...citations for verification. (October 2014) | | | Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs | Governments of opium-producing Parties are required to "purchase and take physical possession of such crops as soon as possible" after harvest to prevent diversion into the illicit market. | Signed | 30 March 1961 | Location | New York City | Effective | 8 August 1975 [1] | Condition | 40 ratifications | Parties | 185[1] | Depositary | Secretary-General of the United Nations | Languages | Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish | Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs at Wikisource | The Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961 is an international treaty to prohibit production and supply of specific (nominally narcotic) drugs and of drugs with similar effects except under licence for specific purposes, such as medical treatment and research. As noted below, its major effects included updating the Paris Convention of 13 July 1931 to include the vast number of synthetic opioids invented in the intervening thirty years and a mechanism for more easily including new ones. From 1931 to 1961, most of the families of synthetic opioids had been developed, including drugs in whatever way related to methadone, pethidine, morphinans and dextromoramide and related drugs; research on fentanyls and piritramide was also nearing fruition at that point. Earlier treaties had only controlled opium, coca, and derivatives such as morphine, heroin and cocaine. The Single Convention, adopted in 1961, consolidated...
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...AFGHANISTAN Economic Freedom Score 25 Least free 0 50 75 100 free Most World Rank: Not Ranked Regional Rank: Not Ranked This economy is not graded Freedom Trend economic not be graded A fghanistan’slack of officialfreedom couldare not comprebecause of a reliable comparable data. The government’s compilations of economic data hensive, and many of the international sources relied upon for Index grading contain incomplete data on Afghanistan. This assessment is based on the limited data available from government and international sources. Over the past 10 years, Afghanistan has undergone a challenging economic transition requiring significant institutional development. Growth rates have been high but volatile. Real GDP growth, driven mainly by agriculture and construction, has averaged almost 10 percent over the past five years. Large volumes of foreign aid have yielded some improvements in such areas as health and education. Operating under difficult developmental circumstances, Afghanistan remains severely burdened by numerous systemic shortcomings worsened by ongoing security challenges. The government’s weakness, exacerbated by vested interests and corruption, has hindered politically difficult policy reforms and eroded trust. Previously implemented reform measures have not been sustained, with political uncertainties further undermining progress in economic reconstruction. BACKGROUND: President Hamid Karzai is constitutionally required to hand power...
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...collected. 5. If time allows, students may begin to review all study guides in preparation for upcoming final exam. In order to grasp the ramifications of illegal drug use by public service employees and the necessity of screening for the abuse of such substances by these individuals, it is necessary to have an understanding of how illegal drugs first became a problem in the United States. While substance abuse has challenged society for centuries, the abuse of illegal drugs in the United States dates back to relatively recent history. In America, drug addiction was a problem as far back in time as the original colonies when narcotic and opiate elixirs and treatments were being exported from England. Without any form of government regulation, let alone the medical knowledge necessary to understand the true nature of these substances, it is easy to understand how addiction became a widespread but misunderstood problem. The Revolutionary War brought an abrupt end to the importation of these substances and almost immediately American entrepreneurs saw an opportunity to establish some of the very first businesses peddling these highly addictive substances. These so called...
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...Business Plan Projects The Royal Project Foundation is aimed to promote agricultural production on the highlands in order to reduce opium production and help developing overall welfare of the highland communities. As parts of the Royal Project Foundation’s work, new processed food products are continuously developed from raw materials and ingredients produced by farmers and hill tribes to help distribute excess supplies to and increase demands of agricultural products in the market. With assistant from professors and experts from various universities and private sectors, by-products / processed products are researched and produced with high-quality standard as well as safety concern for consumers, and according to safety and standards of the Thai FDA regulations. With the brand of the Royal Project, it already has competitive advantage over competitors. However, these products have still not yet formulated any business plan and the stories have not been communicated widely enough to end-consumers. Also, it is essential to guarantee to the farmers the production volume in order for them to plan the agricultural production in advance (usually a year ahead). With the business plan, it would give a clear direction for any future decision making on these products. The required business plan should involve the areas from Product Design, Feasibility Studies, Costing & Financial Projection, Launch Plan and Implementations. The followings are the products for BBA students to select...
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...the act of introducing any dangerous drug into the body of any person, with or without his knowledge by injection, ingestion or other means or of committing any act of indispensable assistance to a person in administering a dangerous drug to himself; “Board” - refers to the Dangerous Drugs Board created under Section 35, Article VIII of this Act “Centers” - refers to any of the treatment and rehabilitation centers for drug dependents referred to in Section 34, Article VII of this Act; “Cultivate or Culture” - means the act of knowingly planting, growing, raising or permitting the planting, growing or raising of any plant which is the source of a prohibited drug; “Dangerous Drugs” - refers to either: (1) "Prohibited drug", which includes opium and its active components and derivatives, such as heroin and morphine; coca leaf and its derivatives, principally cocaine; alpha and beta eucaine; hallucinogenic drugs, such as mescaline, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and other substances producing similar effects; Indian hemp and its derivatives, all preparations made from any of the foregoing; and other drugs and chemical preparations, whether natural or synthetic, with the physiological effects of a narcotic or a hallucinogenic drug; or (As amended by B.P. 179 dated March 2, 1982). “Regulated drug”, which includes self-inducing sedatives, such as secobarbital, phenobarbital, pentobarbital, barbital, amobarbital and any other drug which contains a salt of a derivative of a salt of barbituric...
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...Marijuana Legalization: The War on Drugs and Criminal Law Howard R. Burke Strayer University Abstract This research will point out that the United States’ current policy on drug prohibition, the so called “War on Drugs,” is ineffective. The current draconian prohibition policies against drug consumption may actually increase their use. As well, contrary to claims made by current drug policy supporters, increased drug enforcement can reduce public safety and compound the individual and social costs of drug use. The U.S. drug policy, born over a hundred years ago, has gone through several transformations becoming more voracious with each new invocation. The War on Drugs is an expensive and failed concept which has incorporated racism in its administration, increased crime rates, imposed harsh sentences for nonviolent offenses, facilitated police corruption and aggressively eroded civil liberties. Table of Contents INTRODUCTION Introduction to the Problem Background of the Study Statement of the Problem Purpose of the Research Research Questions Significance of the Research Assumptions and Limitations Organization of the Remainder of the Study LITERATURE REVIEW CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Marijuana Legalization: The War on Drugs and Criminal Law INTRODUCTION The United States has conducted a long experiment of drug prohibition. The prohibition of marijuana and other illicit drugs has only...
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...May 21, 2012 Lora Terrill Anti-Drug legislation Analysis The topic of paper will focus on the numerous anti-drug policies created by federal and state legislation. Furthermore, the similarities and differences between the various states will be compared with federal policy. An analysis will further be provided regarding the legalization or decriminalization of the drug marijuana and the possible impact legalizing drugs like marijuana could have on the federal, state, and local law enforcement, corrections, and society. In 1875, San Francisco was the first state to enact a ban that prohibited individuals from smoking opium. Unfortunately, the Act targeted mainly Chinese immigrants but was a leading factor to the creation of future antidrug laws. In 1914 the Harrison Act came into effect which required all medical professionals dealing in morphine, opium, and other substances to register with the federal government and pay an annual tax of one dollar. Any individual not registered and who were caught trafficking drugs could be punished with a fine of not more than two thousand dollars and serve up to five years in prison. Before the Heroin Maintenance Act was put into effect in 1920, individuals addicted to drugs could be treated at a clinic with medially prescribed Heroin. Studies conducted over time proved that the use of heroin to treat substance abuse was only causing further damage by prolonging one's addiction and delaying other more positive medical treatments. This...
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...Introduction: Like most people, we already know that smoking and drug addiction is bad for your health. But we do not know how dangerous smoking and drugs really are. Tobacco contains nicotine, a highly addictive drug that makes it difficult for smokers to kick the habit. Tobacco products also contain many poisonous and harmful substances that cause disease and premature death. Did we know that out of a group of 1000 smokers (age 30), that a full quarter of them (250!) will die of smoking-related illnesses prior to completing middle age, an additional quarter will die prematurely from smoking-related illnesses shortly after retirement age, and another large group will develop debilitating chronic illnesses as a result of their smoking? Most people don't know the odds of getting sick as a result of smoking are really that bad, but when you do the numbers, that is how they come out. People usually take drugs because they want to change something in their lives. Here are some of the reasons young people gave for taking drugs: * To fit in * To escape or relax * To relieve boredom * To seem grown up * To rebel * To experiment They think drugs are a solution. But eventually, the drugs become the problem. The consequences of drug use are always worse than the problem one is trying to solve with them. For many people, truly understanding the very real dangers associated with smoking and drugs becomes the motivating factor that helps them to quit. Although...
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...Since the latter portion of the 1900’s morphine was an ingredient for opium physicians, used morphine to curb patient’s pain. However, the use of morphine in battlefield operations during the Civil War was so extensive that, by 1880, veterans became addicted to morphine that the popular press referred to morphinism as the "soldier's disease"(Levinthal, 2012). According to this week text cocaine originally came from South America from a leaf name coca and an African kola nuts. In the early 1900’s cocaine was added to different medications for healing and injuries. People were becoming careless using drugs; there was no control how drugs were distributed or sold, drug users were called dope fiends (Levinthal, 2012). Although the use of drugs...
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...Drug use and abuse is as old as mankind itself. Human beings have always had a desire to eat or drink substances that make them feel relaxed, stimulated, or euphoric. Humans have used drugs of one sort or another for thousands of years. Wine was used at least from the time of the early Egyptians; narcotics from 4000 B.C.; and medicinal use of marijuana has been dated to 2737 BC in China. As time went by, "home remedies" were discovered and used to alleviate aches, pains and other ailments. Most of these preparations were herbs, roots, mushrooms or fungi. They had to be eaten, drunk, rubbed on the skin, or inhaled to achieve the desired effect. One of the oldest records of such medicinal recommendations is found in the writings of the Chinese scholar-emperor Shen Nung, who lived in 2735 BC He compiled a book about herbs, a forerunner of the medieval pharmacopoeias that listed all the then-known medications. He was able to judge the value of some Chinese herbs. For example, he found that Ch'ang Shan was helpful in treating fevers. Such fevers were, and still are, caused by malaria parasites. South and Central American Indians made many prehistoric discoveries of drug-bearing plants. Mexican Aztecs even recorded their properties in hieroglyphics on rocks, but our knowledge of their studies comes mainly from manuscripts of Spanish monks and medical men attached to the forces of the conquistador Hernan Cortes (1485-1547). Pre-Columbian Mexicans used many substances...
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...Name Professor Subject Date OPIUM: CHINA’S HISTORICAL CURSE One Opium is a very crucial drug in the medicine field, and it is widely used in many health facilities and hospitals across the globe. The early uses of opium were applied by natives. They used the drug as a sedative, muscle relaxant, and to help reduce congestion. It was also used to heal toothaches and all types of coughs. The modern use of opium has led to the formation of very strong narcotic painkillers. Opium is mainly associated with Morphine and Oxycodone, which are very strong narcotics. Opium is used in the modern age to treat diseases like spasms or diarrhea, although it is not commonly used (Bioweb.uwlax.edu). Opium use for medicinal purposes may have adverse effects on some people. People who have seizure disorders, lung, liver, and heart or kidney problems should inform the doctors about it before opium is administered to them. Opium has many side effects like nausea, constipation, drowsiness or itching. Some of these side effects are short-term while others are long lasting. Opium use overdose can cause anxiety, chills, coma, constricted pupils, depression or usual weakness. It is a very addictive drug, making it very important for proper monitoring of its use (Lovell, 5). Two Opium in China was not first introduced by the British. Opium was first introduced in China by both the Turkish and the Arab traders in the early 7th Century. The British only...
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...Report (The viewpoint of iobm students on the use of drugs in our society) submitted to: Mr. Sheikh Irfan submitted by: Muhammad Moaaz Iqbal Afridi (11391) Asad Ali Roomy (10877) Muhammad Ali ( Muhammad Ali Qureshi ( Table of contents Contents 1. INTRODUCTION 9 1.1. Background: 10 1.2. Purpose statement 11 1.3. Limitations of research: 12 1.4. Main Research Questions: 12 1.5. Other research Questions: 12 1.6. HYPOTHESES 13 1.7. Population: 14 1.8. Research tool: 14 1.9. Methodology: 14 1.10. Scope of the research 15 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 16 2.1. TYPES OF DRUGS 17 2.1.1 Heroin 17 2.1.2 Cocaine 18 2.1.3 Methamphetamine 19 2.1.4 Crack Cocaine 20 2.1.5 LSD 21 2.1.6 Ecstasy 22 2.1.7 Opium 23 2.1.8 Marijuana 24 2.1.9 Psilocybin Mushrooms 25 2.1.10 PCP 26 2.2 DRUGS DUE TO DEPRESSION: 27 4.3 Peer Pressure and Drug Use 35 4.4 Drug enforcement agencies 36 4.5 Drug Trafficking in Pakistan 38 4.6 Statistics 40 5 Methodology 43 5.1 Questionnaire 44 5.2 INTRODUCTION 46 5.3 Research Findings 47 5.4 Data Analysis 51 6 CONCLUSION 65 6.1 Introduction 66 6.2 Recommendations 68 6.3 Bibliography 69 Letter of transmittal To: Sir Sheikh Irfan, business communication II From: Asad Ali Roomy, Mohammad Ali Qureshi, Mohammad Ali, Moaz Date: 8th December, 2012 Subject: Transmittal of report on “Use of drugs in our society” Respected Sir, We are pleased to submit, for your consideration...
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...Organized Crime and Drug Trade Organized crime and the illicit drug trade is a fairly recent ordeal occurring throughout the world, both strongly linked with drug trafficking. Organized crime refers to the unlawful activities of the members of a highly organized, disciplined association engaged in supplying illegal goods and services, including gambling, prostitution, loan- sharking, narcotics, and labor racketeering (Schmalleger, 2011, pg.234). Drug trafficking, which is a type of organized crime, consists of manufacturing, distributing, dispensing, importing, and exporting (or possessing with intent to do the same) a controlled or counterfeit substance (Schmalleger, 2011). These two come hand in hand because the powerful people/ organizations from different parts of the world are the ones who control the illicit drug trade industry. Without the drug traffickers the industry would consist of suppliers who would have no way to deliver their product to the consumer. It is estimated that the illegal drug trade generates up to 500 billion dollars a year, making it the second most lucrative industry after the arms industry (Jenner, 2011). The reason drug trafficking occurs can be due to the high consumption of illicit drugs throughout the world which in turn fuels this business. Like any other industry, there will always be organizations that control it. For example in the automotive industry in the U.S., “the big three” – GM, Chrysler, and Ford are the ones who dominate it, although...
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...polices discouraging any distributing, producing, and the consumption of substances. The students’ paper will focus on the federal and state legislation of marijuana. The student will compare and contrast similarities, and differences among the states of Arizona and California. The student will discuss current laws of each state and examine the proposition of legalization of marijuana. In addition the student will review the impact of legislation change at different levels of the current war on drugs in both the federal and state. The student will assess how legalization will affect asset forfeiture and if would be worthwhile. Starting in the United States of America in 1875 the city of San Francisco enacted a statute that prevented smoking opium (Schmalleger, 2010, p. 384). States quick to follow, the enactment of the Harrison Act in 1914 through medical professional was a requirement of the federal government to register and pay one dollar per year on the tax (Schmalleger, 2010 p. 384). Drug trafficking dealers not registered faced the penalty of prison time of five years and up to a fine of two thousand dollars (Schmalleger, 2010, p. 384). In 1920 the legal availability of heroin came to a halt as the courts considered heroin a prolonged addiction therefore as medical treatment was not qualified (Schmalleger, 2010, p. 384). The Controlled Substances Act (CSA) (21 U.S.C. & 811) regulates drugs under the federal government that do not distinguish differences of marijuana in...
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...society and economy. Introduction 1. Many people would never think that heroin would ever play a role in their life or the lives of their family. 2. I am pursuing a degree in nursing and so am interested in the health effects of heroin. 3. Today we will talk about some of the history of heroin use in the United States, heroin addiction, and how it affects health. Body: What is heroin and how is it used? a) The compound that forms the basis of heroin, Diacetylmorphine, was first synthesized in 1874 by a British chemist named C.R. Alder Wright. b) It is a naturally occurring substance extracted from the seed pod of the Asian opium poppy plant. c) To harvest opium, the seed pod of the poppy is cut and a juice flows out. The main ingredient that is extracted from raw opium is morphine. Morphine is easily converted to heroin by a chemical process. http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/hero.html d) In pure form is a white powder. Another form of heroin known as "black tar" may be sticky, like roofing tar, or hard, like coal. Its color may vary from dark brown to black. http://www.drugs.com/heroin.html Methods of heroin use a) Heroin is used by injection into the bloodstream, snorting through the nose or smoking it. b) All methods of use are equally addictive. c) After an intravenous injection of heroin, users report feeling a surge of euphoria (“rush”) accompanied by dry mouth, a warm flushing of the skin,...
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