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Onset Ventures

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503-S61
ABRIL 10, 1990

STEPHEN A. GREYSER NORMAN KLEIN

El Retiro de Perrier: Una fuente de problemas
El 11 de febrero de 1990, un artículo del New York Times informó que el día anterior se había suspendido la producción mundial de Perrier, la marca de agua embotellada importada más popular en los Estados Unidos. Según el New York Times, los distribuidores estadounidenses y canadienses también habían empezado a recoger todas las botellas existentes (aproximadamente 72 millones de botellas) en esos países. Posteriormente se informó que las ventas anuales de Perrier en los Estados Unidos eran de 300 millones de botellas, mientras que las ventas anuales mundiales eran de 1.100 millones de botellas. El artículo explicaba que aproximadamente ocho días antes, un laboratorio en Carolina del Norte había descubierto en muestras de agua Perrier embotellada seis meses antes, de 12,9 a 19,9 partes de benceno (un carcinógeno conocido) por mil millones de agua. El límite permitido por la FDA (Food and Drug Administration) de los Estados Unidos, era de cinco unidades de benceno por mil millones de unidades de agua. Ronald V. Davis, director general del Grupo Perrier de América, explicó la presencia de benceno como “un accidente muy extraño.” También dijo al reportero del New York Times que creía que el riesgo a la salud debido a la contaminación de las botellas era mínimo. Cuando se le preguntó acerca de la procedencia del benceno respondió “creemos saber, pero no vamos a decirlo hasta que estemos 100% seguros.” Después de enterarse del benceno encontrado en el laboratorio de Carolina del Norte, Perrier comenzó sus propias investigaciones. La compañía encontró benceno en agua que fue embotellada en junio de 1989, según el New York Times. En una edición del Times del 13 de febrero, en un artículo de Alan Riding, un vocero corporativo, ofreció una explicación de la posible causa de la presencia de benceno. Aunque esta sustancia “no estaba permitida” en la planta embotelladora de Vergeze, Francia, era “aparentemente un ingrediente de un limpiador usado erróneamente para limpiar la maquinaria de embotellado” en una línea de producción específicamente destinada a la distribución en Estados Unidos. La compañía también dijo que “aparentemente sólo las botellas destinadas a Estados Unidos fueron afectadas.” Riding también hizo notar que, en el mercado bursátil, las acciones de Perrier que se habían cotizado en 1.692 francos el viernes 9 de febrero, habían cerrado a 1.490 francos el lunes siguiente. Source Perrier (la empresa matriz), predijo que las ganancias de 1989 no serían afectadas
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El caso de LACC número 503-S61 es la versión en español del caso de HBS número 590-104. Los casos de HBS se desarrollan únicamente para su discusión en clase. No es el objetivo de los casos servir de avales, fuentes de datos primarios, o ejemplos de una administración buena o deficiente. Copyright 2004 President and Fellows of Harvard College. No se permitirá la reproducción, almacenaje, uso en planilla de cálculo o transmisión en forma alguna: electrónica, mecánica, fotocopiado, grabación u otro procedimiento, sin permiso de Harvard Business School.

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503-S61

El Retiro de Perrier: Una fuente de problemas

significativamente por el retiro del producto. (El agua embotellada Perrier representaba únicamente 11% de las ventas totales de la compañía.) Source Perrier también anunció que las investigaciones conducidas por un laboratorio universitario francés, confirmaron que no se hallaba benceno en la fuente natural de agua que Perrier embotellaba. Según Source Perrier, el proceso de embotellado para el mercado estadounidense ya se había reiniciado. Pero Jane Lazgin, representante de la subsidiaria norteamericana en Greenwich, Connecticut, afirmó que Perrier seguiría fuera del mercado estadounidense por dos o tres meses, y que los “reportes que afirmaban que los embarques recomenzarían antes, eran erróneos.” El 13 de febrero apareció un segundo artículo en el New York Times con el título “El retiro de Perrier: ¿Cuánto daño causará?” El reportero, Anthony Ramírez, escribió que “analistas industriales y aun competidores, creían que Perrier podía corregir los problemas que fueron causados por el retiro de su agua embotellada debido al gran dominio sobre sus rivales.” (Ver el Anexo 1 para obtener más información sobre el mercado estadounidense de agua embotellada.) Sin embargo, los mismos analistas y competidores creían que el retiro de Perrier podía ofrecer una gran oportunidad a los competidores si permanecía fuera de los anaqueles los dos o tres meses que el Grupo Perrier de América había predicho. El 14 de febrero, un breve artículo del New York Times informó que Japón había seguido el ejemplo de Estados Unidos y había retirado a Perrier de los anaqueles y restaurantes. (Después los artículos periodísticos afirmaron que esta acción había sido tomada por precaución y no por evidencia encontrada en Japón.)

Febrero 15: Un retiro mundial
Al día siguiente, el 15 de febrero, periódicos de todo el mundo reportaron que Perrier había anunciado que iba a comenzar un retiro voluntario en todo el mundo, lo cual afectaba a aproximadamente 160 millones de botellas de agua. Alan Riding escribió nuevamente en el New York Times anunciando que las acciones de Perrier habían cerrado en 1.413 francos el miércoles 14 de febrero. Riding también reveló que habían sido encontrados rastros de benceno en botellas de Perrier analizadas en Dinamarca y los Países Bajos. Con la declaración del retiro mundial, el presidente de Source Perrier, Gustave Leven, explicó que la decisión fue un paso para volver a obtener la confianza del consumidor. “He construido esta compañía durante los últimos 40 años sobre una imagen de perfección. Nuestra imagen, el respeto, y la confianza del consumidor no tienen precio para mí,” afirmó Leven en una conferencia de prensa en París. El New York Times también reveló que la compañía ofreció una nueva explicación acerca de la presencia de benceno en las botellas. Leven aseguró que el manantial en Vergeze, en el sur de Francia, permanecía puro y explicó que los filtros en la planta embotelladora no habían sido cambiados a tiempo. Este “error humano” permitió “una acumulación de benceno en el producto.” La edición del 15 de febrero del International Herald Tribune (IHT) contenía un artículo sobre el retiro mundial de Perrier en el que explicaba el problema de los filtros con más detalle. Declaró que los filtros estaban “sobre una línea de bióxido de carbono que entraba a la planta embotelladora desde el manantial.” Los oficiales de Source Perrier también dijeron al Tribune “normalmente, una variedad de elementos, como el benceno, fluyen en pequeñas cantidades con el bióxido de carbono, pero son filtrados antes de que el gas se reintegre al agua durante el embotellado.” En relación a la
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503-S61

explicación inicial dada tres días antes sobre la presencia de benceno en un limpiador, el Tribune reportó: “Leven comentó que la primera explicación era incorrecta y que no había sido autorizada oficialmente por la compañía.” El IHT también citó a un analista de bebidas londinense quien preguntó qué pasaría “cuando los consumidores averiguaran que no sólo era impuro el producto, sino que también contenía sustancias más dañinas que las que se pudieran encontrar en el agua de la llave.” Además, el artículo del IHT informó que la estimación de la empresa referente a los costos después de impuestos del retiro mundial de Perrier, sería de 200 millones de francos: “Esto iguala a la cantidad dada por la compañía el lunes, cuando se creía que sólo afectaría al mercado norteamericano.” El reportaje del Daily Telegraph (Londres) sobre el retiro mundial también exploró el origen del benceno. Reportó que Frederick Zimmer, director general de Source Perrier, “explicó que en el fondo del manantial, el agua contiene gases que no son adecuados para el consumo humano. El benceno es producto de uno de éstos, que debió haber sido filtrado durante el proceso que elimina, limpia, y vuelve a introducir las burbujas justo antes de embotellar al nivel de la tierra.” Según Zimmer, los filtros habían sido limpiados o reemplazados y la producción normal se había reanudado. El Telegraph pidió una explicación a Arthur Perler, director de Ciencia y Tecnología en la División de Agua de la Agencia de Protección del Medio Ambiente de Estados Unidos. Éste comentó que no sabía de ningún modo en el que el benceno se podía haber introducido, en forma natural, en provisiones de agua potable. “Si se encuentra en agua potable, es prácticamente un indicio seguro de contaminación por el hombre,” agregó. El 15 de febrero apareció un anuncio pagado de Perrier en el Daily Telegraph de Londres. En éste se informaba a los lectores sobre el retiro mundial. Además decía: “Esto se debe a pruebas que han demostrado pequeños rastros de impurezas, en algunas botellas de Perrier, en niveles que no representan peligro para la salud.” Continuaba diciendo: “No hay impurezas en el manantial de Perrier, que regularmente se prueba y está certificado por las autoridades de salud francesas.” El último párrafo proporcionaba el número telefónico del servicio de información en Londres a los consumidores y comerciantes de Perrier, para aquéllos que “quisieran saber más.”

El regreso al mercado
El 7 de marzo de 1990, el Grupo Perrier de América colocó un anuncio de una página en el Wall Street Journal y otros periódicos, anunciando el regreso de Perrier al mercado norteamericano. “El problema ha sido solucionado,” decía el artículo. “Nunca fue un problema de seguridad o salud. Pero para un producto conocido por su pureza, definitivamente fue un error. Fue identificado y corregido.” El mensaje continuaba diciendo: “El manantial nunca formó parte del problema. Sigue siendo tan puro como lo ha sido durante miles de años.” Se les informó a los lectores que en la futura producción, las botellas llevarían una etiqueta indicando que eran “nouvelle production,” junto con la frase tradicional “eau minerale naturelle gazeuse.” Llevarían un número gratuito para llamar, y advirtieron que podría tardar varios meses en volver a abastecer al país entero. La última línea decía: “Perrier. Vale la pena esperar.” Estos anuncios fueron preparados por Burson-Marsteller, una compañía de relaciones públicas con bastante experiencia en el manejo de crisis. Poco después, el 29 de marzo, el Grupo Perrier de América anunció que su agencia de publicidad, Hal Riney & Partners, sería reemplazada por la

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503-S61

El Retiro de Perrier: Una fuente de problemas

agencia que fue responsable por la publicidad de Perrier durante la mayor parte de la década de 1980, Waring & LaRosa. Un artículo del 25 de marzo sobre Perrier, preparado por el Washington Post News Service, presentó una nueva perspectiva del retiro de Perrier y el regreso al mercado. Varios expertos entrevistados, contrastaron la acción decisiva de Ron Davis del Grupo Perrier de América con la acción de la empresa matriz. “Ellos (Source Perrier) querían ocultar que hay un carcinógeno en el manantial, y lo que han hecho rutinariamente, sin que nadie lo sepa, es filtrarlo.” Dijo un consultor de la industria.

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503-S61

Anexo 1

El mercado de agua embotellada en Estados Unidos

En el creciente mercado de agua embotellada de los Estados Unidos, las ventas realizadas por más de 400 marcas en 1988 fueron de $2.170 millones1. Aproximadamente 95% de los dos mil millones de galones de agua del mercado es nacional y se vendía a menos de $1 por galón. Sin embargo, el agua importada se vendía a un precio más alto. Así, una botella de 23 onzas de Perrier, se vendía en los supermercados a un precio que oscilaba entre $0,99 y $1,09. Se estimó que Perrier tenía 57% del mercado norteamericano de agua embotellada importada, con ventas de $122,9 millones en ese mercado de $213,7 millones de ingresos totales en 1988. Perrier vendió 32 millones de galones de agua embotellada importada en los Estados Unidos en 1989, mientras que Evian, su competidor más cercano en el mercado de importaciones vendió diez millones. Según el Grupo Perrier, como informó el Washington Post News Service, los ingresos estimados en millones de dólares para 1989 fueron los siguientes:
Grupo Perrier de América McKesson (Sparkletts) Anjou (Hinckley & Schmitt) Suntory (Kentwood) Clorox (Deer Park) Evian $ 640 225 125 100 50 50 (La marca Perrier representaba $160)

El Grupo Perrier también era la compañía de agua embotellada más grande en los Estados Unidos. Tenía nueve marcas en el mercado norteamericano, incluyendo Arrowhead, el agua más vendida en los Estados Unidos, y Poland Spring. El Grupo Perrier dominaba el mercado con una participación de 23,9% e ingresos arriba de $500 millones en 1988. El consumo de agua embotellada en los Estados Unidos se había incrementado dramáticamente en los años recientes. En 1978, el consumo per cápita (incluyendo el agua carbónica sin sabor y las club sodas) fue de poco más de dos galones. En 1983 alcanzó los cuatro galones y en 1988 fue de siete galones. El volumen de consumo por grupos de edades (incluyendo todas las aguas carbónicas y club sodas) fue el siguiente:
Menores de 13 13 a 19 20 a 29 30 a 39 40 a 49 50 a 59 60 y mayores 4,1% 4,0 26,0 23,2 14,1 11,4 17,2

Fuente: Descripción del autor del caso basado en varios artículos de periódico, incluyendo referencias a datos de la Beverage Marketing Corporation.

1 Las cantidades mencionadas en este caso, en las cuales no se indica el tipo de moneda, se refieren a dólares.

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