...After all, we do actively “watch” TV, “listen” to music, but a lot of us seldom actively “smell” things in our daily life. The nose is small, but the generation of sense of smell is too complex to be fully understood still. Main body There are a myriad of differentiated cells responsible for the generation of smell situated in the nasal cavity which constitute part of the olfactory system. Inside the nasal cavity, the turbinates direct the inspired air toward the olfactory epithelium in the upper posterior region, the surface of which is covered by a mucus layer. Though only a few centimeters wide, there are an estimated 6,000,000 bipolar olfactory receptor cells (or neurons) inside the olfactory epithelium. There are about 347 related and various olfactory receptor types and a typical receptor cell contains only one type. Astonishingly, one cell is responsible for a range of odorants, the reason for which will be discussed in the later part. The olfactory cells step into the olfactory mucus with 10-30 receptor bearing cilia, and extend a long axon through the epithelium and cribriform plate to the olfactory bulb, a signal relay center. For detection, odorants, essentially volatile and non-reacting chemicals, have to pass through the 10–40μm thick mucus layer, which is achieved by either diffusion or the aid of odorant binding proteins which escort lipophilic molecules through the aqueous mucus medium. Note that the mucus, mainly secreted by Bowman’s glands, contains a number...
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...Technical Explanation: I Smell Memories… Purpose: To inform my audience about the connection of smells to memories. Audience Analysis: This process is difficult to this particular group of students because most of this class consist of business majors so most likely the highest biology class they have completed is BIO 1101. This information, which I will present in a cause/effect structure, is complex and involves critical thinking. Introduction I. “Six years ago, on an early morning in September, Molly Birnbaum was out for her regular jog when she was hit by a car. Her pelvis was shattered, her skull fractured, her knee torn. Yet for her, the most serious damage was far less visible: she lost her sense of smell. Birnbaum, now 29, was an aspiring chef, and the loss meant the end of her career. It also meant something else, something that was potentially even more life-changing. "I felt like I lost a dimension of my memory," she says. "It made me worried about the future. If I couldn't smell ever again, was I losing this important layer”? (Konnikova) A. This was a story told by Maria Konnikova. B. She is a contributing writer for The New Yorker with a Ph.D. in Psychology from Columbia University told this story in an article called, “Smells like Old Times”. II. After reading this article I started thinking about how certain smells trigger different memories. A. Like how the smell of Beautiful, a perfume by Estee Lauder, reminds me of my great grandma’s house and her...
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...“Sensation and Perception: A Relationship” Essay #1 Sensation and perception are both cognitive functions that occur in our everyday lives. Sensation, as defined by William James (2010), is “becoming aware of the bare immediate natures”, in which “several objects are distinguished” (p. 6). On the other hand, perception is defined as “the consciousness of particular material things present to sense” (James, 2010, p. 57). The question that exists is whether one cognitive function can exist without the other and vice versa. I believe that both cognitive functions need each other in order to efficiently make knowledge and information. In order to answer the question, the relationship between sensation and perception needs to be well-defined. Sensation is “detecting stimuli from the body or environment [and] the immediate experience of basic properties of an object or event that occurs when a sensory receptor is stimulated” (“Sensation & Perception”, n.d.) whereas perception is the “act of organizing and interpreting sensory input as signaling a particular object or event” (“Sensation & Perception”, n.d.). Basically, stimuli must be received by the sense receptors first before being processed and perceived as meaningful data. The definition of “meaningful data” is subjective since what one person considers “meaningful” may not be to another person; individuals perceive things differently from one another. Can sense exist without perception? I believe that sensation...
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...integrative process. Additivity: Addition effect of sensory impressions in a mixture so that the perceived overall intensity is equal to the sum of the intensity of the single components. Affective tests: Tests to evaluate the popularity of an aroma and/or taste impression (also called hedonic tests). Aftertaste: Sensory impression that lasts longest after swallowing. Analysis of variance: Multivariate statistical method. An independent variable Y, one or more independent variables X. Are there X differences between the products for term Y? Analytical testing: See objective testing. nosmia: Olfactory disorder resulting in temporary or permanent loss of smell. Appearance: Characteristics that encompass all visually perceptible sensory impressions of a food. Examples include shape, surface, structure, colour, lustre, clarity, cloudiness, opalescence. Aroma: Total (positive) olfactory impression gained from breathing through the nose and from expiratory olfaction. Astringency: Ability of substances to cause the surface...
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...the same time. So really all sensory information is gathered from the actual substance we a consuming. The way we get this information through sent is located in the back of our mouths and called the “retronasal olfaction. The way we gather this similar same information through smell is located in the nose and called the “orthonasal olfaction”. These methods both influence the perception of flavor, so in this smell influences taste and taste influences smell! Taste and smell are classified under a chemical sensing system called “chemosensation”. The whole entire process of smelling and tasting starts when molecules, which are released from all of the many substances around us, stimulate special nerve cells in the nose and the mouth. These cells transmit messages to the brain, where specific smells or tastes are identified. Our body’s ability to sense chemicals is actually another chemosensory mechanism that contributes to our senses of smell and taste. In this system there are thousands of free nerve endings which are mainly located on the moist surfaces of the eyes, nose, mouth, and throat to identify different sensations. Taste and smell are still separate senses with their own receptor organs but smell and taste affect each other in many ways. There are things called Tastants which are the chemicals in our foods. These chemicals are detected by our taste buds which are made up of special sensory cells. After the sensory cells are stimulated, the cells then send signals to specific...
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...The Sensory System & Sensory Disorder The sensory system is the system the lets the human body experience life it is responsible for processing information. The system consist of receptors, neural pathways, and parts of the brain. The most recognize sensory are vision, hearing, taste, and smell. The sensory system is a component that is used to process sensory information. The receptors collect information that is called sensory information and it may lead to conscious awareness and when it does is called sensation. These receptors are called stimulus when this stimulus gives an electrical response is called stimulus transduction. The receptors are the peripheral ending of sensory neurons and they function by depolarizing neurons and producing action potentials. The Neural Pathway are photoreceptor cells with neurons called bipolar cells, which synapse with the photoreceptor cells. The sound transmission in the ear, the outer ear directs and amplifies sound waves external auditory canal leads from the outside to the middle ear cavity. The tympanic membrane vibrates of the frequency of sound waves, the middle ear cavity amplifies the vibration in the tympanic the oval window. The inner ear has the Scala vestibule that is filled with fluid. The hearing of a human is audible range extends from 20 to 20,000 Hz. Pitch and loudness of the ear consist from the basilar membrane which is narrow and rigid the oval window but widens inside. High frequencies vibrate the narrow rigid...
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...Task 211.4.4-01-05, 07-09, 11 Nervous System Organization of Nerve Tissue Lab Exercise 1: The Multipolar Neuron A. What is the function of a neuron? Neurons carry and transmit electrical impulses generated by both internal and external stimuli. B. What is the difference between a neuron and a nerve? Neurons are the cells that exchange messages from the internal and external environments. Nerves consist of many neurons that transmit different signals to the brain. They form structural and functional units of the nervous system made up of neurons. C. What gives a multipolar neuron its name? It is named multipolar because of the multiple branches, processes, and extensions that stem off the cell bodies. D. What are the functions of the dendrites and axons? Dendrites receive incoming signals for the nerve cell. Axons carry outgoing signals of the cells to other cells in the body. Exercise 2: Structures of selected neurons A. Which slide contained bipolar neurons? The pyramidal cell slide. B. Which slide contained unipolar neurons? The dorsal root ganglion slide. C. What was unique about the dorsal root ganglion compared to the other two slides? The dorsal root ganglion was more round in shape compared to the perkinje and pyramidal cell slides. The nissle substance, nucleus, and satellite cells...
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...a much harder time understanding the world we live in. Each of our different senses have specialized organs that are set up to receive specific stimuli, these are linked to the nervous system and from the nervous system then linked to the brain. The first sense organ is sight. The eye is the organ of sight. The basic structure of the eye consists of a transparent lens that focuses light on the retina. The retina is covered with two types of light-sensitive cells called cones and rods. The cones are sensitive to light whereas the rods are not they have a greater sensitivity to light. The eye is connected to the brain by the optic nerve. Our brain takes the two different images from our eyes and turns them into a single 3-D image. One of the most amazing things I learned about the eye was that our eye actually sees things upside down but when our brain processes the images it sees it turns them right side up and that is the image our brain shows us. Smell is our second sense organ. The nose is the organ we use to smell. The nose is lined with mucous membranes that have smell receptors that are connected to the olfactory nerve. Smells are made up of a variety of substances and vapors. When the smell receptors interact with vapors the sensation is sent to the brain through the olfactory nerve. Our smell receptors are sensitive to only seven different smells which can be classified as camphor, musk, flower, mint, ether, acrid or putrid. A person can temporarily or permanently...
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...Chemical Senses Julie Harris PSY/345 September 28, 2015 Adam Casteberry Chemical Senses Chemical sensory is the process by which the body experiences the world through the sense of smell and taste. The process the brain uses to perceive the smells and tastes that are introduced to it is through an electrical mapping of electrical impulses similar to the sense of touch, sight, or sound. Each sense is individual but through the interaction of each a more whole picture is produced that the brain stores as a memory. Most adults have their memories peppered with the smells and tastes that helped create those memories whether it was the first time a person was asked to be married, or the first time a person faced death, each experience is marked by a distinct taste or smell that will call up the memory and shape the person who holds it. The process of chemical sensory is conducted mainly through the nose and mouth through a bombardment of sensations is experienced throughout each day. Once considered separate from each other as either the nose or mouth people have become aware of the connection between the two senses as being tied irrevocably to each other. Chemicals in foods are detected by pallia that we have labeled taste buds, small structures in the mouth that are embed in the tongue, the back of the mouth, and the palate (Society for Neuroscience, 2012). Each person has a range of 5,000 to 10,000 taste buds that consist of 50 to 10 sensory cells that are stimulated...
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...-Sarcomere: smallest contractile unit of skeletal and cardiac muscle -Compartmentalization: grouping muscles together based on action (ex: flexor muscles, extensor muscles) -Muscles of the neck Sternocleidomastoid Trapezius Infrahyoid muscles Suprhyoid muscles Halicus: big toe Pollicus: thumb (palm of your hand) Nervous System -Axon: away -Dendrite: towards Myelination: speeds up the conduction and heals nerve -CNS: oligodendrocytes -PNS: Schwann cells (neurolemmocytes) -Astrocytes: star-shaped, most abundant (wrapped around capillaries) -Synapse: where neurons communicate -Neurotransmitters: chemicals that they communicate with -Neurolation: brain and spinal cord form (day 20) -Afferent: sensory; dorsal; ascending -Efferent: motor; ventral; descending -Spinal nerves enter vertebrae through intervertebral foramen Cranial Nerves 1. Olfactory 2. Optic 3. Oculomotor 4. Trochlear 5. Trigeminal 6. Abducen 7. Facial 8. Vestibulocochlear 9. Glossopharyngeal 10. Vagus 11. Accessory 12. Hypoglossal Senses -Gustatory: taste -Olfactory: smell -Taste Pathway: CN VII, IX, X -Smell Pathway: CN I -Vision Pathway: CN III, IV, and VI -SO4: CN IV innervates superior oblique muscle -LR6: CN VI innervates lateral rectus -Phatom pain: still have pain from a limb once it has been removed -Referred pain: pain in your left arm if you are having a heart - Organ of Corti:...
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...By the third day of development, the human egg or zygote it is now a small mass called the blastocyst. By 1-2 weeks the blastocyst’s inner cell mass separates into three layers. The Mesoderm is responsible for developing muscles, bones, blood, circulatory system, teeth, connective tissues and kidneys. The endoderm is responsible for the internal organs such as the stomach and intestine. And the ectoderm is responsible for things such as our skin, hair, sweat glands, salivary glands, brain, spinal cord, and PNS. By week 2 of development the ectoderm will also start to thicken and fold in on itself to form the neural groove and by 2-8 weeks it will come together and form the neural tube. The interior of the neural tube will become the five ventricles, the central canal of the spinal cord. The anterior part of the neural groove will become the forebrain, the midbrain and the hindbrain. The inner surface of the neural tube is lined with cells that will produce neurons through the process called neurogenesis. These cells in the neural tube divide and become the ventricular zone. As the nervous system grows the cells move to fill out the brain through cell migration. These cells go through cell differentiation which allows them to take the characteristics of the neurons that exist in that particular region. Once they do this they are able to make synaptic connection with other neurons in that region through synaptogenesis. Neurons fight for synaptic sites and a chemical the target site...
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...(national Geographic) on youtube The Jewel of the Rift Riffs-> created deep lakes + lake tanginika -> zoociliclids? from single stock Teotenic plates * Lake tangenika – older and deepest lake in Africa from tehtonic plate split * Mile deep * Ciclids * More than 200 species evolve * Few completion when ciclids first came * Different in size and colors allow species to exist * Maybe color be reason species specieate – case color is what is used to separate mating Sensory Perception * Hearing+taste+Chems ~all same thing * Whatever chemicals in water they detect * Olfactory * Some fish have tube openings for nares + other holes * Water enter one opening go through u shaped canal and shoot out other * Inside poeclut is olfactory tissues * Fish hae amazing sense of smell in water * Fish have big olfactory porion of brain * Fish can smell or taste way to streams * Chemicals in water hit nares * Parts of mouth can sense sensitive to chemicals and some through skin * Barbels are covered with sensory cells * Tiny eyes mean nocturnal * Use barbels to detect food * Barbels also used to probe sand with barbels to detect food * Ridculous fleshy lips covered with sensory cells * Hammer head shark have sensory pits all over ( move head side to side * Sense is chemical + tactile (don’t have to touch) * Especially useful in murky water where not using sight * Hammers detect...
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...for watching video? Can you identify any shortcomings of the device? 2. Compare the capabilities of the Kindle to the iPad. Which is a better device for reading books? Explain your answer. 3. Would you like to use an iPad or Kindle for the books you use in your college courses or read for pleasure instead of traditional print publications? Why or why not? II Porter’s competitive forces model helps companies develop competitive strategies using information systems. In this context answer the following questions: 1. Define Porter’s competitive forces model and explain how it works. 2. Describe what the competitive forces model explains about competitive advantage. 3. List and describe four competitive strategies enabled by information systems that firms can pursue. 4. Describe how information systems can support each of these competitive strategies and give examples. 5. Explain why aligning IT with business objectives is essential for strategic use of systems. III Discussion Questions 1. It has been said that there is no such thing as a sustainable competitive advantage. Do you agree? Why or why not? 2. It has been said that the advantage that leading-edge retailers such as Dell and Wal-Mart have over their competition isn’t technology; it’s their management. Do you agree? Why or why not? 3. What are some of the issues to consider in determining whether the Internet would provide your business with a...
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...Structural functional theory is when society is a complex system of interconnected and interrelated social structures each having a function and working together to promote social stability. One hundred million people shop at Wal-Mart every week. Wal-Mart is very convenient for people to shop at. Most people do not even have to shop at other stores because Wal-Mart has everything. It’s also convenient because it is right around the corner from a lot of customers houses; they don’t have to travel far to find a Wal-Mart store so they save gas. People already know that Wal-Mart has the lowest prices so they don’t have to search for stores with low prices. The items sold are good quality as well as cheap. What more could someone ask for. Wal-Mart is a world leader in logistics and promotes greater efficiency between its suppliers. Bob McAdam who is the Wal-Mart vice president states in the video, “We are raising the standard of living through lowering the cost of goods for people.” He is saying that Wal-Mart is good for Structural functional theory is when society is a complex system of interconnected and interrelated social structures each having a function and working together to promote social stability. One hundred million people shop at Wal-Mart every week. Wal-Mart is very convenient for people to shop at. Most people do not even have to shop at other stores because Wal-Mart has everything. It’s also convenient because it is right around the corner from a lot of customers houses;...
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...The systems approach Attempts to reconcile the classical approach (emphasised the technical requirements of the organisation and its needs) with the human relations approach (emphasised the psychological and social aspects, and the consideration of humans needs). The attention is focused on the total work organization and the interrelationship of structure and behavior, and the range of the variables within the organisation. The principal idea is that any part of an organisations activities affects all others parts. The business organisation is an open system, there is continual interaction with the broader external environment of which it is part. The systems approach views the organisation within its total environment and emphasies the importance of multiple channels of interaction. The systems approachs views the organisation as a whole and involves the study of the organisations in terms of the relationships between technical and social variables within the system. The contingency approach This approach explain that the most appropriate structure and system pf management is therefore dependent upon the contingencies of the situation for each particular organisation, this approach implies that the organisation theory shouldn’t seek to suggest one best way to structure or manage organisation but should provide insights into the situational and contextual factors which influence management decisions. Other approaches to the study of organisations: -The decision-making...
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