...world is more concerned about organizations with high rate in their performance, effectiveness, employee satisfaction, organizational commitment, career development and etc. Thus, organizations want employees to go behind their day-to-day job duties and exceed expectations. Literatures suggest that these extra-voluntary behaviors, called organizational citizenship behaviors, are positively related to the indicators of organizational effectiveness. Katz and Kahn (1978) mentioned that organizational citizenship behaviors can be extremely valuable to organizations and can contribute to enhance better performance as well as competitive advantage (Jahangir & Akbar 2004). The purpose of this paper is to provide a review on Organizational Citizenship Behaviors and its impacts on organizational effectiveness. The first section will define organizational citizenship behaviors and reviews some standpoints from different authors. The second section will explain the main types of behaviors. However, many behavioral patterns are likely to fall into this category, but we focus on the most important ones. Furthermore, the antecedents of the OCBs as well as its consequences will be discussed. Finally the paper will propose HR practices that can help to encourage employees to exhibit favorable behaviors and enhance effective OCBs. An Introduction to Organizational Citizenship Behavior Katz, as far back as 1964, was the one who emphasized on the need for a behavioral system that went beyond...
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...Organization Citizenship Behavior For Organizational Performance BUS2010 Organizational Behavior Term Members Section 2 Group 5 Date of Submit: 29th April 2013 Date of Presentation: 17th May 2013 CONTENTS PAGE ✓ Introduction……………………………………………………………………….…1 ✓ Low Organizational Citizenship Behavior for Organizational Performance…….….2 ✓ Excessive Organizational Citizenship Behavior for Organizational Performance….4 ✓ Suitable Organizational Citizenship Behavior for Organizational Performance ...…6 ✓ Conclusion……………………………………………………………………….…10 Recommendations……………………………………………………...…..…11 ✓ Group Learning Refluences………………………………………………………….11 ✓ References LIST OF ILLUSTRATUIBS TABLE PAGE 1. Ordinary Least Squares Regression Parameter Estimates for Work Crew OCBs on Quantity and Quality…………………………………………9 Introduction Nowadays, the growing number of companies and researches have focused on and had the argument about the organization citizenship behavior for the organizational performance, especially the way of organization citizenship behavior affecting organizational performance. Some of them believe it in an easy way that the more attention is paid on organization citizenship...
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...RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIORS, EFFICIENCY, AND CUSTOMER SERVICE PERCEPTIONS IN TAIWANESE BANKS ABSTRACT Organizational citizenship behaviors (OCB) describe actions in which employees are willing to go above and beyond their prescribed role requirements. Prior theory suggests and some research supports the belief that these behaviors are correlated with indicators of organizational effectiveness. Studies have yet to explore whether relationships between OCB and organizational effectiveness are generalizable to non-U.S. samples. The present study examined relationships between OCB and two indicators of organizational effectiveness -- the efficient use of human resources and perceived service quality – for bank branches in Taiwan. The results supported a relationship between the OCB dimension of altruism and the efficient use of human resources. Implications of these results are discussed. Key Words: citizenship behaviors, organizational effectiveness, service quality The effective functioning of an organization depends on employee efforts that extend beyond formal role requirements (Barnard, 1938; Katz & Kahn, 1966; Organ, 1988). Organ (1988) termed these extra efforts “organizational citizenship behaviors” (OCB), and defined them to include activities that target other individuals in the workplace (e.g., helping coworkers or communicating changes that affect others) and the organization itself (e.g., actively participating in group...
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...INFLUENCE OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR: A THREE-SECTOR STUDY Jagannath Mohanty, Institute of Management Technology, Nagpur Bhabani P Rath, Berhampur University, Berhampur ABSTRACT In recent years, the employer expectations have witnessed an upward surge, in anticipation of certain discretionary behaviors out of their employees, which fall beyond the purview of workplace requirement and reward systems. All this apparently is to ensure long service periods and bring out the ‘Organizational Citizen’ within the employee in the organizational context. The present paper is an attempt to examine and investigate the extent of impact that a given Organizational Culture has on Citizenship Behaviors of the employees in an Organization. The study examines the impact of select Culture variables on Organizational Citizenship Behavior across three dominant Organizations representing three sectors of the economy namely, Manufacturing, and Information Technology & Banking. The paper specifically aims at establishing a cause effect relationship between dominant Organizational culture characteristics on Organizational Citizenship Behaviors. JEL: M10; M14 KEYWORDS: Organizational Culture, Organizational Citizenship Behavior, Correlation INTRODUCTION A substantial amount of attention has been paid to the concept of organizational culture in the past several years (Cameron & Freeman, 1991). Likewise, the subject of organizational culture has ...
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...the organization. There are four common forms of counterproductive behavior that will be discussed. Productive and counterproductive behaviors definitely impact the overall performance of the employees within an organization. There are several strategies that can increase productive behavior and strategies to decrease counterproductive behavior in an organization. Productive Behavior The definition for productive behavior is when the employee behavior positively contributes to the organizations goals and objectives. In the financial aspect, productive behavior represents the moment the organization achieves some return on the investment of the new employee. Productive behavior is classified into three forms: job performance, organizational citizenship behavior, and innovation. The first form of productive behavior is job performance, which is a representation of engaged employee behaviors while at work. Another aspect of job performance is that it represents certain behaviors that are later evaluated by the organization. There are two models of job performance including; in-role performance and extra-role performance. In-role performance is the performance of the technical aspects of an employee’s position. Extra-role performance is the nontechnical aspects, which include exhibition of motivation, enthusiasm at work, effective communication, and...
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...Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB): Evaluating Organizational Efficiency and Success through Employee Performance In Israeli Public Management Eran Vigoda-Gadot Abstract Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) is a unique aspect of individual activity at work, first mentioned in the early 1980s. According to Organ's (1988) definition, It represents "individual behavior that is discretionary, not directly or explicitly recognized by the formal reward system, and in the aggregate promotes the efficient and effective functioning of the organization" (p.4). This special behavior has become a lively research field investigated by organizational sociologists, psychologists, and management researchers. However, whereas most of the studies appear to deal with the phenomenon from a behavioral/functional perspective the natural orientation of citizenship to the political science arena is overlooked. Two main facets of OCB are mentioned in previous studies: (1) OCB altruistic, and (2) OCB compliance. Whereas altruism appears to represent the help to specific persons, generalized compliance is a factor defined by a more impersonal sort of conscientiousness. It implies more of a "good soldier" or "good citizen" syndrome of doing things that are "right and proper", but doing them for the sake of the system rather than for specific persons. In the view of Smith et al. (1983), the two elements represent distinct classes of citizenship. This study tries to identify the...
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...CHAPTER OVERVIEW Job performance is the set of employee behaviors that contribute to organizational goal accomplishment. It has three components: 1) task performance, or the transformation of resources into goods and services; 2) citizenship behaviors, or voluntary employee actions that contribute to the organization; and 3) counterproductive behaviors, or employee actions that hinder organizational accomplishments. This chapter discusses trends that affect job performance in today’s organizations, as well as practices that organizations can use to manage job performance. LEARNING GOALS After reading this chapter, you should be able to answer the following questions: 2.1 What is the definition of job performance? What are the three dimensions of job performance? 2.2 What is task performance? How do organizations identify the behaviors that underlie task performance? 2.3 What is citizenship behavior, and what are some specific examples of it? 2.4 What is counterproductive behavior, and what are some specific examples of it? 2.5 What workplace trends affect job performance in today’s organizations? 2.6 How can organizations use job performance information to manage employee performance? CHAPTER OUTLINE I. Job Performance A. Defined as the value of the set of employee behaviors that contribute either positively or negatively to organizational goal accomplishment 1. Behaviors are within the control of employees, but results (performance...
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...confusion in the literature, it remains unclear (a) which trust antecedents have the strongest relationships with trust and (b) whether trust fully mediates the effects of trustworthiness and trust propensity on behavioral outcomes. Our meta-analysis of 132 independent samples summarized the relationships between the trust variables and both risk taking and job performance (task performance, citizenship behavior, counterproductive behavior). Meta-analytic structural equation modeling supported a partial mediation model wherein trustworthiness and trust propensity explained incremental variance in the behavioral outcomes when trust was controlled. Further analyses revealed that the trustworthiness dimensions also predicted affective commitment, which had unique relationships with the outcomes when controlling for trust. These results generalized across different types of trust measures (i.e., positive expectations measures, willingness-to-be-vulnerable measures, and direct measures) and different trust referents (i.e., leaders, coworkers). Keywords: trust; trustworthiness, commitment, integrity, citizenship Trust has become an important topic of...
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...Running head: Organizational Psychology Organization Psychology John Doe PSY/428 August 15, 2011 Professor Shannon Warren Productive and Counterproductive Behaviors One of the most valuable assets to an organization is the quality of its employees. A business’s success is predicated upon its resourceful, productive employees. The essence of a growing organization is to foster structured policies and motivate employees to become more aggressive and dedicate his or her time to assisting the company to achieve its goals. This paper will define productive and counterproductive behavior, describe the impact of these behaviors on the organization, and recommend strategies to increase productive behavior while decreasing counterproductive behavior. Productive Behavior The best definition of productive behavior is having a clear understanding of a company’s goals and working hard to help achieve them. Productive behavior is defined as employee behavior that contributes positively to the goals and objectives of the organization (Jex & Britt, 2008). There are different forms of productive behavior that are essential for an organization. One form is job performance. An employee’s ability to perform effectively and productively requires that he or she have a good understand...
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...aspects that are central to this construct. First, OCBs are thought of as discretionary behaviors, which are not part of the job description, and are performed by the employee as a result of personal choice. Second, OCBs go above and beyond that which is an enforceable requirement of the job description. Finally, OCBs contribute positively to overall organizational effectiveness. Organ’s (1988) definition of OCB has generated a great deal of criticism. The very nature of the construct makes it difficult to operationally define. Critics started questioning whether or not OCBs, as defined by Organ, were discretionary in nature. Organ (1997), in response to criticisms, notes that since his original definition, jobs have moved away from a clearly defined set of tasks and responsibilities and have evolved into much more ambiguous roles. ------------------------------------------------- Multidimensionality The construct of OCB, from its conception, has been considered multidimensional. Smith, Organ, and near (1983) first proposed two dimensions: altruism and general compliance. These two dimensions serve to improve organizational effectiveness in different ways. Altruism in the workplace consists essentially of helping behaviors. These behaviors can both be directed within or outside of the organization. There is no direct link, or one-to-one relationship, between every instance of helping behavior and a specific gain for the organization. The idea is that over time, the...
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...Productive and Counterproductive Behaviors Productive and Counterproductive Behaviors According to the text, productive behavior is defined as employee behavior that contributes positively to the goals and objectives of the organization. Productive behavior has three common forms which are job performance, organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) and innovation. Job performance can be based the four difference aspect, effectiveness, which is an evaluation of the results of an employee’s job performance. Productivity, which is the cost of achieving a given level of performance or effectiveness. Efficiency is the level of performance that can be achieved in a given period of time and utility is the value of the given level. Organization citizenship behavior is the second form of productive behavior and it refers to the behaviors that are not part of employees’ formal job descriptions. There are three explanations why employees engage in OCB. The first is primary determinant is positive affect in the form of job satisfaction. The second deals with the cognitive evaluations of the fairness of employees’ treatment by an organization. The third and final explanation is due to disposition meaning that certain personality traits predispose individuals to engage in OCB. The last common form is innovation. Innovation is when employees’ comes up with cost saving ideas that will help the company grow. Counterproductive behavior is behavior that explicitly runs counter to...
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...Negate Counterproductive Behaviors and Foster Organizational Citizenship: Research-Based Recommendations for Managers Katherine M. Fodchuk Department of Psychology Old Dominion University Past research has identified both employee characteristics and aspects of the work environment that can serve as antecedents to positive and negative workplace behavior. This article reviews research identifying the major factors that prompt both counterproductive work behaviors (CWB) and organizational citizenship behaviors (OCB). The dynamics of these relations are discussed, and possible approaches for workplace diagnosis and interventions designed to negate CWB and foster OCB are offered. A special focus on the implications of and possible interventions incorporating organizational justice are also presented. In the past several years, organizational behavior literature has benefited from a growing body of research that has moved beyond investigations of task performance and ventured into other performance domains of counterproductive work behavior (CWB) and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB; Conlon, Meyer, & Nowakowski, 2005; Dalal, 2005). This research has revealed both employee characteristics and aspects of the work environment that can serve as antecedents to such positive or negative behavior. For instance, studies have examined organizational factors such as job design (Tompson & Werner, 1997), organizational injustice (e.g., Aquino, Lewis, & Bradfield, ...
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...ATTITUDES, VALUES AND ETHICS ATTITUDE Attitude is a person’s overall evaluation of a person, or issue. It could be favorable or unfavorable towards something. It is considered along with other elements- beliefs and behaviors.Beliefs represent what we have learned or come to know through experience. As such, they are either true or represent what we think is true. Example, that working on a challenging project would bring recognition in the organization or that working after office hours would affect health and personal life while behaviors represent the actions we take with regard to a particular object or entity. Example, whether one complete the project successfully or leave the office at 6:00 PM in the evening. In the simplest case, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors should be related but there are instances that the relation between attitudes, beliefs and behaviors is not very strong (Wiegel et al., 1974). For example, we might dislike studying, (a negative attitude) and rarely study at all (negative behavior) yet truly believe it will lead to success, yet rarely study. We could even dislike studying, be unsure whether it leads to better grades, and yet spend a great deal in studying. Hence, we can say that attitude is a complex cognitive process (Neovistas.com, 2004). Attitudes can be examined in terms of its three components: Affect, Behavioral, and Cognition. Affect consists of the emotional feelings stimulated by the object of the attitude for example:...
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...progress to the project. This entire scenario could be remedied if Knowlton were to step up to the plate and act in a fashion that is consistent with his job title, leader. No one is going to hold Knowlton’s hand and correct the Fester dilemma, because it is Knowlton’s job to administer action. THEORY When provided the opportunity to confront Fester’s theories and group cooperation, Knowlton became a victim to his own passive behavior. Instead of taking charge and correcting the discrepancy of Fester’s action towards the team and himself, Knowlton allowed unspoken tensions to break down the cohesiveness of the group and ultimately lead to his own resignation. According to theory; collective identity, group cohesiveness and organizational citizenship behavior directed toward their leader and co-workers are significantly affected by their high need for affiliation as enhanced by a charismatic leader's empathic behavior...
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...The Management of Organizational Justice By Russell Cropanzano, David E.Bowen, and Stephen W.Gilliland Summary of the key issues This paper has addressed the organizational justice from various aspects and provided recommendations to enhance the fairness in the managerial activities. Firstly, it has discussed the importance of justice in workgroup from its long-range benefits, social and ethical considerations. Secondly, the authors analyzed the three components of organizational justice, namely distributive, procedural and interactional justice in details to highlight the differences between the three in business activities. Next, the paper summarized the influences of organizational justice and these include enhanced trust and commitment, improved job performance, more helpful organizational citizenship behavior, as well as greater customer satisfaction and loyalty. Lastly, after identifying the critical significance Is this essay helpful? Upgrade your account to read more and access more than 550,000 just like it! of organizational justice in building a company’s identity, recommendations on how to enhance the fairness in managerial activities are proposed. The authors had cited examples from several past studies and discussed from five angles which are hiring, performance appraisal, reward systems, conflict management and downsizing. Other Theoretical Perspectives on Organizational Justice This paper has mentioned the equity theory which is one of the...
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