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Operative Risk

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Paper de Riesgo Operativo
En la actualidad la gestión de riesgos es de mucha importancia plantearlo a una institución financiera u organizaciones en particular ya que con la ayuda de los requisitos mínimos de capital se puede controlar y prevenir el riesgo operacional ya que esta es una herramienta de regulación moderna que se basa principalmente en reducir los fondos que están disponibles por consecuencia se obtendrá ganancias reducidas. Actualmente todas las instituciones financieras corren riesgos, por ende, prevenir riesgos ya es un objetivo y una meta de gran importancia y existen cada vez mas organizaciones adoptando una cultura corporativa de riesgos que se basa principalmente en la fuerza del carácter ante una situación de riesgos para tomar una correcta decisión.

Es muy importante estar consciente de los riesgos que las instituciones financieras corren, y la posibilidad de evitar que ocurra es un objetivo que todas las organizaciones desean. Para conseguir evitar cualquier tipo de riesgos es de gran importancia crear un programa que controle que los empleados dentro de una organización puedan enfrentar todas las gestiones de riegos.
Cuando una organización corre un riesgo y si ese riesgo no ha sido cubierto o resuelto de forma correcta, esta pueda conllevar a pérdidas ya sean de dos tipos: de forma en pérdidas monetarias y pérdidas en reputación. Para evitar aquello se plantean varios procesos los cuales buscan erradicar el riesgo para así tenerlo controlado.

Existen muchos ejemplos de organizaciones que aplican procedimientos que buscan erradicar los riesgos, por ejemplo en los bancos en particular se ha vuelto un objetivo interno la cual es tener total control y medición de riesgo de capital, algunos reguladores de servicios financieros adoptan establecer reglamentos para después poder controlar todas las gestiones y así estar seguro de que se garantiza que la organización está cuidando todos los interés de los grupos objetivos.

En la actualidad las organizaciones corren varios tipos de riesgos las cuales son: * Riesgo operativo. * Riesgo de crédito. * Riesgo de mercado.

El riesgo operativo por su concepto “es el riesgo de perdidas resultantes de la falta de adecuación o fallas en los procesos internos, de la actuación del personal o de los sistemas o bien aquellas que sean producto de eventos externos” (Riesgo Operacional). El riesgo operativo en otras palabras se debe al riesgo en la perdida de todos esos aquellos procedimientos internos que lamentablemente han fallado, por otra parte también se puede dar por situaciones externas en la que la mayoría de situaciones no están bajo nuestro control.
Es muy importante tener en cuenta que el riesgo operativo se presenta cuando el proceso de las actividades dentro de una organización no se están realizando de forma correcta, lo que puede conllevar a pérdidas financieras. Como antes fue mencionado el riesgo operativo puede ocasionarse de forma externa sin tener ni si quiera un bajo control de aquello lo que podemos demostrar por medio de un ejemplo son los desastres naturales.

El riesgo de crédito por su concepto “es la posibilidad de pérdida económica derivada del incumplimiento de las obligaciones asumidas por las contrapartes de un contrato, el concepto se relaciona a instituciones financieras y bancos pero se puede extender a empresas, mercados financieros y organismos de otros sectores” (Expansion). El riesgo de crédito tiene implicaciones a la parte liquida de las organizaciones y al riesgo de crédito antepuesto a la liquidación de los clientes en relación a los productos.
El riesgo de crédito se lo puede medir mediante una sumatoria en el costo de reposición incluyendo una aproximación de la posibilidad del futuro riesgo de la organización como consecuencia de las variaciones en el mercado, esto se realiza antes de la liquidación.

El riesgo de mercado por su concepto “es el riesgo de que el valor de un portafolio ya sea de inversión o comercial disminuya debido a cambios en valor de los factores de riesgo de mercado, los cuales determinan su precio o valor final” (Comunidad Forex). En otras palabras el riesgo de mercado es aquel riesgo que se presenta en instituciones financieras como resultado de distinto tipo de variaciones en los precios del mercado. Las principales causas de un riesgo de mercado son: * Tipos de interés * Preciosas en la materia prima * Precios de títulos y valores * Tipo de cambio en divisas extranjera

En los tiempos de antes, la mayoría de las organizaciones e instituciones financieras no contaban con niveles de riesgos altos, por consecuencia los riesgos operativos no se mostraban con mucha frecuencia por lo que en ese tiempo se convertía de forma difícil poder evaluar dicho riesgo. Hoy en día existen más instituciones financieras en comparación a antes lo que hace que el riesgo operativo se aparezca con mucha más frecuencia, por lo que se asume que todas las organizaciones actuales corren riesgos operativos y el efecto que puede ocasionar es con más amplitud.
Los tipos de riesgos son muy mal vistos por los daños que causan dentro de una organización, pero con implementación de procedimientos se puede eliminar dichos riesgos, aparte de que el riesgo se lo puede tomar como una oportunidad a obtener una ventaja competitiva, además se ha demostrado que la gestión de riesgos son oportunidades para generar un desarrollo sostenible en el valor de los accionistas.

Según Dimitris Chorafas en el año 2004 afirmaba que “muchos de los riesgo operativos mas nuevos son las secuelas del horizonte de negocios en expansión” (Chorafas). Chorafas trataba de decir que actualmente el gran incremento de tendencias en obtener mayores rentabilidades, hace que las organizaciones y las instituciones financieras sean cada vez más grandes adaptando nuevas tecnologías, por consecuencia atrayendo a riesgos operativos de mayor escala. El entorno competitivo de hoy en día es mucho más intenso y más fuerte por lo que si se cae en un riesgo operativo las consecuencias van a ser desfavorables, por lo que con la adaptación de gestión de procesos se puede controlar estos riesgos generando situaciones favorables y a su vez creando ventajas competitivas.

En la industria de servicios financieros, las instituciones financieras cuando corren la posibilidad de que un riesgo aparezca pueden ocasionar riesgo a la liquidez resultando en perdidas o monetarias o perdidas en la reputación de dichas instituciones. En los tiempos de antes las instituciones financieras solo se han enfocado en solo dos tipos de riesgo que ya hemos visto: el riesgo de mercado y en el riesgo de crédito ya que son las que mayor afectan a la liquidez de una organización, sin embargo en ese entonces aparecieron una gran cantidad de situaciones que resultaban en pérdidas monetarias y de reputación para las organizaciones por consecuencia de ineficientes operaciones, a partir de esos situaciones las industrias le dieron el mismo grado de importancia a el riesgo operativo.
Lo que en otras palabras se quiere demostrar es que en términos de pérdidas monetarias o de reputación hay que considerar que una organización o institución financiera corre riesgo con el simple hecho de una ineficiente o mala práctica en las operaciones.

Para los directivos, empleados, reguladores y clientes la eficiente gestión de riesgos se ha transformado en un elemento fundamental y principal. Lo que para Chorafas significaba “un cambio en el pensamiento de la industria lo que ha lleva a cabo a la necesidad de un enfoque más rigurosos y mas estructurado para la mejora en la compresión, la identificación, la medición y la mitigación del riesgo operacional” (Chorafas).

Según el Comité de Supervisión Bancaria de Basilea afirma que el riesgo operativo “es el riesgo de pérdida directa o indirecta resultante de procesos internos inadecuados o fallidos” (Bancaria). Esta definición hace referencia principalmente a las causas que producen pérdidas más no a los riesgos estratégicos. Lo que además hace demostración a una visión negativa hacia este tipo de riesgo, mas no como una oportunidad que se puede aprovechar para obtener una ventaja competitiva.

La gestión del riesgo operativo hace referencia básicamente a la rápida identificación, control de todas aquellas esas deficientes en todos los procedimientos internos dentro de una organización o institución financiera. Los principios básicos que debe de tener una organización o institución financiera es distinguir sin mucha dificultad los riesgos básicos y los riesgos no básicos, los riesgos básicos son todos aquellos riesgos que se pueden aprovechar para obtener situaciones favorables de ellas por medio de ventajas competitivas, y los riesgos no básicos son todos aquellas operaciones ineficientes dentro de una organización. Por lo que Dimitris Chorafas afirma que “el capital reservado para los riesgos no básicos podrá ser superior a los riesgos fundamentales, centrándose así la atención de la alta dirección para gestionar los riesgos no centrales” (Chorafas).

Las principales situaciones que relacionan a la causa del efecto del riesgo, envuelven una extensa escala de actividades lo cual puede generar ciertos daños como por ejemplo pérdidas monetarias, estas pérdidas pueden ser clasificadas por dos tipos: * Pérdidas no cuantificables.- Estas pérdidas están más relacionadas a la perdida de reputación o a la pérdida financiera de forma indirecta.

* Pérdidas cuantificables.- Estas pérdidas hacen referencia principalmente a aquellas perdidas que afectan directamente a la economía de una organización o institución financiera.
Existen diferentes causas las cuales producen los riesgos operativos, estas causas pueden ser de proceso y pueden afectar de forma no cuantificable directamente a la reputación e indirectamente a la economía de una organización, por ejemplo: si una empresa tiene procesos deficientes a la entrega de su producto al cliente, obviamente se obtendrán resultados desfavorables directamente a la reputación de dicha compañía e indirectamente a su economía, ya que pierda la fidelización de sus clientes. Estas causas pueden ser por: * Causas por personas. * Causas por Tecnología. * Causas por el Entorno.

Causas por persona.- El personal de una organización es su principal activo lo cual cuando cometen errores es difícil cuantificarlos y analizarlos. Las principales acciones del personal que pueden conllevar a un riesgo operativo son las siguientes: * Falta de experiencia. * Falta de habilidades. * Falta de supervisión. * Falta de integridad y honestidad. * Falta de comunicación. * Falta de concentración.

Causas por Tecnología.- Todas las organizaciones tratan de implantar nuevas tecnologías para así tener mejores procesos y evitar futuros riesgos, pero hay situaciones en que esas tecnologías son implementadas de forma incorrecta creando futuros riesgos operativos, por ejemplo: * Falta de monitoreo a dichas tecnologías. * Falta de capacidad para abastecer al aumento de la demanda. * Falta de orientación estratégica para el esquema del sistema.

Causas por el Entorno.- Las causas por el entorno son una de las causas de los riesgos operativos, ya que esta puede afectar de cierta manera a las actividades de una empresa u organización. Estas pueden ser causas climáticas como por ejemplo: * Cambios climáticos, ya que podría afectar a la producción por el daño que esta genera a los insumos de una organización. * Guerra, terrorismo. * Variaciones fiscales.

En conclusión los riesgos que corren las organizaciones están presentes en todo momento, por lo que hay que implementar varios procesos o procedimientos para así poder erradicar y aprovechar dichos riesgos.

Bibliografía
Bancaria, C. d. (s.f.).
Chorafas, D. (s.f.).
Comunidad Forex. (s.f.). Obtenido de http://www.efxto.com/diccionario/r/3985-riesgo-de-mercado
Expansion. (s.f.). Obtenido de http://www.efxto.com/diccionario/r/3531-riesgo-de-credito
Riesgo Operacional. (s.f.). Obtenido de http://www.riesgooperacional.com/

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