...Explain the difference between Neoclassical Environmental Economics, Ecological Economics, and Natural Resource Economics. The three approaches originate from three different schools of thought. Broadly, Neoclassical Environmental Economics (NEE) is the opposite of the Ecological Economics (EE), and Natural Resource Economics (NRE) lies somewhere between them. Let’s begin with the opposing views. Field states, ‘Environmental Economics is the application of the principles of economics to the study of how environmental resources are managed. (Field & Field 2013:2). In gist, NEE is an Anthropospheric view of the environment through micro and macro-economic principles and sociopolitical influences that ignores the other spheres of life. The environment, is a subsystem of economics and has no intrinsic value. It is merely a factor of production, and only manufactured goods/services have an intrinsic value. EE, on the other hand, is a holistic approach, broader in scope, concerned with the supply and demand of energy and matter within the biosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and atmosphere - where contrastingly, the Anthroposphere is the subsystem. EE claims that NEE is totally dependent on the environment and that residuals and pollution are disruptive to natural processes and diminishes the earth’s bio-capacity. Environmental Economics’ primary focus is to manage the environment to supply services and goods in exchange for money (MO 2015 quoting Tietenberg 2014:7) whereas...
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...Saturday, July 24, 2010Environment Environmental accounting A key to sustainable development Environmentally idyllic Bengal. K. M. Nazmul Islam and Dr. Ahmed Kamruzzaman Majumder THE concept that every nation might acknowledge the economic role of the environment in its income accounts is neither a hasty shift nor a quick practice; it has been under discussion globally since the 1960s. Unfortunately in Bangladesh the contribution of the environmental goods and services in the national economy has been ignored for a long time. In the changing circumstances of global climate it is high time that we wake up and recognize the contribution of the environment to sustain our economy. For a long time, conventional indicators like Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Gross National Product (GNP) and Net Domestic Product (NDP) were used around the world to construct national accounts and as a measure of the economic progress of a country and standard of living. However, these traditional measures of economic activity failed to be responsive because of the fact that economy cannot operate without the support of the natural environment. National accounts allow depreciation allowance for manufactured assets, while the contributions of environmental assets to economy are not valued and hence no depreciation allowance is made for these assets. Thus, in Bangladesh, omission of the degradation and depletion of the country's natural capital will lead to over estimation of the national income figures...
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...and Eastern Europe Natural environmental concerns have been felt since the late nineteenth century, when it was the attitude of admiration transition from passive to active natural beauty drive to protect them and prevent the abuse of natural resources . The central axis of our environmental policy is to ensure a clean environment for the health of its inhabitants , breaking the vicious circle of poverty and environmental degradation , ensuring innovative regenerative growth for the benefit of present and future generations , harmonization of legislation with the specific environmental European Union to accelerate integration into European structures. Without environmental protection , can not ensure sustainable development. Sustainable development includes environmental protection and sustainable development environmental conditions.Requirements and existing requirements at EU level requires a new approach to global environmental problems , in terms of effects and pressure on the environment and all socio -economic consequences . United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED ) held in Rio de Janeiro in June 1992 , showed that they can not think of environment and economic and social development as isolated areas and that the only path to long-term economic progress it is binding environmental protection . The key issue of sustainable development is the reconciliation between two human aspirations : need for further economic and social development ...
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... Environment and Economy The environment and the economy are essential parts of daily life. The environment provides a substantial foundation of resources and space to live for human beings; the economy promotes social development and improves the quality of life for people. Thus, human beings make garbage and give it back to the environment; the economy brings a number of severe environmental problems. As a result, most people are debating the relationship between environmental protection and economic development. Guo and Ma (2008) believe economic development and environmental protection contradict each other because economic development is accompanied by environmental deterioration (p.95). However, Metzler, Lecbner, and Hays (2002) contend that economic development and environmental protection can coexist because of the first ecological industry in America (p. 20). In this essay, I will first introduce sustainable development to show the relationship between environmental protection and economic development. Then, I will argue that environmental protection and economic development through sustainable development are not mutually exclusive and provide some solutions in the three aspects of poverty, industrialization, and agriculture. In order to combine environmental protection with economic development, the concept of sustainable development was presented. According to the World Commission on Environment and Development (1987), “sustainable development...
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...APES Outline Ch 1 Environmental Problems, Their Causes & Sustainability A. Living More Sustainably A. Environmental science studies how the earth works, our interaction with the earth, and the methods/procedures we use to deal with environmental problems. 1. The biosphere is the natural world: plants, animals, soils, air, and water. 2. The culturesphere is defined by technological, economic, cultural, and political aspects of our world. A. Environment considers everything that affects a living organism. B. Ecology studies relationships between living organisms and their environment. C. Environmentalism is a social movement dedicated to protecting life support systems for all species. D. Life and economies depend on solar capital (energy from the sun) and natural capital (Earth’s resources and ecological services). 1. Capital is wealth; solar capital/energy creates renewable energy such as wind power, hydropower from flowing water, and biomass that is solar energy that has been changed to chemical energy and stored, in a biological form, such as wood. 2. Natural capital includes natural resources such as air, water, soil, wildlife, minerals, etc. and ecological services. a. Biological income from fish, grasslands, and underground water can be sustained, IF we don’t deplete it. b. Man, as a newcomer species, is endangering quality of life for us and other species. F. Man must protect our solar and natural capital and live off the resources they provide. 1. For an environmentally...
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...Economy and Environment Program for Southeast Asia ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS A TEACHERS’ MANUAL Undergraduate Level By Herminia A. Francisco Bui Dung The Pham Khanh Nam August 2005 1 PREFACE This manual was written to support the teaching of undergraduate environmental economics course in Vietnam Universities. Some time in 2003, a number of senior researchers of the Economy and Environment Program for Southeast Asia (EEPSEA) requested that EEPSEA offers a 3-week training course for teachers of Environmental Economics in the country. The request in turn was precipitated by the new mandate from the Ministry of Education in Vietnam that makes Environmental Economics a required course in all Bachelors’ Degree in Economics and Management for all colleges and universities. Aware that the capacity of teachers to teach Environmental Economics varies across the country as training of teachers varies also from selfstudy, short-term training, to a formal course in an undergraduate/graduate degree from local universities or abroad, EEPSEA acceded to the request and offered the course in August 2005. The course though can be used also in other colleges and universities in Southeast Asia. The training course was designed to teach both the subject matter contained in an internationally-comparable undergraduate environmental course and to enhance teachers’ skills in teaching this subject. A teachers’ manual was developed to support the teaching of the training ...
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... * Identify the marketing trends in the firm’s natural resources and technological environments. * Explain the key changes that occur in the political and cultural environments. * Discuss how companies can react to the marketing environment. ------------------------------------------------- Natural Environment –involves natural resources that are needed as inputs or that are affected by marketing activities. Natural resource economics focuses on the supply, demand, and allocation of the Earth’s natural resources. Its goal is to gain a better understanding of the role of natural resources in the economy. Learning about the role of natural resources allows for the development of more sustainable methods to manage resources and make sure that they are maintained for future generations. The goal of natural resources economics is to develop an efficient economy that is sustainable in the long run. Importance of Environment This diagram illustrates how society and the economy are subsets of the environment. It is not possible for society and economics systems to exist independently from the environment. For this reason, natural resources economics focuses on understanding the role of natural resources in the economy in order to develop a sufficient and sustainability economy that protects natural resources. Types of Natural Resources Natural resources are derived from the environment. Some of the resources are essentials to survival, while others merely satisfy...
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...of well-being, which has ecological, economic, political and cultural dimensions. Sustainability requires the reconciliation of environmental, social equity and economic demands - also referred to as the "three pillars" of sustainability or (the 3 Es). Healthy ecosystems and environments are necessary to the survival and flourishing of humans and other organisms. There are a number of major ways of reducing negative human impact. The first of these is environmental management. This approach is based largely on information gained from earth science, environmental science and conservation biology. The second approach is management of human consumption of resources, which is based largely on information gained from economics. A third more recent approach adds cultural and political concerns into the sustainability matrix. Sustainability interfaces with economics through the social and environmental consequences of economic activity. Sustainability economics involves ecological economics where social aspects including cultural, health-related and monetary/financial aspects are integrated. Moving towards sustainability is also a social challenge that entails international and national law, urban planning and transport, local and individual lifestyles and ethical consumerism. Ways of living more sustainably can take many forms from reorganizing living conditions (e.g., Eco villages, eco-municipalities and sustainable cities), reappraising economic sectors (permaculture, green building...
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...Environmental protection With the rapid development of the society, the rate of economic growth is becoming an increasingly important part for people to judge the government nowadays. Therefore, some governments in the world decided to ignore environmental concerns in order to increase economic growth. So human activities have caused great destruction to the earth in many ways. First of all, many nations, especially the developing nations including China and India, have been confronted with pollutions brought by the excessive exploitation, which has threatened. Admittedly, no one can deny that depending on natural resources is one of the fastest ways for a country to increase economic growth. Natural resources such as trees and fossil fuels hardly exist in many countries in the world, so these countries have to import natural resources from other countries. Many countries in the world do not have large quantities of natural resources, such as fossil fuels and water resources to support the industrial and economic development. This imbalanced situation has brought huge profits to nations with profound natural resources. For instance, China, as a nation with a variety of natural resources, has highly relied on the exploitation of natural resources and resource exportation to increase its economy in the past thirty years. This policy has led to the constant development of China’s GDP in the last 20 years and made it become an economic wonder worldwide. Nevertheless, it turns...
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...Name: Affiliation: Date: Environmental security Introduction An environment basically refers to the total surrounding of all organisms both living and the dead, including natural forces that come into place. All these factors provide conditions for development and growth of an economy whereas on the other hand security refers is a set of customs and rules that govern a society. Therefore environmental security simply means how our surrounding is being protected to avoid damage and depletion of the resources. Many of the natural resources include water, land, air, soil, energy, minerals and all those that are in the resources. Environmental security entails the basic protection of the most important resources that we have e.g. the ecosystem service and have a complete assurance that there will be a constant supply of the resource in the near future without depletion. The human society and its natural surrounding is being threatened by the new global pressures that have been posing challenges on degradation an depletion of the natural resources. The global pressures may include competition to access of water, land, minerals and other fundamental resources, increase in the population of various countries thus posing pressure in land, there has been an increase in the demand for energy due to increased number of people thus having many industries for provision of employment and manufacture of food. Thus our vital resources face danger of depletion and damage if no...
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...DECOUPLING NATURAL RESOURCE USE AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS FROM ECONOMIC GROWTH Acknowledgements Editor: International Resource Panel Working Group on Decoupling Lead authors: Marina Fischer-Kowalski, Institute of Social Ecology Vienna, Alpen-Adria University, Austria, with the support of the Lebensministerium, Austria and Mark Swilling, Sustainability Institute, School of Public Leadership, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa Contributing authors: Ernst Ulrich von Weizsäcker (Chairperson of the Decoupling Working Group), Yong Ren, Yuichi Moriguchi, Wendy Crane, Fridolin Krausmann, Nina Eisenmenger, Stefan Giljum, Peter Hennicke, Rene Kemp, Paty Romero Lankao, Anna Bella Siriban Manalang, Sebastian Sewerin Jeff McNeely provided editorial support for the full report and summary brochure. The report went through several rounds of peer-review coordinated in an efficient and constructive way by Jeff McNeely together with the International Resource Panel Secretariat. Valuable comments were received from several anonymous reviewers in this process. The preparation of this report also benefited from discussions with many colleagues at various meetings. Special thanks go to Ernst Ulrich von Weizsäcker and Ashok Khosla as Co-Chairs of the International Resource Panel, the members of the International Resource Panel and its Steering Committee for their dedication and commitment. Janet Salem, UNEP, provided valuable input and comments; the International Resource Panel’s...
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...trading activities increase in both frequency and magnitude, the relationship between world trade and environmental conservation becomes closer and closer. The extent of globalisation is now spreading across every parts of the world. At present, human is facing an important yet complicated problem climate change. In order to address this problem and promote sustainable development, the globalisation becomes a key focus. As one of the drivers of globalisation, international trade receives more public awareness than before. Nowadays, whether or not the trade-driven globalisation conflicts with preservation of the environment and natural resources environmental is a controversial topic (Heywood, 2014). However, in this essay I will argue that promoting globalisation through international trade creates both conflicts and opportunities to conservation of the environment and natural resources. From an economic point of view, both world trade and environmental protection are important because they are the essential for promoting sustainable development, due to this reason it is possible to reconcile their continued levels. Hence, addressing the conflicting aspects and maximising the opportunities between them are necessary. After discussing the relationships, I will also give the relevant recommendations before final conclusion. To begin with, international trade can promote efficient resource allocation which is environmentally beneficial. International trade is based on the theory of comparative...
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...Farrington 2 1 2 Agricultural Economics Research Institute, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 29703, 2502LS The Hague, The Netherlands Institute for Rural Research, Geography and Environment, University of Aberdeen, Elphinstone Road, Aberdeen AB24 3UF, Scotland, UK; E-Mail: j.farrington@abdn.ac.uk * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: tom.kuhlman@wur.nl; Tel.: +31-70-3358-232; Fax: +31-70-3615-624. Received: 17 September 2010; in revised form: 15 October 2010 / Accepted: 19 October 2010 / Published: 1 November 2010 Abstract: Sustainability as a policy concept has its origin in the Brundtland Report of 1987. That document was concerned with the tension between the aspirations of mankind towards a better life on the one hand and the limitations imposed by nature on the other hand. In the course of time, the concept has been re-interpreted as encompassing three dimensions, namely social, economic and environmental. The paper argues that this change in meaning (a) obscures the real contradiction between the aims of welfare for all and environmental conservation; (b) risks diminishing the importance of the environmental dimension; and (c) separates social from economic aspects, which in reality are one and the same. It is proposed instead to return to the original meaning, where sustainability is concerned with the well-being of future generations and in particular with irreplaceable natural resources—as opposed to the gratification of...
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...................... 1 Key poverty-environment linkages .................................................................................... 3 3.1 Who are the poor? ............................................................................................................ 3 3.2 Poverty as lack of natural resources and ecosystem services ........................................... 3 3.3 Poverty as lack of power .............................................................................................. 4 3.4 Poverty as lack of choice .................................................................................................. 5 4. Key environmental challenges and opportunities for development ................................... 6 4.1 Key environmental challenges and opportunities ............................................................ 6 4.2 External and internal factors influencing environmentally sustainable development .... 10 5. The government’s environmental commitments and actions ........................................... 11 5.1 Environment in the national strategy for development/growth ...................................... 11 5.2 Economic policy and environment ................................................................................. 13 5.3 PFM-system...
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...Economic Growth and the Environment Several arguments have been advanced over the relationship between the environment and economic growth. Indeed, from ancient civilization up to the modern era, people have used all the available resources to improve their standards of living. According to Urheim (2010), food and security form the core desire of individuals in any society. Accordingly, the two factors define the foundation of a country’s economic growth. In order to achieve these benefits, people have tapped natural resources to generate the desired energy to use in the production of goods and services. However, conventional sources of energy used in manufacturing and other sectors that stimulate or support economic growth, have been the main source of environmental degradation. As a result, there is an inverse relationship between economic growth and environmental degradation (Song & Woo, 2008). The environment plays an important role in any economy since it directly provides several inputs that are essential in the production processes. For instance, mineral and fossil fuels come from the environment and are useful in the production of goods and services. In addition, the environment provides other services that play a keys role in the economic activities of each society. These include filtering of air, sequestering carbon, as well as soil formation (Neumayer et al, 2007). Moreover, the environment is useful for the wellbeing of life since it supports recreational facilities...
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