...and contrast the two types of totalitarian governments that arose after 1917, that is, communism and fascism. What were the origins of these governments, their accomplishments, and their failures? What accounts for the fact that the masses mobilized to support these movements? Elaborate. Communism is founded by Karal Marx and Friedrich Engels. Communism is Classless society, government-less and automatic system based on the common ownership and social sameness. There is no one is rich or poor people in a communist system. It stands for a stateless society where all are equal. On the other hand, Fascism was founded in Italy by Benito Mussolini. Fascism is the glorification of the state and it considers state on top of everything; believes in nationalism where state control everything. Communism means state ownership and fascism means state control. Fascism became popular between 1919 and 1945. Communism became popular after the Revolution of Russia in 1917. Fascism began to rise in Europe directly following the First World War because there was a fear of Socialism. The first nation where fascism rose to power was in Italy with Mussolini and his government. He created this ideology as the exact opposite of socialism and the way to combat the rise of socialism. He saw the rise of the Soviet Union and was afraid that they would move across Europe to force communism. Fascism has the government supporting private business instead of the government . In the start of communism...
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...What is fascism? Fascism is a hard ideology to define because nearly every modern government or political movement has been called ‘fascist’ by somebody. (The writer has directly addressed the essay question in the topic sentence of the first paragraph, noting how it can be identified as being ambiguous, and how it is difficult to define.) I contend that fascism was a political movement unique to the early 20th century, especially in Europe, because its worldview was shaped by events and philosophical ideas from the late 19th century until the interwar period. (Evidence that the writer has considered the words meaning in terms of context and knowledge of what periods of time are referred as) Some people have called states like Saddam Hussein’s Iraq ‘fascist’, but I believe that there is a big difference between authoritarian dictatorship and genuine fascism. (Additional evidence of acquired knowledge, saying that it is the writer’s belief that there is a difference between the two terms ‘authoritarian dictatorship’ and ‘genuine fascism’.) So how did fascism originally develop? (There is a conversational tone, to the topic sentence of each paragraph, asking relevant key questions that the writer has considered. Note, how this afforded question is compatible with the main essay question. The conversational tone, is effective in portraying the fact that the writer has attempted to acquire and integrate knowledge. The first sentence of the second paragraph, has...
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...The foundational ideology and primary origins of fascism can be said to stem from absolutism. Absolutism was established to grant the monarchy full power over Europe which would centralize power with virtually no opposition, while fascism was the idea of awarding one leader with all power who would rule with no opposition. Absolutism and fascism were both undemocratic and anti-communist, however, Marxism in contrast, highlighted the importance of freedom and equal rights. In comparison, fascism and absolutism held similar views on religion. Both views held that church and politics should be separate, while maintaining the singular religious importance of the church. This paper will compare and contrast the power structure and views of religion of absolutism with...
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...The European Enlightenment is the well known era in Western society. The Enlightenment was a study conducted by the philosopher Immanuel Kant in 1784. Kant's essay addressed the causes of a lack of enlightenment and the conditions that were necessary to make it possible for people to enlighten themselves. Kant held it necessary that all church and state to be abolished and people be given the freedom to use their own intellect. Hobbesian social control theory was a ideological invention that came about during the pre 1750s. The social control theory is a view that a person’s moral and political obligations are dependent upon a ‘contract’ or an agreement among that to form a society in which they live in. However, social contract theory is rightly associated with modern moral and political theory and is given its first full exposition and defence by Thomas Hobbes. After Hobbes, John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau are the best known proponents of this enormously influential theory, which has been one of the most dominant theories within moral and political theory throughout the history of the modern West. More recently, philosophers from different perspectives have offered new criticisms of social contract theory. In particular, feminist’s philosophers have argued that the social control theory is an incomplete picture of people’s moral and political lives and may camouflage some on the ways that people live and their classes. Hobbes manages to create an argument that makes civil...
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...Compare and contrast Nazi and Italian Fascist views on race and national identity Despite both pertaining to the political ideology of fascism and sharing many similar characteristics, the regimes of Nazi Germany and Italy under Mussolini can be seen to differ slightly. One aspect where this becomes apparent is views on race; the differences in attitudes and policy with regards to race for both examples must be discussed as it provides a key distinction between Nazism and Italy’s own brand of Facismo. With regards to national identity, it is possible to concede that both regimes share similar characteristics; however they attempt to achieve their goals of national identity in fundamentally different ways. The central thesis of this paper will contend that Italian Fascism’s views on race contradict that of the Nazi’s, and that while similar aspects and views of national identity are held, there are differing means of establishing national identity. Moreover, this paper will illustrate that Nazism and Italian Fascism are in fact unique phenomena. Examples and evaluative comment will be provided in order to provide a clear comparison and distinction. Firstly, comparison between Italian and Nazi views on race must be discussed at they provide notable differentiation. Racial theory proved to be of paramount importance to 19th century German science and academics which strongly influenced Nazi ideology, ‘Volkish theorists found a theory of race in the writings of Kant which was...
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...Similarities and Differences between Germany Nazism and Italy Fascism {Author’s name} {Institution Affiliation} {Due date} Similarities and Differences between Germany Nazism and Italy Fascism Introduction Fascism defined, implies an organization or acceptable rule of administration characterized by a government system led by a dictator who exercises harsh and strict control over the citizens, and the commons are mandated to comply with the government rule without resistance. Most authoritarian regimes rely on nationality or race to garner influence and support for a centralized autocratic government. The main aim of a fascist government is to enhance national unity and maintain a stable order in the society by exercising the element of fear among the citizens. Totalitarianism was able to exercise influence, by garnering devotion from regime loyalist. Its prominent execution was purported to collectively influence the success of a country. Supporters of the regime were rewarded by significant posts and incentives while non-loyalists were expected to remain silent without questioning the administrations motives. Use of violence was supported by the administration system to neutralize any emergent form of oppression. Fascism was a prominent governing system that was established during the early twentieth century, based on the need to respond to western influence and assert dictatorial states as new world...
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...The Cold War marked a period of hostility between superpowers: that of the USA (and by extension, the West) and the USSR and the East. This hostility began after the Second World War, despite the supposed camaraderie between the two superpowers during the war as allies against Hitler and Fascism. Whether the schism between the superpowers was caused by their differing ideologies (the capitalist West and the communist East) or a clash between national interests and strong personalities is a matter for debate. Winston Churchill could be said to have helped cause the Cold War because of his ideological differences with Stalin. His 1946 ‘Iron Curtain’ speech certainly caused tension: it unveiled to the world Stalin’s increasing “Soviet sphere” and “increasing measure of control from Moscow”, strongly showing his disapproval of Stalin’s swooping over Eastern Europe and inferring his strongly anti-communist stance. However, this speech was given in 1946, and Churchill was no longer the Prime Minister; that role had passed to Clement Attlee, inferring that he felt he was only able to make such a blunt statement of his views once he was out of power. Conversely, when he was in high office, Churchill was able to work well with Stalin – he called him “Uncle Joe”, inferring they were more than just cordial allies working purely against Stalin. In fact, the Iron Curtain speech could be seen as hypocritical as Churchill made an agreement with Stalin which allowed him to have 75% of influence...
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...Fascism in the Twentieth Century; Hitler and Nazism ‘Fascism’ is one of the most controversial political terms in modern history. The lack of a universally accepted definition for the term has meant that it can and has been applied to a wide variety of political contexts. Fascism developed from the destruction caused by the First World War. Its origins can be traced, however, to the intellectual revolt against liberalism in Europe at the end of the nineteenth century. While there was a revolutionary reaction against the ideals of the French Revolution before 1914, it was the First World War which acted as a real catalyst for the emergence of fascism. The war swept away the Hohenzellern, Halsburg and Romanov dynasties in Germany, Austria-Hungary and Russia respectively and sharpened class-consciousness (the idea of lower, middle and upper classes) and increased ethnic tensions, severely weakening the social fabric of many nations. Fascism, in part, was also the result of a reaction by the middle classes against the perceived communist threat caused by the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia in 1917. Fascism was the most severe reaction to the post-war political, social and national crisis. The First World War also had a positive significance on the rise of fascism. The survivors of the ‘lost generation,’ (the survivors of the First World War) had become disillusioned and embittered, and were attracted to the direct-action approach of fascist paramilitary organisations. This increased...
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...How far do you agree that the origins of the Cold War in 1945 and 1946 owed much to the ideological differences and little to personalities and conflicting national interests? The origins of the Cold War cannot be denied as being most obviously and most forefront due to the great ideological differences between the USSR’s communism and the USA’s capitalism, such as their complete opposing beliefs over nationalisation and system of government. However National interests, such as the fight over Poland and leaders personalities, such as Truman’s lack of experience in foreign policy cannot be overlooked as important reasons for growing hostilities between superpowers. The vast difference in ideologies is clearly the underlying factor which caused tensions for the superpowers of the world during the Cold War and the years 1945 to 46; however it cannot be denied that personalities of the leaders running these countries, were a contributing reason for the ever growing hostilities between them. Joseph Stalin, leader of the USSR and communist regime, was a figure known for being shrewd, manipulative and ruthless, instantly suggesting that relations with other countries, so different from his, were to be quite strained. Though he was known for these negative traits, he was also commended for his sense of practicality and his skills as an administrator, this suggesting that perhaps his ability to put aside differences, may be better than necessarily believed. It was common knowledge...
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...Study Guide For Final Examination 1. Examine the process and the transition from the more traditional "putting-out" system to the rise of the factory system. What would be the economic and social implications of this change? (Class notes and Bentley & Ziegler, chapter 29) World population was growing, so there was a demand for more finished products. Before the factories, products were produced out of people’s homes and the process took a lot of time. The factories opened and centralized the materials (and people making the products) getting made to one place. The rise of factories came about with new technologies and new machines. Entrepreneurs worked with scientists (engineers) to make machines to mass produce the goods. Started with the textile industry (imported from India and then British government banned the imports of textiles from India and then the demand became greater) because the demand for textiles was not being met with the “putting out” system. Spinning machines made thread and then the flying shuttle would weave to make cloth. Social implications included opening of schools – even for women on a positive side and as a negative side, it led to overcrowding in the cities (which led to theft and prostitution), unemployment (people traveled to the cities to work in the factories and there weren’t enough jobs to go around), health concerns (sanitation and pollution) and child labor. Economic implications would include the rise of the two different classes –...
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...How far do you agree that the origins of the Cold War in 1945-6 owed much to ideological differences and little to personalities and conflicting national interests? There is a significant and complex argument into which aspects were the most important in the origins and sowing the seeds that led to the Cold War in the years 1945 and 1946. It is widely perceived that the variances in philosophy was the focal reason, because America and the Soviet Union had virtually polar opposite understandings on how their country should be run and consequently capitalist and communist countries could not co-exist lacking any strain. Nonetheless, it is similarly claimed that the traits of the leaders of the three countries are a substantial influence to the Cold war conflict; Roosevelt and Truman of the United States, Stalin of the USSR and Churchill of the United Kingdom. This is because the attitudes of the three regularly clashed. It is furthermore disputed that national interests of the separate nations throughout and post-World War II formed strains among the countries of the USA and the USSR, since they both saw the others objectives as a danger to their individual national security. To assist the Cold War from occurring, it is said Winston Churchill is the crucial individual due to his ideological differences with Stalin. Churchill’s 1946 ‘Iron Curtain’ speech certainly caused tension: it unveiled to the world Stalin’s increasing “Soviet sphere” and “increasing measure of control...
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... Learn how and why Japan became industrialized (make sure you review your notes on the movie; Meiji Transformation). Learn also about hollow modernization of the Latin American countries. (Also Bentley & Ziegler pp. 724-728, 634-636 & chapter 30) 6. Definition, causes, and geopolitical scope and the result of the New Imperialism. (Class notes and read also, Bentley & Ziegler, Chapter 32) 7. African and Asian responses to Western Imperialism: Armed resistance and modernizing efforts. (Class notes) 8. Learn about the causes of World War I. How was it a global and modern war? Major consequences of the war for both Europe and the wider world. (Class notes and also, Bentley & Ziegler, Chapter33) 9. Learn about the rise of Fascism in Europe. (Review your class notes and read also, Bentley & Ziegler, chap.34) 10. Examine the causes and implications of the Great/Global Depression. Why was the Depression so widespread and so devastating? How did different countries respond to the Depression? What would be the long-term consequences of the...
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...Economic System Three types of economic systems: Capitalist, Socialist, Mixed. Classification based on dominant method of resource allocation Market allocation Economic Environment * Economic environment is major determinant of global market potential & opportunity * World economies can be categorized into market allocation systems, command allocation systems, & mixed systems * For many products, most important indicator of market potential is income Cultural Diversity * Impact of social & cultural environments on marketing industrial and consume products * Industrial products might exhibit lower and higher levels of environmental sensitivity respectively. * Culture is changing so rapidly that innovative marketing may be able to change established consumption patterns rooted in cultural differences * Companies realize the importance of training and supporting people in cultural awareness Political, Legal and Regulatory Environment Political: Government institutions, political parties, and organizations Legal: Laws, courts, attorneys, and legal customs and practices Regulatory: Governmental and nongovernmental agencies Political Environment Nation-states and sovereignty: ①a country’s stage of development ②the political and economical system Political risk: The less developed a county, the greater the political risk....
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...White background: translates the idea of the universality of the Olympic Movement. * At least one of the colors of the rings, including the white background, can be found on the flag of every nation in the world." | Marxism | Definition: A system of economic, social, and political philosophy based on ideas that view social change in terms of economic factors. History: * Developed in the 19th century * By two Germans living in London - Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels * Forms the foundation of communism. Aim: * To develop a classless society which governs itself without a governing class or structure. | Emblems | Description | Nazism | Origin: * Ideology and practices of the Nazi Party under Adolf Hitler * It is a variety of fascism that incorporates biological racism and anti-Semitism * It was designed to draw workers away from communism and into völkisch nationalism * Nazism rejected the Marxist concept of...
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...The years from 1945 to 1974 were an era of Grand Expectations. At the end of World War II, spontaneous celebrations filled downtown streets across the nation. The war was over. Sons and daughters were coming home. Democracy triumphed over fascism. The Great Depression was a memory. Prosperity was ahead. It was time to purchase a home, start a family, and return to work. However, despite the optimism, new concerns were on the horizon. Select what you consider to be the most significant challenge of this era and discuss its historical significance. Make sure to incorporate what you learned from the Multi-Media podcast you selected this week. Include the name of the historian, his or her central argument, the title of the podcast, and how it relates to the topic of the week. Also, incorporate and cite in APA format one of the primary sources in your response that you found in the textbook. After WWII optimism was high in the United States and Perhaps in Britain, but other countries involved in the war probably were not as optimistic. The war had devastated infrastructures in many countries and rebuilding was on the way. France has seem much destruction so had Russia and Germany. Russia had a bone to pick with both the Unites States and Britain who had left Stalin to fend for himself against the encroaching Germans. Some historians even believe that Roosevelt and Churchill wanted their two enemies to destroy each other while they sat back as onlookers. Well, Russia managed to defeat...
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