism begin to accumulate problems around the mid- 1950s. One of the considerable problems was...
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...Psychology Definition Paper Cognitive Psychology According to psychologist, cognitive psychology is associated with behaviorism due to the shrill differences of the perspectives (Willingham, 2007). While behaviorism neglects to deal with mental processes, cognitive psychology target to create a logical description of these processes typical to humanity. Opposed to other perspectives in psychology, cognitive psychology has a reputation founded in the scientific and experimentation technique (Willlingham, 2007). The key goal is clarify how humans convert ideas into actions and thoughts by the composite and frequent peculiar process of cognition (Eyesnck, 2004, Willingham, 2007). The human psyche nature is addressed through nature and observation through cognitive psychology while using abstracts to produce observable behavior and nature causing a further understanding of these processes (Willingham, 2007). Through the fall of behaviorism and by the help of technology, neuroscience and the application of concept abstract is when psychology essentially came to life (Willingham, 2007). The cognitive methodology has infused contemporary psychology by way of scientific interpretation of the convoluted human psyche, also the opportunity to infuse this knowledge in treatments of dysfunction and human disease (Eyseneck, 2004). Cognitive Psychology Defined Cognitive Psychology is a psychological perception which speaks to the mind in developing the perceiving, believing, problem...
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...patterns of social interactions. Understanding the meaning of other people’s behavior is an essential aspect of human communication, and a large amount of our daily life is spent watching and interpreting the actions of others (Barresi & Moore, 1996). The neural mechanism underlying our ability to represent others’ goals by the mere observation of their motor actions has been the target of considerable research. Behavioral experiments had suggested that the system for generating and representing actions is also used in the perception of actions (Knoblich & Prinz, 2001). This approach was strengthened by the discovery of “mirror” neurons in the macaque monkey brain, a class of neurons found in the parietal and the premotor cortex. They were seen to discharge not only when the monkey performed an action but also when the monkey was observing an experimenter or another monkey performing the same action (di Pellegrino, Fadiga, Fogassi, Gallese, & Rizzolatti, 1992). Similarly, neuroimaging studies in humans have revealed parietal (PAR) and premotor (PM) activations both during execution and action observation, suggesting that action observation automatically triggers action representations (Grèzes, Armony, Rowe, & Passingham, 2003). The superior temporal sulcus (STS), involved in the perception of...
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...Overconfidence iii. We tend to think we know more than we do c) The Scientific Attitude iv. Curiosity 1. Empirical approach v. Skepticism = persistently asking two questions: What do you mean? How do you know? 2. Scientific attitude: being skeptical but not cynical, open but not gullible vi. Humility = an awareness of our own vulnerability to error and an openness to surprises and new perspectives d) Critical Thinking ii. How Do Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions? e) The Scientific Method vii. A scientific theory explains through an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviour or events. viii. Hypotheses ix. We should be aware that it can bias subjective observations x. Operational functions = a statement of the procedures used to define research variables. For example, human intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test xi. Replicate – repeat xii. Finally – organizepredictionsrevised theory xiii. We can test our hypotheses and refine our theories using … f) Description xiv. The Case Study 3. The case study examines one individual in depth in hopes of revealing things true of us all. 4. Suggest directions for further study 5. Show us what can happen 6. May mislead us if the individual being...
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...a person thinks and the behavior a person has. It also deals with the mental process of a person’s brain and the neuroscience. Behavior has to do with the activity of a human and neuroscience has to do with the nervous system. Perception and memory is also in this area. It all started with the Greeks “approximately 2,400 years ago, the philosophers of ancient Greece left the first written record displaying consistent curiosity about and speculations on the workings of the mind.” (Willingham, D. T. (2007). The Greeks started all the assumption of how our brains working and it went on from there. The Greeks seemed to ask a lot of question three to be exact such as perception, memory, and nature and nurture The next area was the dark ages and middle ages. Not much was added at this time because there was not much knowledge at this time and the work was not so centered around the mind which left this area of time with not good information. Then you had the renaissance through the 19th century In the renaissance time this was the rise of knowledge these people seem to wise beyond their years and had lots of information we still use today. Even though they did make some mistakes they still did well in observation. They seem to be able to understand the method of science through observation in which it helped them to understand the method of how our brains can work. The last area was in 1879 this is where things started to pick and we begin to have fields...
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...example of the influence of physiology on psychology. Behaviorism denied any emphasis on consciousness promote but functionalism and structuralism. Part II: Research Methods Provide a brief overview of some research methods used by psychologists. Include strengths and weaknesses of each method. One research method used by psychologists is data collection. Once it has been decided which type of research to use, the next step is to determine how the information will be gathered. There are a number of different research methods that are used in the study of developmental psychology, each with its own strengths and weaknesses. Some common approaches include observation, case studies, questionnaires, and experimentation. Another research method that is commonly used is observation; there are two different types of observation. The first involves viewing the subject of interest in a lab setting, a controlled...
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...Cognitive Psychology Definition Josephine Yadao Psy/360 Mr. Norris Edwards October 30, 2013 Cognitive Psychology Definition Cognitive psychology is often compared to behaviorism because of the sharp contrast of the perspectives (Willingham, 2007). Although behaviorism fails to address mental processes, cognitive psychology aims to create a coherent description of these processes characteristic of humankind. Cognitive psychologists also seek to explain conscious visual perception, but they are more interested in the unconscious processes that eventually lead to conscious perception. In some ways, visual information in consciousness is the endpoint of vision; we need to explain the many steps that led to this endpoint. But the main goal is to explain how humans transform input into thoughts and actions by the complex and often-mysterious process of cognition (Eysenck, 2004, Willingham, 2007). Cognitive psychology addresses the unobservable nature of the human psyche and uses abstract constructs to produce observable behavior resulting in a more accurate understanding of these processes. This branch of psychology came to life during the fall of behaviorism with the help of new technology, the application...
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