...Organ Transplant This thesis paper is about organ transplant. This paper is going to provide information on the history organ transplants and what’s going on right now. The simple definition is this: the moving of an organ from one body to another or from a donor site on the patient's own body, for the purpose of replacing the recipient’s damaged or absent organ. Successful human transplants have a relatively long history of operative skills were present long before the necessities for post-operative survival were discovered. Rejection and the side effects, such as infection were and still is the key problem. Several apocryphal accounts of transplants exist well prior to the scientific understanding and advancements that would be necessary for them to have actually occurred. The Chinese physician Pien Chi'ao reportedly exchanged hearts between a man of strong spirit but weak will with one of a man of weak spirit but strong will in an attempt to achieve balance in each man. Roman Catholic accounts report the 3rd-century saints Damian and Cosmas as replacing the gangrenous leg of the Roman deacon Justinian with the leg of a recently deceased Ethiopian. The first successful corneal allograft transplant was performed in 1837 in a gazelle model; the first successful human corneal transplant, a keratoplastic operation, was performed by Eduard Zirm at Olomouc Eye Clinic, now Czech Republic, in 1905. Pioneering work in the surgical technique of transplantation was made in the...
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...Definition Organ transplantation is the moving of an organ from one body to another or from a donor site to another location on the person's own body, to replace the recipient's damaged or absent organ. The emerging field of regenerative medicine is allowing scientists and engineers to create organs to be re-grown from the person's own cells (stem cells, or cells extracted from the failing organs). Organs and/or tissues that are transplanted within the same person's body are called auto grafts. Transplants that are recently performed between two subjects of the same species are called allograft. Allograft can either be from a living or cadaveric source. Organs that can be transplanted are the heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, pancreas, intestine, and thymus. Tissues include bones, tendons (both referred to as musculoskeletal grafts), cornea, skin, heart valves, nerves and veins. Worldwide, the kidneys are the most commonly transplanted organs, followed by the liver and then the heart. Cornea and musculoskeletal grafts are the most commonly transplanted tissues; these outnumber organ transplants by more than tenfold. Organ donors may be living, brain dead, or dead via circulatory death. Tissue may be recovered from donors who die of circulatory death, as well as of brain death – up to 24 hours past the cessation of heartbeat. Unlike organs, most tissues (with the exception of corneas) can be preserved and stored for up to five years, meaning they can be "banked". Transplantation...
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...Commercialization of Organ Transplants Nicholas Owens Professor Kenneth Pino Business Ethics 05-04-14 I’ve recently done research regarding the commercialization of Organ Transplants. I’ve found many arguments for and against this subject. Some individuals find the act to be unethical, and other’s think it will save lives. The problem is that a new policy was proposed to allow sale of organs by consenting individuals to patients in need and to medical institutions. When it comes to the subject of human organs, there are a few ethical standards to consider. There are religious standards, social norms, ethical code, morals, and policies in which we should follow. Critics argue that permitting organs to be bought and sold is unethical. Meaning that to commercialize organs transplants would violate an ethical code and social norm. During my research I’ve found many pros and cons concerning the commercialization of Organ Transplants. One of the pros would be that it shortens the waiting time for those in need of transplants. For example, if you have been on a waiting list to receive a kidney and there are more donated organs you will receive one quicker to save your life. Another pro for commercializing organ transplants are an individual’s rights to have the freedom to do what they wish with their body organs. Some people might equate this example to abortion stating that the government shouldn’t be able to tell you what to do with your body. During NOTA (National Organ Transplant) act of...
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...| Medicare Funded Organ Transplants | Ethical Issues | | Pamela Caldwell | 10/16/2011 | Keller Graduate School of Management | Medicare Funded Organ Transplants: Ethical Issues Introduction “Ethical issues are the branch of philosophy that defines what is good for the individual and for society and establishes the nature of obligations, or duties, that people owe themselves and one another. In modern society, ethics define how individuals, professionals, and corporations choose to interact with one another.” (Ethics, Legal legal definition of Ethics, Legal. Ethics, Legal synonyms by the Free Online Law Dictionary.) The ethical issue with Medicare funded organ transplants is who it should be eligible and the problem that the needed immunosuppressant drug is only available for a limited amount of time through Medicare funding. The value of a person’s life has been fragmented down to if they have worked long enough, have enough wealth and/or resources to deserve an organ transplant; and the required drugs. This is troublesome in the regard to should everyone have an equal shot to a prolonged life and quality of care. Only those who have the ability to pay will be put on the waiting list for an organ. Define Problem How can Medicare better handle the ethical issues faced with funding organ transplants and the medication needed? “Since 1973, end-stage renal disease has been the only condition specifically covered by Medicare regardless of age...
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...Commercialization of Organ Transplants Ollie Cook Strayer University BUS 309 Prof. Mark McMullen June 18, 2014 Commercialization of Organ Transplants 1. Briefly summarize the arguments for and against the commercialization of transplants that you found in your research. There are many who have expressed their feelings on the subject of commercializing organ transplants. One argument for the commercialization of organ transplants is “the possibility to supply 100% of the demand for organs.” An argument for those against the commercialization of organ transplants is,” the less fortunate (poor) whose organs now have monetary value and are vulnerable to exploitation in a growing industry known as “transplant tourism” (Corydon Ireland, Harvard News Office). The outcome of commercialized organ transplants may seem beneficial to all, but it is actually not for those affected by the illegal actions taken to obtain said organs. 2. Formulate your position on the debate of whether or not the sale of organs should be permitted. I feel that everyone has a right to choose whether he/she wants to sell organs for monetary gain or simply be a Good Samaritan by donating organs. Although many donors, which is a highly positive thing- you can help save several lives and touch many more. I believe that the stipulations that are in place today should be better enforced and monitored for those who make the choice to profit from organ transplants. The seller should...
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...commercialization of organ transplants have been a subject of ethical debate amongst healthcare professionals, ethicists and economists alike. There have been arguments made for and against the sale of organs. This paper will examine the ethical arguments associated with purchasing organs and determine whether it is ethical to do so. Arguments for and against the commercialization of organ transplants Supporters of the commercialization of organ transplants argue that it could effectively assist in greatly reducing the organ donor waiting lists. Kidneys, for example has a waiting list of 99,201 people in the United States (kidney.org, 2014). Some supporters, such as Julio J Elias, an economist at the State University of New York, Buffalo believes that marketing organs can work, it is less a matter of morals than it is a matter of social cost (Ireland, 2008). He believes that once society sees the benefits of commercializing transplants, they will no longer view it as unethical. Arguers against the commercialization of organ transplants believe that the sale of organs will ultimately prompt the exploitation of the poor. In a bulletin of the World Health Organization, it states that the neediest in poorer countries are often exploited by countries with a thriving market for organs (Garwood, 2007). Arguers worry that by commercializing transplants, it will cause a mass decent on those poor countries for the willing, yet uninformed, agreeing to sell their organs. My position...
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...Commercialization of Organ Transplants Rosetta Jeter Professor Rufus Robinson BUS309 - Business Ethics May 1, 2014 The commercialization of human organs for transplantation is a possibility with the potential to supply one hundred percent of the demand for organs. The ethical debate if whether to commercialize the sale of human organs has been prohibited in the United States since 1984 by the National Organ Transplantation Act. The principle fact that the heart, blood, corneas, skin, semen, tissue, female eggs, liver, hair, and lungs could be sold at a price which the rich people would exploitate and take advantage of poor people. However, the trading of human organs is being done any way. Putting the market into the open will open the door f or safety of the donor and the recipient. There are a vast majority of pre-trial medical studies being done with patients that have a certain type of diseases every day in the United States and are paid for the use of the study on them and the supplies are free as well as the services. Opening the market may control some of the illegal organ trading and if the trade is done legally and safe it would benefit them both even thru the death of the donor would benefit with a proper burial and compensate their family. The position of whether the sale of organs should be permitted or not should involve the donor, recipient, and medical authority for each one of them, for safe...
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...Commercialization of Transplants Introduction The 1983 Human Tissue Act 65 regulates every aspect concerning organ transplants (Schicktanz, and Chair in Bioethics (Ḥefah), 2013). Since its last amendment in 1989, there have been tremendous developments in medical science. Presently, organ transplants are nearly routine operations in various hospitals. Commercializing human part for transplantation has also seen an increase in demand for sperms, hair, plasma, eggs, among others. Even so, there are arguments for and against the commercialization of human organs such as marrow, kidney, and sundry, with both sides of the arguments facing criticism. It is imperative to investigate ethical aspects regarding commercialization of human organs. To reach a conclusion on whether it is ethical or unethical, this paper summarizes both sides of the argument and later presents a moral argument and rationale for commercialization of transplants. Without commercialization, there would be few potential donors willing to give out their organs to a dying patient who needs the specific organ urgently, which is contrary to human dignity. This is the moral argument in this report. Arguments for commercialization In 2009, a group of cancer patients, bone-marrow donation advocates, and parents filled a lawsuit against the US government. The federal law had banned buying and selling of human organs. One of the parents had three daughters suffering from a blood disorder called Fanconi anemia, whose...
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...Organ transplant is when a doctor surgically removes a person’s organ and places it in the recipient’s body. But this can only happen when the donors were agreed to donate their organ or tissue to the recipient. People need organ transplant because it is often the only treatment for end state organ failure, such as heart and kidney failure. This can happen because the person is having an illness or injury and there is no other treatment for it. I strongly believe that it is right to transplant human organs, because organ transplant can save many people lives and it’s a solution to many illnesses. Donating your organs is basically, giving someone a second chance at life. The best thing is that everyone can donate organs at almost any age – anywhere between a newborn baby to 65 years old can donate, whether that person is alive or dying. Organ transplant is more important than many of us realise- for our society. Today millions of people in the world are in need of an organ or tissue transplant....
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...In modern society, with the assisting of flourishing technology development, it is possible that organ transplant can be taken within the animal embryos and place it with human cells. Since, this types of cells are stem cells that can differentiate into many cell types, which allows generates functioning human organs. However, some people argue that taking modified human genes and placed it in the DNA in pig or sheep embryos should not happen, as it would appear to have a sense of human characteristics. Thanks to a stem cell researcher, Hiromitsu Nakauchi, at Stanford University and the University of Tokyo, claims that the process of Interspecies organ transplants is not only possible to make, but they can be done safely and effectively. This...
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...Controversial suicide Doctor, Jack Kevorkian once declared, “ Five to six thousand people die every year waiting for organs, but nobody cares.” Indeed, not many people are aware that a lack of organ donors exists. However, people of all ages are at risk of organ failure due to disease or genetic causes. Unfortunately, these people who have this might not be able to live because they do not make it to the top of the organ transplant waiting list. Up to eight people can be saved from organ failure from one donor. This all changed on December 23, 1954 when the first organ transplant, a kidney, took place (Plumb). Leading the surgery was a talented doctor named Doctor Joseph Murray, who received The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1990....
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...The National Organ Transplant Act of 1984 (NOTA) outlawed selling organs in the US. Before this act, a burst in number of kidney transplants needed caused a shortage in the number of available kidneys, and people ended up buying and selling kidneys- but with many complications. Due to no price ceiling on the organ market, healthy kidneys would be sold to the highest bidder. In order to end this, NOTA was passed and declared compensation for organs unethical. Now it’s 2018 and the US is facing the same kidney shortage it experienced in the 1970s. According to Wiley Online Library, an alarming 5000 to 10000 kidney patients die prematurely each year due to the scarcity of kidneys. After much research, I am able to conclude that compensating...
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...This article will look at organ transplant and the role it has and is playing out in our society: will also look at the cost of this procedures and who is most likely to receive an organ. We will also look at how this procedure is done and if it is done in accordance with medial guidelines as well as how many are done on a monthly basis and who qualifies for that organ. Organ donation has become very important for people who have organ problems: in many cases it is a lifesaving tool which can prolong the life of people who are suffering from some kind of organ disease. As a Christian I believe if a life can be saved with the help of organ donation then I believe that it is ok however, we have to make sure that this is not a situation that will create problems for the ones who really needs a transplant. If these procedure are done in the right manner then I is ok but we also have to look at the whole matter from other situations. Anyone who has a relative or friend with organ and or any other problems will be very happy to learn that an organ can save their loved one will be very happy at the thought that an organ which could prolong the life of their family will only be too happy to have this good news and share it with other family members. As we look into this matter of donation we also have to consider the fact that some doctors will actually terminate some lives in order to harvest those people’s organs. There could also be unnecessary deaths involved in this matter: therefore...
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...Commercialization of Organ Transplants Strayer University Business Ethics BUS309 Professor Bennett July 27, 2014 Commercialization of Organ Transplants Thousands of people die every day waiting on an organ transplant. But whose really say which patient is in more need than the next patient. The demand for organs in the medical community is very high, but solely dependent on the altruistic donations from willing participants or family members. The biggest obstacle would be trying to find enough organs to be donated to meet the demand of the many patients, but also be an exact match. The sale of organs has been banned since October of 1984. But the argument of how lucrative the profit can be has been discussed over and over again. It has been argued that commodification may not be the best option, but it could be ideal for the medical community. So many organizations believe that it is immoral to sell and buy organs of another human being for profit as if it was a piece of property. Other organizations feel that if you’re only going to dispose of the organs and there is a good use for them, why a profit can’t be made from the sale of the organs. The Organ Transplant Network believes that there is a great market in selling organs and the bigger picture is that it could possibly remedy the black market of selling organs illegally. The Organ Transplant Network believes that if a network was designed it can still be for volunteers and receive donations, but they would...
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...kidney and pancreas organ procurement, distribution, and allocation. The committee considers both the implications and the specific member situation relating to kidney or pancreas issues and policies. The goal of the Kidney and Pancreas Committee is to develop evidence –based policies aimed at reducing the burden of renal disease in transplant patients (candidates and recipients), increasing kidney and pancreas utilization, improving access to kidney and pancreas as appropriate, improving the health outcomes of kidney and pancreas recipients, and fostering access to trans- plantation and good outcomes for...
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