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Organizational Studies

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Organization as Machines

Thoughts: The machine metaphor sees organizations as “machines made up of interlocking parts that each plays a clearly defined role in the functioning of the whole” (Morgan, 1986). In the machine, the parts (persons, groups, or real machines) have to do their preprogrammed jobs. In the ideal machine, jobs interlock in a perfectly timed manner. The perfect example for this would be the Just-In-Time organization, where product buffers and waiting queues are minimized. For perfect interlocking of jobs, standardization is needed in order to reach product compatibility and a well-defined product quality. Therefore, the machine has to be designed to run in the most efficient way. There are three theories regarding this metaphor which is Bureaucracy, Classical Management and Scientific Management. First of all, Bureaucracy was found by Max Weber and according to him, the legitimating of authority leads to the obedience of persons to commands and rules. Rational-legal domination of authority is the form of legitimate authority that is appropriate for industrialized societies. Legitimating of authority of in a society is defined to be based on rational-legal domination if a sufficient level of arbitrary rule avoidance is reached. A sufficient level of arbitrary rule avoidance is realized when a bureaucratic administration of sufficient quality is realized and when the rule system is sufficiently sophisticated. A bureaucratic administration of sufficient quality is reached if there exists a hierarchy of offices, each with a restricted competence sphere, that covers all legal rules, and if persons are appointed to offices based on their qualifications. Next is Classical Management by Henri Fayol which consists of 14 principles of management. In Classical Management, it is basically discussing about the formal authority relations that are

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