...Okinawa: A Legacy of Resilience and Discipline By Outline Thesis: This paper will examine two distinctive traits; resilience and discipline; and how it forged the culture of the Okinawa people. I. History A. The Ryukyu Kingdom occupied a distinct position to the south of Japan. B. Sho Shoken was indeed an important figure to solidify the culture or Okinawa. II. Battle of Okinawa A. The Battle of Okinawa begins on April of 1945 testing the strength of the Okinawan people B. After the war, Okinawa begins to integrate with the U.S. Military forces. III. Beliefs A. The religion of the Okinawa people consists of early Chinese and Japanese influences. B. In ancestor worship, the core of this religious practice is the ancestral shrine. IV. Culture A. Customs 1. Okinawa’s customs have survived throughout the ages; including distinctive modernization. B. Courtesy is one of the most prominent traits instilled within Okinawan culture. B. Centenarians 1. Okinawa is home to the most documented centenarians in the world. Conclusion: In closing, the Okinawa people have endured many hardships that would have crumbled their society as a whole. From the times of the Ryukyu Kingdom until the present time, Okinawa’s rich history consisted of facing adversity when uncertainty presented itself. Okinawa’s resilience to such adversity is a testament to their beliefs and customs they...
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...Robert Leckie’s book, Okinawa: The Last Battle of World War II, is entirely about one of World War II’s most brutally fought battles. On April 1, 1945, the U.S. invaded Japan, attacking the island of Okinawa with 540,000 U.S. Army and Marines, and 1,600 ships. “ L Day” was the official name for this day. The L stood for “Landing,” but the Americans who invaded the Hagushi Beaches that day without any trouble from the Japanese, called it “Love Day.” This battle was the last battle of World War II and lasted a whopping eighty-three days. This invasion greatly outnumbered D-Day in weapons and in men. Former Marine and Pacific War veteran, Robert Leckie describes this battle in depth, not only telling you about the Americans, but showing the Japanese side as well. This book clearly informs the readers of the bloodshed and techniques that were used throughout the entire battle. From the American soldiers struggling to adapt to the new and unfamiliar terrain, to the Japanese kamikaze attacks, this book successfully sheds light on the individuals who fought in this epic battle. Many people over time have argued that this battle was unnecessary because the U.S. could’ve just dropped the atomic bombs on Japan to end the war. However, Leckie is able to show the strategic importance of this battle. Okinawa was the entrance to Japan. If America successfully invaded Okinawa, then the Americans would only be 375 miles from Kyusha, which is one of the home islands of Japan. This would provide...
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...The Okinawa Simulation held on Tuesday April 7, 2015 simulated the negotiation between Okinawa, Japan, China and the United States for Okinawa's independence movement. States sent message to other state through a piece of paper. In this way, the message would be read only by the state which got the paper in order to simulate communication between states in the real world. Communication not only happens on the negotiation table when every party knows what is going on. It was a simulation for students practice negotiation skill and make connection to the international relationship theories. This reaction paper discusses three ideas would affect international relationship: the role of hegemony, the role of different theory and factors would lead...
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...The Battle of Okinawa, codenamed Operation Iceberg,[3] was fought on the Ryukyu Islands of Okinawa and was the largest amphibious assault in the Pacific War of World War II.[4][5] The 82-day-long battle lasted from early April until mid-June 1945. After a long campaign of island hopping, the Allies were approaching Japan, and planned to use Okinawa, a large island only 340 mi (550 km) away from mainland Japan, as a base for air operations on the planned invasion of Japanese mainland (coded Operation Downfall). Four divisions of the U.S. 10th Army (the 7th, 27th, 77th, and 96th) and two Marine Divisions (the 1st and 6th) fought on the island while the 2nd Marine Division remained as an amphibious reserve and was never brought ashore. The invasion was supported by naval, amphibious, and tactical air forces. The battle has been referred to as the "typhoon of steel" in English, and tetsu no ame ("rain of steel") or tetsu no bōfū ("violent wind of steel") in Japanese.[6][7][8] The nicknames refer to the ferocity of the fighting, the intensity of kamikaze attacks from the Japanese defenders, and to the sheer numbers of Allied ships and armored vehicles that assaulted the island. The battle resulted in the highest number of casualties in the Pacific Theater during World War II. Japan lost over 100,000 soldiers, who were either killed, captured or committed suicide, and the Allies suffered more than 65,000 casualties of all kinds. Simultaneously, tens of thousands of local civilians...
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...Train bomb injures 13 in Pakistan A bomb exploded on a train in Pakistan on Monday, injuring 13 people -- including three in critical condition, police said. The explosion occurred as the train, heading from Lahore to Karachi, pulled into a station at Toba Tek Singh, in Punjab province. There were no warnings issued ahead of the attack. U.S. chopper crashes at Marine base in Japan A U.S. military helicopter crashed at a Marine base in Okinawa on Monday, the Japanese defense ministry said. Three of the four crew members on board were safe, Defense Ministry spokesperson Atsushi Sakurai said. The condition of the fourth crew member and the cause of the crash were not immediately clear. The crash happened at Camp Hansen, a U.S. base on the southern Japanese island of Okinawa. The camp is named after Dale M. Hansen, a Marine who was honored for his part in the fight for Hill 60 during the Battle of Okinawa. 6.0 magnitude na lindol yumanig sa Japan Nakaranas muli ng pagyanig ang isang lugar sa Japan na tinamaan ng matindi sa 9.0 magnitude na lindol na ikinamatay ng libu-libong katao noong Marso 2011. Ito ay matapos na iulat kahapon ng Japan Meteorological Agency ang 6.0 magnitude na lindol na naitala sa hilagang bahagi ng Japan kahapon ng umaga. Ayon sa ahensya, ang sentro ng lindol ay nasa Pacific off Miyagi prefecture, isa sa maraming lugar sa Japan na labis na napinsala noong taong 2011. Samantala, sa kabila ng malakas na pagyanig ay tiniyak ng Japan Meteorological...
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...(2010). Storytelling reveals the active, positive lives of centenarians. Nursing Older People, 22(8), 31-36. doi: 10.7748/nop2010.10.22.8.31.c7995 Martin, P., Baenziger, J., MacDonald, M., Siegler, I. C., & Poon, L. W. (2009). Engaged Lifestyle, Personality, and Mental Status Among Centenarians. Journal of Adult Development. doi: 10.1007/s10804-009-9066-y The Okinawa Centenarian Study: Evidence based gerontology. (n.d.). Retrieved February 06, 2014, from http://www.okicent.org/study.html Richmond, R. L., Law, J., & Kay-Lambkin, F. (2011). Physical, Mental, and Cognitive Function in a Convenience Sample of Centenarians in Australia. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 59(6), 1080-1086. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03404.x Ruiz, J. R., Fiuza-Luces, C., Buxens, A., Cano-Nieto, A., Gómez-Gallego, F., Santiago, C., ... Lucia, A. (2012). Are centenarians genetically predisposed to lower disease risk? Age, 34(5), 1269-1283. doi: 10.1007/s11357-011-9296-3 Wilcox, D., Wilcox, B. J., Hsueh, W., & Suzuki, M. (2006, December 8). Genetic determinants of exceptional human longevity: Insights from the Okinawa Centenarian Study. Retrieved February 6, 2014. doi:...
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...These factors have had a particularly strong impact on efforts to preserve the Marine Corps Air Station on Okinawa. However, other critical factors—national interests, regional threats, and the U.S.–Japan alliance’s military requirements—are absent from the discussion over the station’s scheduled relocation from Futenma to a more remote locale. As a result of this lopsided debate, a number of military fallacies have taken hold in both the Japanese and the American publics. Reason #1: The U.S. Marine presence is a tangible sign of America’s commitment to defend Asia. U.S. forward-deployed forces in Asia are indisputable signals of Washington’s commitment to the obligations of its 1960 security treaty with Japan to defend its allies and maintain peace and stability in Asia. The U.S. Marines on Okinawa are an indispensable component of any U.S. response to an Asian crisis. The Marine presence is also a clear rebuttal to perceptions of waning United States resolve in the face of a rising and assertive China. Withdrawing the U.S. Marines from Okinawa would only affirm that perception and lead Asian nations to accommodate themselves to Chinese pressure. As a senior U.S. military officer commented, “U.S. dominance is not a given. You have to be on the court to be in the game.” Reason #8: The U.S. Marine presence helps the U.S. to conduct humanitarian operations. The Okinawa Marines have routinely been the primary responders to major natural disasters in Asia, such as the 2004...
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...From the fourteenth to the late nineteenth century, at the Okinawa society there was a considerable overlap between the concepts of mental illness and schizophrenia. In particular attack by spirits, ancestors or gods this condition known as kami daarii. Patients with such a condition or spiritual affliction may also lead to mental disorder, depending of the ones interpretation. Okinawans were discriminated by the state, which saw them as ignorant and primitive. However, by 1970 psychiatrists displayed some interest in kami daarii. The psychiatrists initially was explored the kami daarii as a form of psychosis and later on as indigenous religious or spiritual affliction, hearded (by shamans indigenous healer). A study was conducted with patients who suffered from this psychosis, they were believed to posses the spirit of god (kami), acting as intermediaries between the god and the earth. These communities lived isolated and holy lives, operating of the margin of the...
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...Goodbye, Darkness In the book Goodbye, Darkness William Manchester explains his experiences which occurred during wartimes . Manchester goes on to explain the events that occurred during his life and how they impacted him. In the story Manchester soon becomes enlisted in the Pacific Theater of War where he was trained before he would go to Okinawa. When he arrived here he would then become in charge of a group of men. This book gives Manchester goes on to explain his first encounter the first soldier that he ever shot at a very close distance. It was a interesting experience for him because after he shot the Japanese man he urinated his pants and also threw up himself. Although he may have not though he would feel as bad as he thought he ended up apologizing to the dead man. In the next section of the book In the next section Manchester goes on to explain to how after he returned home after the war how he began to ecperience nightmares of events that included war. Mancheter concluded tat the only way to get rid of them was to go back and see the Pacific again....
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...Japan's Kamikaze pilots and their suicide attacks on American warships in the last year of World War 2, remain one of the most terrorizing memories of this war. As I write this essay, three years after terrorist suicide pilots killed thousands in New York and Washington, and as suicide terrorists kill innocent civilians worldwide, it is important to note that history clearly shows, that those who turned to systematic use of suicide warfare, lost their war. In addition to the Japanese Kamikaze pilots air campaign, the essay also explores other suicide weapons and tactics in World War 2, and the military and cultural rationale of suicide warfare, in order to better understand this type of fanatic threat that the free world is facing once again. Kamikaze pilots - Japan's last weapon Kamikaze, which means "Divine Wind" in Japanese, was Japan's last attempt to balance the ever increasing technological and material advantage of the American forces advancing to Japan. The Kamikaze attack tactic was suggested on October 19, 1944, by vice-Admiral Onishi of the Japanese Navy, when he was assigned to command the air attacks against the huge American invasion fleet off the Philippines, and then realized that he had less than 100 operational aircraft for this task. There was no way to sink or even severely damage the American fleet in any conventional tactic, so the Admiral needed a force multiplier, a way to get a significantly greater striking power from a given force. The solution...
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...Associate Program Material Appendix C World War II and the Atom Bomb Complete the charts in Parts 1 and 2 by providing the requested information. An example is provided in Part 1. Answer the questions in Part 3. Part 1: Western Front Campaign Dates Allied objective Major turning point Outcome EXAMPLE: North Africa October 1942 to May 1943 Attack Germans from the southern side; expose the vulnerability of the Nazi empire Battle at El Alamein: German forces driven out of Egypt The American offensive finally drove the Germans from Africa, allowing the Allies to move toward Italy Italy July 10 1943 Aug 17 1943 Attack Germans and Italian and open the Mediterranean sea lanes Taking Sicily from the Germans and Italians by over throwing the Mussolini Over throwing the Mussolini Normandy June 6 1944 June 8 1944 To conquer the Germans and gain a second front within Europe. Breaking through the Atlantic wall and had pushed inland. Allies gaining control of a 50 mile stretch on the coast of France, allowing the allies to move toward Paris. Liberation of Paris August 19 1944 August 25 1944 To get the Germans out and to gain control of Paris. The capture of Aachen city German garrison surrendered Part 2: The Pacific Campaign, Battle, or Major Event Dates Allied objective or role Major turning point Outcome Battle of the Coral Sea May 4 1942 May 8 1942 To stop the Japanese from...
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...total, in the East China Sea. The islands consist of eight tiny insular formations, of which only two are over 1 km² (the Diaoyu/Uotsuri Island is the biggest one with 4.3 km²), five are completely barren, and none are currently inhabited or have had any kind of reported human economic activity. Notwithstanding these unfriendly natural features, the islands have brought China and Japan into a bitter dispute since 1960’s because of their strategic importance in terms of security and economy, as well as their significant political implications. The Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands are located approximately midway between the island of Taiwan and the Japanese Ryukyu Islands, around 120 nautical miles northeast of Taiwan, 200 nautical miles southwest of Okinawa, and 230 nautical miles east of China mainland. This particular location of the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands makes them special to both China and Japan’s national defense. Should either China or Japan legally secured the sovereignty over the islands, they would grant their owner an advantage in military security with a...
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...d “With the Old Breed: At Peleliu and Okinawa” by E Sledge [Name of Student] [Name of Institution] “With the Old Breed: At Peleliu and Okinawa” by E Sledge Introduction This book, With the Old Breed, primarily focuses on the warfare experiences of the author E. B. Sledge. The author has become almost a legend after the publication of this book. The reason behind this book’s publication is the fact that, when the author E. Sledge came back from the World War II, he had begun to experience night terrors and horrible dreams about the war. In order to make peace with his experiences of war, Sledge’s family advised him to start writing the memoirs of the war. Sledge used to keep a Bible in his pocket during combat and he had written these memoirs in that Bible. After many years, the author’s family persuaded him to publish these writings too. So, Sledge has published his war experiences by the name, With the Old Breed. In this book, the author has narrated his life, from the time of his admission in the US Marine, till the finish of the Second World War. In this report the overall evaluation and criticism of the book will be presented. The effects of this book on the thinking of general people about warfare and combat will also be analyzed. Major strengths and drawbacks of this book will also be taken into consideration in this report. About the Book With the Old Breed was published by Sledge, in the year 1981, as a terrible account of the Second World War experiences;...
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...Japanese pronunciation: [kaɽate] ( listen)) is a martial art developed in the Ryukyu Islands in what is now Okinawa, Japan. It was developed partially from the indigenous martial arts of Ryukyu Islands (called te (手?), literally "hand"; tii in Okinawan) and from Chinese kenpo.[1][2] Karate is a striking art using punching, kicking, knee strikes, elbow strikes and open hand techniques such as knife-hands, spear-hands, and palm-heel strikes. In some styles, grappling, throws, joint locks, restraints, and vital point strikes are also taught.[3] A karate practitioner is called a karateka (空手家?). Karate was developed in the Ryukyu Kingdom. It was brought to the Japanese mainland in the early 20th century during a time of cultural exchanges between the Japanese and the Ryukyuans. It was systematically taught in Japan after the Taisho era.[4] In 1922 the Japanese Ministry of Education invited Gichin Funakoshi to Tokyo to give a karate demonstration. In 1924 Keio University established the first university karate club in Japan and by 1932, major Japanese universities had karate clubs.[5] In this era of escalating Japanese militarism,[6] the name was changed from 唐手 ("Chinese hand" or "Tang hand")[7] to 空手 ("empty hand") – both of which are pronounced karate – to indicate that the Japanese wished to develop the combat form in Japanese style.[8] After the Second World War, Okinawa became an important United States military site and karate became popular among servicemen stationed there...
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...Japan LCC overview THE COMPETITIVE ENVIRONMENT IN JAPAN, THE WORLD'S THIRD LARGEST AVIATION MARKET, has witnessed some notable changes in recent months with some fascinating dynamics at play. Japan’s most exciting growth area is the flurry of LCC activity and new entries in the high-potential sector. ANA and JAL have jumped on the LCC bandwagon with ANA to have not one but two LCC subsidiary offerings in the form of Peach Aviation and AirAsia Japan by the end of the year and JAL establishing Jetstar Japan with oneworld partner Qantas’ subsidiary Jetstar. These start-ups promise radical change, even if their initial projected fleet sizes are modest. As a majority shareholder in both AirAsia Japan and Peach, ANA is taking the lead role in the LCC ventures, with ANA’s president and CEO Shinichiro Ito believing the time is now ripe to launch a series of new products into the market. “Japan’s aviation industry is now entering a period of rapid change. For some time, ANA has been considering carefully what action needs to be taken at this stage. One of our responses has been to invest in Peach and to establish AirAsia Japan,” he has said. However, signs are already emerging that the LCCs will have a direct impact on their parents’ operations. There are a number of factors driving the sudden entry of LCC subsidiaries in the Japanese market, most of which reflect the changing attitude of the Government as it seeks to stimulate the domestic air travel market by rectifying some of...
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