...working with Unix at Bell Labs in 1972: ... the terminals on the development machine were in a common room ... when one wanted to use the line printer. There was no spooling or lockout. pr myfile > /dev/lp was how you sent your listing to the printer. If two users sent output to the printer at the same time, their outputs were interspersed. Whoever shouted. “line printer!” first owned the queue. 1 Deadlock or Deadly Embrace Permanent blocking of a set of processes that either compete for system resources or communicate with each other – Several processes may compete for a finite set of resources – Processes request resources and if a resource is not available, enter a wait state – Requested resources may be held by other waiting processes – Require divine intervention to get out of this problem A significant problem in real systems, because there is no efficient solution in the general case Deadlock problem is more important because of increasing use of multiprocessing systems (like real-time, life support, vehicle monitoring, multicore utilization, grid processing) Important in answering the question about the completion of a process Deadlocks can occur with – Serially reusable (SR) resources – printer, tape drive, memory A finite set of identical units, with the number of units constant Can be used safely by only one process at a time and are not depleted by that use Units acquired by processes, used, and...
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...A Distributed Transaction Management Scheme for Multidatabase Systems* Xinfeng Ye, Department of Computer Science, University of Auckland, New Zealand. Abstract finsaction management in a multidatabase sys- tem must ensure global serializability. Local seri- alizable execution is, by itself, not suficient to en- sum global serializability, since local serialisation or- ders of subtmnsactions of global transactions must be the same at all systems. In this paper a distributed tmnsaction management scheme is introduced. The scheme maintains autonomy of the local database systems. It is free from global deadlock, and, guar- antees fairness in the execution of the tmnsactions in the system. 1 Introduction A multidatabase system (MDBS) is a collection of pre-existing autonomous, and possibly heteroge- neous, local database systems (LDBSs). Transac- tions in an MDBS are of two types: Local transactions: Those transactions that only access data m,anaged by a single LDBS. Global transactions: Those transactions that ac- cess data managed by more than one LDBS. Transaction management in the MDBS is hierar- chical. Each LDBS controls the local transactions and the subtransactions of the global transactions at its site, and assures serializable execution at that site. The MDBS software controls the global trans- actions, and assures global serializability. Global serializability guarantees the correct con- current execution...
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...A PROJECT PROPOSAL FOR THE INVENTORY CONTROL SYSTEM FOR CALCULATION AND ORDERING OF AVAILABLE AND PROCESSED RESOURCES GROUP 9 SIMANT PUROHIT BART MICZEK AKSHAY THIRKATEH BOB FAIGAO Executive Summary Our proposed project is a real time implementation of an inventory control system for an on-site corporate restaurant management and catering company. One such company is Guckenheimer (www.guckenheimer.com) which builds, staffs, and upkeeps corporate kitchens as well as provides catering services to corporate companies. This project is specific in that it applies to the dining domain of restaurants, but is flexible enough to be applied to many different kitchens and restaurants. In the case of Guckenheimer, they can use the software in their kitchens across the nation. The scope of this project will primarily focus on Guckenheimer’s kitchen and inventory located at the Groupon Chicago Office. Currently at Groupons kitchen, and the food industry in general, restaurant staff and managers are forced to keep track of inventory by hand. This means that they must count what they have sold and what they have left at the end of each day. They must also fill out order forms to be sent to vendors so that they can restock their inventory in preparation for the next week. This wastes valuable man hours and is a rather simple task to automate using our software. We propose a solution to this issue by developing software that keeps track of inventory in the ...
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...team were tasked to define the overall company strategy, business goals and high level IT objectives. MDCM Inc. corporate strategy is to run the company under one single brand across all its subsidiaries geographically based. The company needs to boosts it profits by increasing productivity, to solve this requirement IT Systems and the implementation thereof needs to be addressed. This is due to current lack in forecasting, scheduling, inventory and supply chain problems. We need to match/ align the IT objectives with the company strategy. We wants to be a market leader in the medical product manufacturing industry and we want to increase our market share. We need to reduce internal costs by identifying functional areas where IT can be applied to assist in reducing costs, i.e. IT systems will replace some of the workforce. The risk here is that currently we have so many different / complex systems in place that that also leads to higher admin costs. Not all of the staff understands all the systems. This leads to previously mentioned lack in forecasting, scheduling, inventory and supply chain problems. If one overall system is put into place, the system will replace some staff members that is supposed to look after these tasks and thus increase efficiency. Sharing of information between various departments will improve the services offered to our customers and that would ensure we meet the customers’ requirements in a timely manner. This will also assist us to acquire...
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...Give five different examples of simple systems and include the input(s), conversion process, and output(s)? Ensure that there is some feedback between your examples. Appointment –scheduling process of an ambulatory care center as a simple system. Inputs to the system consist, of appointment request from patients; physician schedules; and clinic resources, including personnel, set of actions; the scheduling clerks collect information from patents, match patient requirements to available time slots, and make appointment. Output of this simple system becomes the input for several other functional systems of the clinic, such as, medical records, patient accounting, and others. The conversion process includes a set of actions; scheduling clerks collect information from patients, match requirements to available time slots, and make appointments. The feedback will occur in the form of adjusted information on the number of time slot available as patients are scheduled for the clinic. (Austin and Boxerman’s, 2007). Admission- the admissions representative works in a team environment to facilitate admissions recruitment and the registration processes for that specific ambulatory care center. This position requires heavy outbound call volume, appointment scheduling, and handling of telephone, mail-in, walk-in, and internet-based (Alpine-college, 2009). The output for this simple system also becomes the input for several other functional systems of the clinic, such as, building a strong...
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...for watching video? Can you identify any shortcomings of the device? 2. Compare the capabilities of the Kindle to the iPad. Which is a better device for reading books? Explain your answer. 3. Would you like to use an iPad or Kindle for the books you use in your college courses or read for pleasure instead of traditional print publications? Why or why not? II Porter’s competitive forces model helps companies develop competitive strategies using information systems. In this context answer the following questions: 1. Define Porter’s competitive forces model and explain how it works. 2. Describe what the competitive forces model explains about competitive advantage. 3. List and describe four competitive strategies enabled by information systems that firms can pursue. 4. Describe how information systems can support each of these competitive strategies and give examples. 5. Explain why aligning IT with business objectives is essential for strategic use of systems. III Discussion Questions 1. It has been said that there is no such thing as a sustainable competitive advantage. Do you agree? Why or why not? 2. It has been said that the advantage that leading-edge retailers such as Dell and Wal-Mart have over their competition isn’t technology; it’s their management. Do you agree? Why or why not? 3. What are some of the issues to consider in determining whether the Internet would provide your business with a...
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...Structural functional theory is when society is a complex system of interconnected and interrelated social structures each having a function and working together to promote social stability. One hundred million people shop at Wal-Mart every week. Wal-Mart is very convenient for people to shop at. Most people do not even have to shop at other stores because Wal-Mart has everything. It’s also convenient because it is right around the corner from a lot of customers houses; they don’t have to travel far to find a Wal-Mart store so they save gas. People already know that Wal-Mart has the lowest prices so they don’t have to search for stores with low prices. The items sold are good quality as well as cheap. What more could someone ask for. Wal-Mart is a world leader in logistics and promotes greater efficiency between its suppliers. Bob McAdam who is the Wal-Mart vice president states in the video, “We are raising the standard of living through lowering the cost of goods for people.” He is saying that Wal-Mart is good for Structural functional theory is when society is a complex system of interconnected and interrelated social structures each having a function and working together to promote social stability. One hundred million people shop at Wal-Mart every week. Wal-Mart is very convenient for people to shop at. Most people do not even have to shop at other stores because Wal-Mart has everything. It’s also convenient because it is right around the corner from a lot of customers houses;...
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...The systems approach Attempts to reconcile the classical approach (emphasised the technical requirements of the organisation and its needs) with the human relations approach (emphasised the psychological and social aspects, and the consideration of humans needs). The attention is focused on the total work organization and the interrelationship of structure and behavior, and the range of the variables within the organisation. The principal idea is that any part of an organisations activities affects all others parts. The business organisation is an open system, there is continual interaction with the broader external environment of which it is part. The systems approach views the organisation within its total environment and emphasies the importance of multiple channels of interaction. The systems approachs views the organisation as a whole and involves the study of the organisations in terms of the relationships between technical and social variables within the system. The contingency approach This approach explain that the most appropriate structure and system pf management is therefore dependent upon the contingencies of the situation for each particular organisation, this approach implies that the organisation theory shouldn’t seek to suggest one best way to structure or manage organisation but should provide insights into the situational and contextual factors which influence management decisions. Other approaches to the study of organisations: -The decision-making...
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...Chapter 1: Two Different Worldviews The Framework of Individual Psychology The Framework of Systemic Family Therapy Basic Concepts of Systems Theory and Cybernetics Family Therapy or Relationship Therapy? Summary Chapter 2: The Historical Perspective Planting the Seeds: The 1940s Cybernetics Development of Interdisciplinary Approaches Gregory Bateson Putting Down Roots: The 1950s Bateson (Continued) The Double-Bind Hypothesis Nathan Ackerman Murray Bowen Carl Whitaker Theodore Lidz Lyman Wynne Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy John Elderkin Bell Christian F. Midelfort Overview of the 1950s The Plant Begins to Bud: The 1960s Paradigm Shift The MRI Salvador Minuchin Other Developments Blossom Time: The 1970s Psychodynamic Approaches Natural Systems Theory Experiential Approaches Structural Approaches Strategic Approaches Communication Approaches Behavioral Approaches Gregory Bateson Connecting and Integrating: The 1980s Other Voices The Limits of History Controversy, Conflict, and Beyond: The 1990s The Feminist Critique Family Therapy and Family Medicine Integration and Metaframeworks Managed Care The Twenty-First Century: Continuing Concerns and Emerging Trends Summary Chapter 3: The Paradigmatic Shift of Systems Theory A Cybernetic Epistemology Recursion Feedback Morphostasis/Morphogenesis Rules and Boundaries Openness/Closedness ...
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...first lectures of the course show an empirical and theoretical view of the major principles of the organizational design as well as the alternative design forms. The stakeholders, both insiders and outsiders, and their behavior or relations of cooperation and competition suppose an analysis need that provides them of a huge importance. I also realize about the importance of the agency theory and the problems and remedies caused, improving the importance of efficient corporate governance. This need of a good organization is solved by the systems theory, ”Organizations are systems of interdependent activities linking shifting coalitions of participants; the systems are embedded in – dependent on continuing exchange with and constituted by – the environments in which they operate”. (Scott, 1998:28). The systems which formed the organization have a common target and are classified in three levels based on their relevance. Both, stakeholders and systems, needs an analysis in order to get success in our procedures and adapt the venture structure to the different organizational designs provided in the lectures. After understanding these concepts, the lectures focused on the relation between the main management factors (Vision and mission) and the drivers analyzed, providing goals and strategies to the organization. As important as the creative process is the analysis to know the organizational boundaries, which let the organization look for available goals based on the efficiency and effectiveness...
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...for watching video? Can you identify any shortcomings of the device? 2. Compare the capabilities of the Kindle to the iPad. Which is a better device for reading books? Explain your answer. 3. Would you like to use an iPad or Kindle for the books you use in your college courses or read for pleasure instead of traditional print publications? Why or why not? II Porter’s competitive forces model helps companies develop competitive strategies using information systems. In this context answer the following questions: 1. Define Porter’s competitive forces model and explain how it works. 2. Describe what the competitive forces model explains about competitive advantage. 3. List and describe four competitive strategies enabled by information systems that firms can pursue. 4. Describe how information systems can support each of these competitive strategies and give examples. 5. Explain why aligning IT with business objectives is essential for strategic use of systems. III Discussion Questions 1. It has been said that there is no such thing as a sustainable competitive advantage. Do you agree? Why or why not? 2. It has been said that the advantage that leading-edge retailers such as Dell and Wal-Mart have over their competition isn’t technology; it’s their management. Do you agree? Why or why not? 3. What are some of the issues to consider in determining whether the Internet would provide your business with a...
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...Organizations as a system. A system is a whole made up of parts. Each part can affect the way other parts work and the way all parts work together will determine how well the system works. when can look at business organization as a system because it conforms to the system definition; it recognizes the interrelationships of people, processes, decisions and designs organizational structure in order to realize its projected economic goal. An organization with a good designed system will requires an understanding of how all the parts (for instance, HR department, production department, logistic department, finance department, sales department, marketing department, IT department …etc) fit together as a whole, an intimate understanding of the parts themselves for a better understanding of endogenous event and a full awareness of the organization’s environment including the other external systems to which it is connected to better prepare for exogenous changes. Some hypothetical problems that disrupt the balance of the an organization would be a coordination or communication issue between departments, for instance HR department not selecting adequate candidate for a specific job skill because it did not have all relevant information about the job, or for instance marketing department lunches a new product without integrating logistic department in the project which may cause delays of production and order fulfillment issues. Another issue that may disrupt the balance of the system is exogenous...
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...PubMed Abstract: Retroviral capsid proteins are conserved structurally but assemble into different morphologies. The mature human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) capsid is best described by a 'fullerene cone' model, in which hexamers of the capsid protein are linked to form a hexagonal surface lattice that is closed by incorporating 12 capsid-protein pentamers. HIV-1 capsid protein contains an amino-terminal domain (NTD) comprising seven α-helices and a β-hairpin, a carboxy-terminal domain (CTD) comprising four α-helices, and a flexible linker with a 310-helix connecting the two structural domains. Structures of the capsid-protein assembly units have been determined by X-ray crystallography; however, structural information regarding the assembled capsid and the contacts between the assembly units is incomplete. Here we report the cryo-electron microscopy structure of a tubular HIV-1 capsid-protein assembly at 8 Å resolution and the three-dimensional structure of a native HIV-1 core by cryo-electron tomography. The structure of the tubular assembly shows, at the three-fold interface, a three-helix bundle with critical hydrophobic interactions. Mutagenesis studies confirm that hydrophobic residues in the centre of the three-helix bundle are crucial for capsid assembly and stability, and for viral infectivity. The cryo-electron-microscopy structures enable modelling by large-scale molecular dynamics simulation, resulting in all-atom models for the hexamer-of-hexamer and pentamer-of-hexamer...
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...well: This chapter involves review of previous studies and researches carried out which were found to be related to this presently. Detailed review of literature was carried out to cover the following study areas as shown: - Organizations - Management - Motivation (Reward) and its theories - Relevance of motivation (reward) on productivity. 2.2 ORGANIZATION Organization can be defined as two or more people who work together in structured way achieve a specific goal or goals. Organization can be defined form diverse perspectives. According to Scott (1981) these are there perspective for defining organization these are: 1. Organization as rational systems. 2. Organization as natural systems. 3. Organizations an open system. Organization as Rational Systems: The definition of Organizations as a rational system emphasizes two major characteristic of Organizations. a. Specification of goals b. Formalization of structure. According or Barnard (1938) “formal Organization is that kind of cooperation concision of men that are conscious l deliberate and purposeful Scott (1981). Defines an Organization as a collectively oriented to the pursuit of relatively specific goals an exhibiting a relatively highly formalized social...
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...Nakelya Moragne 03-18-2014 HRDV 5630 QE S2 2.) How does OD differ from a single-change technique such as management training? Answer: OD represents a systems approach that is concerned with the interrelationship of various divisions, departments, groups, and individuals as interdependent subsystems of the total organization. A single technique such as management training is aimed at changing individual behavior, whereas OD is focused on the larger goal of developing an organization-wide improvement in managerial style. OD uses many different techniques and no single technique represents the OD discipline. 5.) Explain three basic responses an individual may have to socialization. Socialization is the process that adapts employees to the organization’s culture. An individual may respond to the socialization in three basic ways. The notion of socialization has been primarily a result of the inequality that exist within the capital system, as a result of the relationship present between the capitalist and the workers strata of the society. Though the response of capitalism to socialization has traditionally been harsh claiming it to be against the right of ownership for which the capitalist system stands for, the response have been changing in its magnitude from time to time. In today’s world where we are witnessing such acute difference in the wealth distribution in different parts of the world. Individuals may be worried about how they’re going to interact with their...
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