...History of Engineering & Technology Questions on Lectures 1,2 and 3 1-Discuss shortly the meaning of the following items: Art –Science – Engineering Art: is a term that describes a diverse range of human activities and the products of those activities. Science: is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testing predictions about the universe. Engineering: is skill of applying scientific, economic, social, and practical knowledge, in order to design and build structures, machines, devices, systems, materials and processes. 2- What are the types of art? (Give examples) •Static Art: or fixed Art like painting, sculpture, printmaking, photography •Dynamic Art: or moved Art like Music, theatre, film, dance, Drama and other performing arts 3- What are the aims and basic operations of the science and engineering? Science: Aim: understand the universe Basic operation: - The discovery of theories by using experiments - Analysis to find the suitable design - Ask why? - Experimental Design -Logical skills Engineering: Aim: check the needs of society Basic operation: -Innovation – design – Production - Analysis – Imagine –deriving - Test – planning - Communication skills - Problem solving 4- The earliest civil engineer is: (Imhotep - Newton -Jon Semiton – EbnSena) 5- The Engineering word was found at 18th century by Jon Semiton 6- Divide civilizations according to the historical times 1.Ancient era (from 4000...
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...million years old, and that civilization just tens of thousands of years old. Could it be, however, that conventional science is just as mistaken as the Bible stories? There is a great deal of archeological evidence that the history of life on earth might be far different than what current geological and anthropological texts tell us. Consider these astonishing finds: The Grooved Spheres Over the last few decades, miners in South Africa have been digging up mysterious metal spheres. Origin unknown, these spheres measure approximately an inch or so in diameter, and some are etched with three parallel grooves running around the equator. Two types of spheres have been found: one is composed of a solid bluish metal with flecks of white; the other is hollowed out and filled with a spongy white substance. The kicker is that the rock in which they where found is Precambrian - and dated to 2.8 billion years old! Who made them and for what purpose is unknown. The Dropa Stones In 1938, an archeological expedition led by Dr. Chi Pu Tei into the Baian-Kara-Ula mountains of China made an astonishing discovery in some caves that had apparently been occupied by some ancient culture. Buried in the dust of ages on the cave floor were hundreds of stone disks. Measuring about nine inches in diameter, each had a circle cut into the center and was etched with a spiral groove, making it look for all the world like some ancient phonograph record some 10,000 to 12,000 years old. The spiral groove...
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...(2) This is just another example of how even though these people lived nine thousand years ago people today are still living in the same ways. I think that has been the most interesting part of the beginning of chapter one; our society still has many of the same values and practices of our ancient ancestors. The next section of chapter one focuses on the Old Stone Age or Paleolithic era. (3) The people of this era lived before written history existed, around 3000 B.C.E. However, they were tool-makers and artists. The cave paintings at Lascaux act as a type of history as do the finely made tools and jewelry that historians have discovered. (3) The Paleolithic people were known to be hunters and gatherers, they did not have domesticated animals, they had few material possessions, and disparities in wealth were unlikely. (3) They lived in a very egalitarian society which leads me to believe perhaps simple is better. Today’s people do not live equally and have many possessions; did the Paleolithic era people know something we don’t? After climate changes occurred the people of the Old Stone Age transitioned to the New Stone Age, or...
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...UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations Peer Reviewed Title: Technology and society : some insights on the development of metallurgy in the Southern Levant in the light of new dates of slag deposits Author: Ben-Yosef, Erez Acceptance Date: 01-01-2008 Series: UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations Degree: M.A., UC San Diego Permalink: http://escholarship.org/uc/item/03f2f3vx Local Identifier: b6636008 Abstract: An ongoing project for reconstructing the behavior of the geomagnetic field intensity during the last seven millennia has yielded several new dates for archaeometallurgical sites in the Southern Levant. These dates shed new light on the dawn of metallurgy in the region as well as on the quality of technological development and its relation to social and political structures. This paper introduces the methodology and concepts behind the archaeomagnetic project as well as the principles of the applied dating technique. In addition, the paper presents the archaeomagnetic results, discusses the alternative dating of several archaeometallurgical sites and explores the implication of these results on our understanding of the interaction between technology and society in the past. For the latter, the results particularly challenge the "Standard View of Technology" (Pfaffenberger, 1992), and suggest a complex, nonlinear evolution of copper industry in the Southern Levant eScholarship provides open access, scholarly publishing services to the University of...
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...prehistoric humans hunted with ancient spears. The bow and arrow is one of man’s most ancient technologies in prehistoric hunting and war weaponry. The development of the bow and arrow allowed early western civilization to evolve by providing a more effective weapon than the spear, which was used for hunting, protection, and war. Stone Age humans were the first to use the bow and arrow, in which there is no argument this ancient weapon helped save many lives by providing safety during hunting and war. Spears were used for hunting and protection prior to the invention of the bow and arrow. The arrow, essentially is a specialized...
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...interact/alter environ a. Leads to change 4. Movement – peoples, goods, ideas among/between groups 5. Regions – cultural/physical characteristics in common with surrounding areas b. E. Africa first people – 750,000 years ago started to move 1. moving in search of food c. Role of Climate – End of Ice Age 12000 BCE – large areas of N. America, Europe, Asia became habitable – big game hunters already migrated 1. Geographical changes - 3000 BCE Green Sahara began to dry up, seeds to forests – N. America 2. Effect on humans – nomadic hunters didn’t move so much a. Settle near abundant plant life – beginning of civilization b. Sedentary life w/ dependable food supply 3. milder conditions, warmer temperatures, higher ocean levels 2. Demography: Major population changes resulting from human and environmental factors 1. 2 million people during Ice Age – allowed for growth 1. big game gone 2. more usable land available 2. 50-100 million by 1000 CE 3. Regional changes altered skin color,...
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...The history of the world is the history of humanity, beginning with the Paleolithic Era. Distinct from the history of Planet Earth (which includes early geologic history and prehuman biological eras), world history comprises the study of archeological and written records, from ancient times on. Ancient recorded history begins with the invention of writing.[1][2] However, the roots of civilization reach back to the period before the invention of writing. Prehistory begins in the Paleolithic Era, or "Early Stone Age," which is followed by the Neolithic Era, or New Stone Age, and the Agricultural Revolution (between 8000 and 5000 BCE) in the Fertile Crescent. The Neolithic Revolution marked a change in human history, as humans began the systematic husbandry of plants and animals.[3][4][5] Agriculture advanced, and most humans transitioned from a nomadic to a settled lifestyle as farmers in permanent settlements. Nomadism continued in some locations, especially in isolated regions with few domesticable plant species;[6] but the relative security and increased productivity provided by farming allowed human communities to expand into increasingly larger units, fostered by advances in transportation. World population[7] from 10,000 BCE to 2,000 CE. The vertical (population) scale is logarithmic. As farming developed, grain agriculture became more sophisticated and prompted a division of labor to store food between growing seasons. Labor divisions then led to the rise of a leisured...
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...Egypt consisted of valley of farmers living along the Nile * 3300 B.C.E. * first walled towns were erected at Naqada and Hierakonpolis * 3100 B.C.E. * ruler of Upper Egypt unified the country * Menes, first ruler, conquered Lower Egypt and brought all of Egypt under his rule. He built the city of Memphis as his capital. * Kings of Egypt * “Ruler of the Two Lands” * wore two crowns – symbolizing the unification of the country * There were at least 30 dynasties in Egypt’s history * Scholars divided the early history of Egypt according to the three periods when strong dynasties united the country * Old Kingdom (2686 – 2150 B.C.E.) * Middle Kingdom (2040 – 1786 B.C.E.) * New Kingdom (1570 – 1090 B.C.E.) Old Kingdom * 2649 B.C.E. * Old Kingdom was inaugurated under the rulers of the third dynasty * Egypt first began to project its power abroad, with expeditions during the reign of Shefru (2575 – 2551 B.C.E.) to Nubia to collect raw materials and campaigns into Libya by the sixth dynasty pharaohs (2323 – 2150 B.C.E.) * 2246 – 2152 B.C.E. * During the long reign of Pepi II, central authority began to dissolve...
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...artifacts found showed the advancement of technology over time at Tazumal and the architecture and tools used illustrate the...
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...systems. Prehistory refers to the period of human existence before the availability of those written records with which recorded history begins. More broadly, it can refer to all the time preceding human existence and the invention. The term "prehistory" can refer to the vast span of time since the beginning of the Universe, but more often it refers to the period since life appeared on Earth, or even more specifically to the time since human-like beings appeared.[4][5] In dividing up human prehistory, prehistorians typically use the three-age system, whereas scholars of pre-human time periods typically use the well-defined geologic record and its internationally defined stratum base within the geologic time scale. The three-age system is the periodization of human prehistory into three consecutive time periods, named for their respective predominant tool-making technologies: the Stone Age, Bronze age and iron age.. "Paleolithic" means "Old Stone...
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...Technology in Western Civilizations Throughout history humans progress as a species, using their surroundings and resources to advance themselves. To progress they had to begin somewhere, and this is what the past humans did, which enabled them to progress into what we are currently. In the stone age humans discovered fire which while it seems common place today, was something unheard of during that day in age and changed many things, allowing them to cook food, make tools, and many other things. Once the Paleolithic era began things started to develop even more dramatically, mostly due to the fact that human populations started to also increase. This was due to the fact that humans of the time were better nourished, partly due to the new technologies that were created. Tools were also used to make paintings. An example of these paintings are the caves of lascaux which housed various paintings that were mostly animals. These showed the species of the animals that they hunted. Humans around this time were primarily hunter and gatherers, which brought their focus to food, and produced technologies that would make acquiring food to sustain them easier. After this time period, the next would bring along great progress for the human race. The Neolithic Revolution brought along the building of civilization, which ended the times of humans only roving around in groups. Agriculture was started during this period, which allowed the people of this time to make their own resources and...
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...people.[1] In 2005, the worldwide per capita consumption of fish captured from wild fisheries was 14.4 kilograms, with an additional 7.4 kilograms harvested from fish farms.[2] Contents 1 Prehistory 2 Ancient history 3 Commercial fishing 3.1 Fish netting 3.2 Herring fisheries 3.3 Trawling 3.4 Cod trade 3.5 Trepanging 3.6 Chinese Americans 4 Artisan fishing 5 Recreational fishing 5.1 The fishing reel 5.2 Fly fishing 5.2.1 Japan 5.2.2 United Kingdom 5.2.3 Scandinavia 5.2.4 United States 6 Fishing in art 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Prehistory Stone Age Fish hook made from bone. Fishing is an ancient practice that dates back at least to the Upper Paleolithic period which began about 40,000 years ago.[3][4]...
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...lived in what is now the lowlands of Guatemala, Mexico, Belize and Honduras.For reasons still not full understood, around 900 AD their society collapsed and cities abandoned.While their social structure disappeared, the Mayans did not. | | 11,000 B.C. The first hunter-gatherers settle in the Maya highlands and lowlands. 3114 or 3113 B.C. The creation of the world takes place, according to the Maya Long Count calendar. 2600 B.C. Maya civilization begins. Olmec figurine 2000 B.C. The rise of the Olmec civilization, from which many aspects of Maya culture are derived. Village farming becomes established throughout Maya regions. 700 B.C. Writing is developed in Mesoamerica. 400 B.C. The earliest known solar calendars carved in stone are in use among the Maya, although the solar calendar may have been known and used by the Maya before this date. Mayan Calendar 300 B.C. The Maya adopt the idea of a hierarchical society ruled by nobles and kings. 100 B.C. The city of Teotihuacan is founded and for centuries is the cultural, religious and trading center of Mesoamerica. 50 B.C. The Maya city of Cerros is built, with a complex of temples and ball courts. It is abandoned (for reasons unknown) a hundred years later and its people return to fishing and farming. Teotihuacan 100 A.D. The decline of the Olmecs. 400 The Maya highlands fall under the domination of Teotihuacan, and the disintegration of Maya culture and language begins in some parts of the highlands...
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...Anthropological Overview. Many new archaeological materials have been recovered since its publication in 1975, requiring changes in the earlier descriptions and interpretations of Philippine prehistoric society and culture. The title of this new edition is focusing in keeping with the currently emerging national consciousness which seeks to uncover the roots of Filipino cultural identity. I guess that the objectives of this book or this study are considered in four purposes. First, to reconstruct obscured by external influences- particularly those of the earlier interpretations of prehistoric events in the country. Old assumptions, including our earlier views, have to be reexamined and revised in the context of new data and new scientific thinking in order to highlight our prehistoric achievements. These have be. Third, to suggest new interpretations of the old data. And fourth, to present this of colonization and modern a wholistic picture of the development of Filipino society and culture during prehistoric times. Second, to critically reevaluate some book as an introduction to the study of Filipino prehistoric culture. This...
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...MEDIEVAL WEAPONS Other Titles in ABC-CLIO’s WEAPONS AND WARFARE SERIES Aircraft Carriers, Paul E. Fontenoy Ancient Weapons, James T. Chambers Artillery, Jeff Kinard Ballistic Missiles, Kev Darling Battleships, Stanley Sandler Cruisers and Battle Cruisers, Eric W. Osborne Destroyers, Eric W. Osborne Helicopters, Stanley S. McGowen Machine Guns, James H. Willbanks Military Aircraft in the Jet Age, Justin D. Murphy Military Aircraft, 1919–1945, Justin D. Murphy Military Aircraft, Origins to 1918, Justin D. Murphy Pistols, Jeff Kinard Rifles, David Westwood Submarines, Paul E. Fontenoy Tanks, Spencer C. Tucker MEDIEVAL WEAPONS AN ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF THEIR IMPACT Kelly DeVries Robert D. Smith Santa Barbara, California • Denver, Colorado • Oxford, England Copyright 2007 by ABC-CLIO, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data DeVries, Kelly, 1956– Medieval weapons : an illustrated history of their impact / Kelly DeVries and Robert D. Smith. p. cm. — (Weapons and warfare series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-10: 1-85109-526-8 (hard copy : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 1-85109-531-4...
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