...an analysis of the characteristics of different organisational structures Organisational structure Organizational structure provides a backbone upon which all of a company's operational policies and work processes are built. Managerial reporting relationships and the flow of ideas, decisions and information are formally laid out by a company's organizational structure. Structures can be relatively flat or tall; taller structures tend to operate more bureaucratically. No single organizational structure is inherently better than another. bureaucratic organization A bureaucratic organization is one with rigid and tight procedures, policies and constraints; and the company reacts with stringent controls as well as a reluctance to adapt or change. Bureaucracies are very organized with a high degree of formality in the way it operates Many layers of management are typical for a bureaucratic organization. With a pyramid in mind, the leader or president is at the top of the company, and all other departments cascade underneath that leader. Vice presidents report to the president or chief executive officer, and in turn, directors report to the vice presidents. Managers of departments are underneath the directors and these managers typically have numerous supervisors reporting to them. Finally, the workers in a bureaucratic organization report to the supervisors. Structure is important for a bureaucratic company. stakeholders A corporate stakeholder is that which can affect...
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...Organizational Structure & Culture Organizational Structure What is Organizational Structure? Defines how job tasks are formally – Divided – Grouped – Coordinated Six key elements – – – – – – Work specialization Departmentalization Chain of command Span of control Centralization & decentralization Formalization Controls, coordinates & motivates employees Work Specialization Degree to which tasks in organization are subdivided into separate jobs Efficiency gains – Payment related to skill-level required skill– Increase in performance in specific task – Encouraging creation of special inventions Efficiency losses Boredom Fatigues Stress Poor quality High absenteeism & turnover Productivity – – – – – specialization Departmentalization The basis by which jobs are grouped together Possible ways – By functions performed E.g., engineering, accounting, personnel…. – By type of product E.g., fuel, waxes, chemicals – On basis of geography E.g., western, southern, midwestern, eastern… – On basis of process E.g., Casting, press, tubing, finishing, inspect, pack, ship…. – By type of customer E.g., Service retail, wholesale, government customers Large companies might combine the forms! The Chain of Command & Span of Control Chain of command – Line of authority from top of the organization to lowest part – Specifies who reports to whom – Each managerial position is given its place & degree of authority – Unity of command principle preserves unbroken line of command Span...
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...BUISNESS 1 WHY IS THE VW SCANDAL IMPORTANT TO BUISNESS PRACTITIONERS? 2 What is the relevance of this issue to business operations at present and in the future? 3 How might this impact business? 3 Conclusion on effectiveness of the VW group’s handling of the scandal 4 What other discussions in the press, professional circles and in your own practice relevant to the topic/issue selected 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 WHY IS THE VW SCANDAL IMPORTANT TO BUSINESS PRACTITIONERS? The VW Scandal brings to light the issues with organizational structure, moral and ethical issues within large international companies, A BBC News report outlined business structure: “It's still unclear who knew what and when, although VW must have had a chain of management command that approved fitting cheating devices to its engines, so further departures are likely.” (Russell Hotten October 2015). This issue highlights the importance of business structure as with lack of it in a large company can cause people to take irrational possibly immoral decisions. These decisions have the potential to cause major fallout for the company, Reasons for preforming immoral business activities can vary and (Cowan, R. & Rizzo, M.J. 1995). Have looked into when immoral acts can actually be justified if the outcome is for the greater good for ethnical reasons. In the case of VW, they wanted to become the largest car producer and they disregarded environmental regulations to achieve higher profits. Which is not...
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...business environment, structure serves as an important operational vehicle through which a firm can effectively achieve its strategic goals. Miller (1988) asserts that a firm’s structure must be aligned with both its strategy and environment in order for efficient performance to be realised. Growth options, types of ownership, business processes and information systems are all underlying foci embedded within the analysis of business structure. Child (2005) believes that at the core of structure lays a number of choices including the degree of specialisation and the nature of control mechanisms (cited in Needle 2010). A major determinant of these factors is the firm’s type of ownership or legal structure. Sole traders, traditionally associated with smaller firms, have unlimited liability and carry no legal distinction between themselves and the business. Conversely, larger corporations carry the advantage of limited liability while partnerships can have either limited or unlimited liability (Soyref 2012). The size of a business may also determine its structural class, with ‘many small firms having no apparent structure at all beyond a centralised control system’ (Needle 2010, pg. 181). Miles and Snow (1992) identifies three major types of organisational structure- functional structure, which operates through centrally coordinated specialisation; divisional structure, which diversifies operations by either product type or geographical region; and matrix structure, which attempts to...
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...Organizational Design and Structure One of the wonderful things about being a coach is that I meet hundreds of executives who freely share their business and leadership challenges with me. As well as helping me understand how hard it is to run an organization, they show me how they are managing to adapt — or not — to changing organizational structures. A constant theme during meetings over the last three years has been how globalisation and the economic crisis have forced organizations to rethink their strategies and change they way they operate. From what I can gather, much of this has been "on the hoof," with companies switching their focus from markets to products or competitors, rather than looking at the big picture. This can result in lots of piecemeal change initiatives rather than looking at the overall organizational design. I rarely come across leaders who advocate wholesale organizational redesign or use it as a way to support their people and business. When organizational strategy changes, structures, roles, and functions should be realigned with the new objectives. This doesn't always happen, with the result that responsibilities can be overlooked, staffing can be inappropriate, and people — and even functions — can work against each other. Often, I see little more than a traditional hierarchy flattening out, perhaps broadening into a matrix structure in parts of the organization. More often than not, though, the hierarchy remains embedded in the "new" structure, which can cut...
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...Every organisation has an individual structure that provides coordination and control of the organisation’s activities. Organisational structures are complex and specific to the variables of the organisation such as strategy, industry, geographical location, government legislation, access to technology and funds for growth as well as many other variables of the organisation. They also need to be flexible and innovative to remain profitable in a competitive and globalised market, involving continual monitoring and change to the structure of the organisation. As an organisation’s components vary from one to another there can be no ideal or perfect organisational structure. An ideal or perfect organisational structure is theoretical and designed based upon the goals and demands of the business at the time (Kroon, 1995). Goals of a business are derived from the organisation’s strategies which can be highly differentiated between different types of organisations from stock-exchange listed corporations to non-profit organisations. Microsoft is a listed corporation in a highly innovative field which today is managed as eight independent divisions, all with different strategies. In separating Microsoft to eight different divisions this allows for specialisation while also providing eight different structures with eight different sets of policies, procedures and management structures (Legerer et al, 2009). This shows that even within the one organisation a set structure is not suitable...
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...Analysis of the structure and culture of Thanda Forestry Company (TFC). 1. BUSINESS PROFILE OF THANDA FORESTRY COMPANY (TFC) TFC is a forestry parastatal which manages 175 000 hectors of State-owned commercial plantations. The Group consists of two main operating subsidiaries: Matanda Forests (“MF”) operating in South Africa’s 3 provinces (Limpopo, Mpumalanga and KwaZulu-Natal), and Florestais Mozambucus (“FM”) located in the Manica province of Mozambique. TFC was established in 1990 and has a total of 3000 employees with three main offices, two in South Africa and one in Mozambique. 2. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY I conducted the analysis of TFC’s internal and external environments and factors affecting its business for the Chief Executive officer of TFC. I reflected on gaps in its organisational design and culture and recommendations. TFC employees have not adopted a corporate culture of “growth through partnerships” as shaped by its new vision, mission and co-values. Its organisational structures are designed with an internal focus. The current economic meltdown has not made things easy for TFC, it has lost 50% of its long-term customers, sales volumes and revenue has dropped significantly. A need exist for TFC to implement change if they wish to survive in the next five year. The OECD report reflects undue political interference on SOE’s that distract them from achieving agreed objectives (OECD, 2005). TFC should consider trading as a private entity if it is to survive...
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...A Matrix structure organisation contains teams of people created from various sections of the business. These teams will be created for the purposes of a specific project and will be led by a project manager. Often the team will only exist for the duration of the project and matrix structures are usually deployed to develop new products and services.The basis for the matrix organization is an endeavor to create synergism through shared responsibility between project and functional management. The advantages of a matrix include Individuals can be chosen according to the needs of the project. The use of a project team which is dynamic and able to view problems in a different way as specialists have been brought together in a new environment. Project managers are directly responsible for completing the project within a specific deadline and budget. Because key people can be shared, the project cost is minimized. Conflicts are minimal, and those requiring hierarchical referrals are more easily resolved. There is a better balance between time, cost and performance. Authority and responsibility are shared. Stress is distributed among the team. It attempts to retain the benefits of both structures ( functional organization and project team structure ). · Coordinates resources in a way that applies them effectively to different projects. · Staff can retain membership on teams and their functional department colleagues. While the disadvantages...
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...Mémoire à la Commission Bouchard-Taylor Guy Durand septembre 2007 Identité québécoise et accommodements raisonnables RÉSUMÉ (2 pages) L'histoire, la culture et l'identité du Québec sont marquées, non seulement par la langue française, mais aussi par la tradition et la culture chrétiennes. Le respect et la promotion de cette identité remet en cause la pratique actuelle des "accommodements raisonnables". Cette thèse repose sur l'analyse de trois notions: la laïcité, l'intégration citoyenne et les droits de la personne. I - La culture et l'identité du Québec La notion de culture et d'identité Au sens social, par opposition à la culture personnelle (humaniste ou/et scientifique), la culture est cet ensemble de valeurs, de normes, de symboles, d'institutions et d'artéfacts qui caractérisent un groupe ou un peuple. Elle comprend donc de multiples aspects qu'il est opportun de détailler: langue, institutions, valeurs, paysage architectural, paysage artistique, toponymie, rythme du temps. La culture chrétienne Au Québec, cette culture et cette identité ont été forgées et restent largement marquées par la tradition judéo-chrétienne. Le fait est indéniable, en dépit des critiques que l'on peut faire à l'Église catholique. Les valeurs chrétiennes (ou les valeurs développées par le christianisme) sont devenues les valeurs communes dont on a oublié l'origine. C'est dire que tous les aspects de la culture, signalés précédemment, en portent la marque. L'ouverture au monde n'amoindrit...
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...M´moire de stage de recherche e Vision et Audition Etude des processus cognitifs de reconnaissance et de diff´renciation e dans les domaines visuel et sonore Nicolas Esposito nik@niksnews.com www.niksnews.com ` Universit´ de Technologie de Compiegne e — Printemps 1998 Parce que chacune des douze notes a une position, un titre, une fonction propre, l’œuvre que nous entendons est plus qu’une simple masse sonore : elle d´veloppe devant nous une action. e (Milan Kundera, [13], p. 272) Ce m´moire a ´t´ r´alis´ a l’UTC1 dans le cadre du mineur PHITECO2 e ee e e` pour l’obtention de l’unit´ de valeur SC023 suite au s´minaire JIOSC 974 . e e Il est aussi disponible en version ´lectronique ` l’adresse suivante : e a www.niksnews.com/sc02/ Je tiens a remercier cordialement Bruno BACHIMONT, Charles LENAY, ` Fran¸ois SEBBAH et V´ronique HAVELANGE pour leurs pr´cieux enseignements. c e e ´ Je remercie ´galement Renaud SIRDEY, Andr´ GOASDOUE et Nicolas SALZMANN e e pour l’aide qu’ils m’ont apport´e, et toutes les personnes qui ont eu la e gentillesse de r´pondre ` mon enquˆte. e a e 1 Universit´ de Technologique de Compi`gne e e PHIlosophie, TEchnologie, COgnition 3 Stage de recherche 4 Journ´es Interdisciplinaires d’Orsay sur les Sciences Cognitives e 2 R´sum´ e e Le monde visuel et le monde sonore peuvent chacun ˆtre ´tudi´s en tant e e e que signal avec les mˆmes outils math´matiques5 (s´ries de Fourier...
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...Was hat Ihnen am Werk /an den Werken des von Ihnen gewählten Dramatikers / Dichters besonders gut gefallen? Aus welchen Gründen? Ich habe viele Filme gesehen, die von Tom Tykwer inszeniert wurden. Sie sind nicht die Art Filme, die ich normalerweise mag, aber sie gefallen mir. Sie haben sehr interessante Charaktere und Tykwer nutzt viele Techniken. Mein Lieblingsfilm ist „der Krieger und die Kaiserin“ und der seltsamste Film, den ich gesehen habe, ist „die tödliche Maria“. Normalerweise mag ich Filme, die dem typischen Erfolgskonzept eines Hollywoodfilms folgen. Ich würde sagen, dass Tom Tykwer Filme nicht zu dieser Kategorie gehören. Stattdessen haben sie sehr interessante Geschichten und komplizierte Charaktere, aber sie haben meisten glückliches Ende, aber die Reise dahin ist bizarr und schwierig. Ich war überrascht, wie viel ich sie genossen habe. Die Charaktere, die er geschaffen hat, sind Leute, die am Rande der Gesellschaft leben. In „der Krieger und die Kaiserin“ ist die Heldin Sissi. Sie wird in einem psychiatrischen Austalt geboren. Ihre Mutter war eine Krankenschwester und ihr Vater ist ein Insasse. Sie ist in dem Irrenhaus aufgewachsen. Deshalb ist es alles, das sie kennt. Sie wird auch eine Krankenschwester und wir sehen Sissi, wie sie weit über ihre Pflichten hinausgeht, als sie einen Insasse sexuell begriedigt. Maria in „die tödliche Maria“ hat eine ebenso merkwürdige Kindheit. Ihre Mutter ist gestorben, als Maria geboren wurde. Ihr Vater hat einen Herzinfarkt...
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...BONJOUR TRISTESSE – Une Version Le roman ‘Bonjour Tristesse’, écrit par Françoise Sagan quand elle était elle-même adolescente, a lieu pendant les années cinquante. L’action de l’histoire se déroule dans le sud de la France à la côte méditerrannéenne, en été, quand il fait vraiment chaud tous les jours. En fait la chaleur joue un rôle important dans l’histoire, d’une part érotique quand les personnages s’abandonnent aux plaisirs de l’amour, et d’autre part pour peut-être expliquer la lassitude qui sert d’excuse pour des pensées déraisonnables et des actions égoïstes. En général il s’agit de cinq personnages. Cécile, la narratrice, a dix-sept ans. Elle est fille unique de son père, qui s’appelle Raymond et qui est veuf. Cécile a passé sa jeunesse dans un couvent et à l’âge de quinze ans elle est allée à Paris avec son père afin de goûter la vie, puisque Raymond aime vivre, a plusieurs maîtresses et, en fin de compte, est libertin et homme de femmes. On va passer des grandes vacances près de Cannes dans une villa, que son père avait louée pour quelques mois, avec une de ses maîtresses, qui s’appelle Elsa. Mais cette situation idéale et insouciante est bouleversée quand une ancienne amie de son père, qui s’appelle Anne, arrive. Anne est une femme de classe, une dame plus âgée, respectable et intelligente. Sa confiance et froideur déconcertante attire la jeune Cécile qui, comme adolescent typique, est toujours à la recherche d’un sens d’identité et de comprendre qui...
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...Erläuterungen zum Perspektivenschema der kritisch-konstruktiven Didaktik nach Wolfgang Klafki 1. Aspekte der Planung und Gestaltung von Unterricht 1. Voraussetzungen eines Konzepts von Unterricht Als allgemeine Voraussetzungen eines Unterrichtskonzepts gelten hierbei ( Klafki 1987 ) ➢ Die generelle Zielbestimmung des Unterrichts ist, Hilfe zu geben bei der Ent-wicklung von Selbstbestimmungs- und Solidaritätsfähigkeit. Hierzu zählen auch die rationale Diskursfähigkeit ( = Fähigkeit zur Begründung und Reflexion ) sowie die entwickelte Rationalität und die Handlungsfähigkeit. ➢ Der Zusammenhang von Lehren und Lernen wird als Interaktionsprozess verstanden, in dem Lernende mit Unterstützung von Lehrenden zunehmend selbstständig werden in der Aneignung und Verarbeitung von Kenntnissen und hierbei auch die Fähigkeit zu weiterem Lernen gewinnen. ➢ Unterrichtliches Lernen muss in seinem Kern entdeckendes, sinnhaftes und ver- stehendes Lernen sein, dem die reproduktive Übernahme und das Üben sowie Trainieren nachgeordnet sind. ➢ Lehren muss als Vollzug für den Lernenden und mit ihm gerechtfertigt und geplant werden, d.h. Mitplanung und Mitgestaltung des Unterrichts durch Schüler ( offener und schülerorientierter Unterricht ). ➢ Unterricht ist ein sozialer Prozess, in den Biografien von Lehrern und Schülern einfließen. Soziales Lernen steht im Mittelpunkt und sollte funktional und intentional...
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...1. Was sind die Herausforderungen des Managements von L’Oréal? L’Oréal wurde 1907 gegründet und ist eine der größten Kosmetik- und Beauty-Unternehmen weltweit. Das Unternehmen verkauft mehr als 500 unterschiedliche Marken. Außerdem hat das Unternehmen fünf Forschungs-und Entwicklungszentren, welche von Frankreich bis über die USA, Japan und China verbreitet sind. Eine Herausforderung dabei an die Managementabteilung ist es, diese fünf Zentren miteinander zu verknüpfen. Alle sollten auf einer gemeinsamen Plattform fungieren und Zugriff auf die aktuellsten Informationen haben. Das ist eine schwierige Aufgabe für das Managementteam, denn die Informationen die sie bekommen sollen zudem in wertvolle Daten übersetzt werden. Das Intranet für diesen Bereich muss tausende von Forschern in den oben genannten Gebieten unterstützen. Das Intranet ist erforderlich um professionelle Anwendungen sowie Datenbanken zu Themen wie Biologie, Patente, Haarfarbe und Laborsicherheit zu schützen. In einem so großen Netzwerk, fällt es den Teams schwer, miteinander zu kommunizieren. Es besteht die Möglichkeit, dass Teammitglieder das Interesse an gewerblichen Tätigkeiten verlieren, weil eben viel Energie und Aufwand in die Kommunikation investiert wird. Um diese Hürde zu überwinden und diese Herausforderung erfolgreich zu meistern, entschied sich L’Oréal den Share Point Portal Server zu verwenden. Weitere Herausforderungen für die Managementabteilung: • Eine globale Wissensmanagementplattform...
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...Describe the structure and organisation of the retail sector What is retailing? Retailing is selling products or services to consumers/customers for their own use, Examples of retail stores are Primark, Next, River Island and Tesco. There are thousands and thousands of different retail stores across the country. Retailers are a vital part of the business world as they add value to products and services. The organisation – Retailing takes on many forms in the market. They are… - Types of retailers - Online and physical stores - Clicks and bricks - Emerging stores for example; Shopping villages, teleshopping and hybrid stores. There are many types of retailers. Some examples are as follow Type of Retailer Example Department Stores Marks and Spencer, John Lewis, Top Shop, Debenhams Multiple Chains WHSmith, McDonald’s, Burger King Independents Spar Supermarkets Morrisons, Tesco, Sainsbury’s and ASDA Specialist Stores Pc World, Kodak, Jessops Catalogue Stores Argos, Currys, Membership clubs Matalan Discount Stores Superdrug, Pound Land, Pound world Internet Stores Amazon Internet Auction EBay Online and physical stores – Online shopping consists of going on a website which allows you to order your product or service straight from your home. A very well-known website for this is amazon.com. However buying products and services are not the only thing you can get. Many supermarkets such as Tesco’s can allow you to order you’re shopping from...
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