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Origins of National Income Accounting

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Pregunta 1: ¿Por qué es importante la contabilidad nacional? Es decir, contar con datos sobre el ingreso nacional: sus fuentes y destino.
Porque tener un conocimiento detallado del origen, distribución y destino de los ingresos, permite tener un mayor control sobre las variables que afectan a la economía de un país, de tal manera que no sólo puedan ser útiles para regular la estabilidad industrial, sino que permitan incluso generar las bases de estudio para hacer cambios en las reformas de impuestos y desarrollar un plan económico nacional.
La recolección de estos datos, así como su estudio y análisis son base de sistemas económicos en las cuales incluso se basan diferentes tipos de sistemas políticos. De tal manera que el ingreso nacional sea un dato importante, sin embargo existen otros indicadores de mucha relevancia como el precio de productos básicos, medicinas, y otros productos, sobre todo aquellos de los cuáles no se pueda obtener información a través de las importaciones y exportaciones.
Otros indicadores importantes a nivel laboral además del nivel del desempleo, los encontramos en las estadísticas de las nóminas, ya que de la cantidad de estos ingresos se generan gastos por algunos productos, mismo que deben ser medidos de acuerdo las preferencias de los consumidores.
Otro aspecto notable a resaltar es que la creación de este tipo de sistemas de control de las variables macroeconómicas no ha sido en la historia un resultado de la libre actividad de las fuerzas del mercado, sino producto de la intervención estatal propia de la economía mixta, siguiendo el ejemplo en este tema de las ahora casi extintas economías planificadas.
La lectura del caso “The Origins of National Income Accounting” explica como en la época de la "Gran Depresión" de la economía mundial, al tratar de entender el estado de la economía de los Estados Unidos, los funcionarios públicos e interesados en el tema se encontraron con múltiples problemas, como el desconocimiento de las grandes variables macroeconómicas como los Niveles de producción, Ingreso, Consumo, Ahorro, Inversión, Crédito, entre otras.
Este desconocimiento era originado porque no había en éste país ni en general en los Países Occidentales, un conocimiento de los gobiernos sobre los indicadores clave del devenir económico, a pesar de que desde el siglo 17, ya había habido intentos de consolidar información económica global.
Siguiendo la máxima de que lo que no es medible no se puede corregir, y tomando en cuenta que en las economías planificadas como la Ex-URSS si se contaba con fuentes más confiables de medición, personajes como el Senador Robert, M. La Follete, comenzaron a trabajar en el congreso estadounidense y ante la sociedad, para mostrar la debilidad del país en la consolidación de un Sistema de Cuentas Nacionales, quedando muy rápidamente en evidencia el pobre conocimiento sobre datos estadísticos que mostraran las condiciones económicas, situación que dificultaban el encontrar soluciones a la problemática económica.
Esto logró la formalización de la obligación de recopilación de datos sobre indicadores económicos que fue encargada al Departamento de Comercio de los Estados Unidos de América. Los primeros pasos para la consolidación de un sistema de Cuentas Nacionales en Estados Unidos plantea los siguientes puntos:

a) Que el término producción incluye no solo todos los bienes, sino también todos los servicios generados en una economía.
b) Que la aportación de una empresa se obtiene del valor que su proceso agrega en su proceso de trabajo, quitando el factor depreciación.
c) Que la producción agregada de una economía nos lo da el Valor Neto del Producto, que se obtiene de la eliminación de las variaciones en los precios de los productos.
d) Que la desaparición o rápida expansión de productos viejos o modernos, hace necesario el ponderar los cambios en el gasto para diferentes productos en la economía.
Esto, nos ayuda a entender, que la participación estatal es básica para contar con información económica que permita, desde el punto de vista del producto o ingreso, consumo o la inversión, del gasto o el ahorro, etc, saber cuando tenemos una economía equilibrada para el logro de nuestros objetivos de corto, mediano y largo plazo, y cuando hay desequilibrios que hacen necesarias correcciones para reducir los efectos de crisis internas en algún sector o foráneas que impacten al conjunto de le economía de nuestros países.

Pregunta 2: ¿El sistema actual de cuentas nacionales mide de manera adecuada el Producto Interno Neto?
Actualmente la medición del Producto Interno (Neto o Bruto) ya no es la adecuada. Esto es así porque el sistema de cuentas nacionales actual no considera actividades productivas que No pasan por el mercado ni externalidades, para lo cual en el terreno del análisis económico se han empezado a incluir teorías como El Principio del Doble Resultado, que se resume en “que tanto lo que yo mismo pretendo hacer como los medios que uso tienen que ser moralmente aceptables” , lo que involucra principios éticos muy sólidos para la medición de los resultados de las actividades productivas

Pregunta 3: Si su respuesta a la pregunta 2 es negativa, ¿en qué omisión contable incurre el método del gasto al medir el Producto Interno Neto? Si su respuesta a la pregunta 2 es positiva, explique por qué.
Si bien es cierto que la medición es universal y se tienen plenamente identificados los principales componentes de las cuentas, por otra parte hay otros factores que no están considerando y hasta que no se logre determinar la formulación de cuentas nacionales aumentadas para incluir estas actividades seguirá existiendo una medición parcial en el Producto Interno Neto.
Esto incluiría toda actividad económica, tenga o no lugar en el mercado, tales como podrían ser las inversiones (que no sean de capital) en capital humano, el valor de la investigación, valor del trabajo no remunerado en el hogar, el valor del tiempo libre (o calidad de vida) y el cálculo de daños causados por contaminación, calentamiento global o desastres naturales. Un ejemplo reciente de éstos últimos factores lo tenemos en el derrame petrolero en el Golfo de México.
Adicional a estos factores universales que actualmente no están considerados en el sistema de cuentas nacionales, es importante señalar que en nuestro país, la economía informal generada por la falta de creación de empleos de calidad, así como el bajo ingreso per cápita, generan una importante distorsión en la medición del Producto Interno. La proporción de este tipo de economía en nuestro país llega a ser 15 veces superior al de países industrializados.
Cabe hacer notar que, no obstante las enormes dificultades que han representado tomar en consideración estos costos de producción en los sistemas actuales de cuentas nacionales, en los países más industrializados se creado una conciencia muy importante sobre todo en los relativo a la contaminación, ya que se “ha interiorizado los costos ambientales que genera, cuando los toma en cuenta al momento de decidir cuánto producir o cuánto consumir de un determinado producto…” .

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