1. Identify, and outline briefly, major trends in management theory since the beginning of this century.

• Classical – this approach focuses on purpose, formal structure, hierarchy of management, technical requirements and common principle
 Scientific Management – A major sub-group of classical approach, emphasis is placed on increased productivity through technical structuring of the work organization and the provision of monetary incentive as motivator of highest output.
 Bureaucracy – Another major sub-group of classical approach, it focuses on the importance of administration based on expertise (rules of expert) and administration based on discipline (rules of official)
• Structuralism – This approach places emphasis on the relationship between the formal and informal aspects of the organization of the organization, and the conflict of needs between the needs of the individual and organization, and between the workers and management.
• Human Relations – This approach underlines the social factor at work and the behavior of employees within an organization.
• Neo Human Relations – This approach is concerned on the personal adjustment of the individual work within the organization, and the effects of group relationships and leadership styles.
• Systems – This approach is focused on the total work of the organization and the interrelationships of structure and behavior, and the range variables within the organization.
• Contingency – This approach highlights the possible means of differentiating among alternative forms of organization structures and systems of management.

2. Assess critically the relevance of scientific management to present-day organizations. Illustrate your answer with reference to your own organization.

The work of Taylor has paved the way to many forms of performance-based rewards and incentives. There is a saying that