...Fundamentals of Networking IT205-1304B-01 Phase 2 Discussion Board December 1, 2013 In this discussion board, I am going to define and describe the OSI and the TCP/IP models including a discussion on where and how they overlap. I will discuss why I think the TCP/IP model is use and the OSI model is not, and finally what my definition of the steps of OSI and TCP/IP are and their implementation. I am going to start with the OSI model. The OSI model is made up of 7 different layer, each with their own functions. Each of the layers are defined as: 1. Physical Layer: The physical layer is responsible of delivering row bit stream over the physical cable. Its functions are physical medium transmission, transmission technique and data encoding. (Khani, 2012) 2. Data Link Layer: The data link layer is responsible for controlling the error between adjacent nodes and transfer the frames to the other computer via the physical Layer. Its functions are Link establishment and termination, frame traffic control and frame acknowledgement. (Khani, 2012) 3. Network Layer: The network layer is responsible for the translating of the logical network address and names into their physical address. Its functions are subnet traffic control, logical and physical address mapping and frame fragmentation. (Khani, 2012) 4. Transport Layer: The transport layer is responsible for the end-to-end deliveries of messages between the networked hosts. Its functions are message segmentation...
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...OSI MODEL Joseph Lucero College America Abstract In this paper it is going to explain the OSI model and all the layers. There are 7 layers in total: the layers are Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data Link and Physical. It is going to explain what all the layers are and how they work in the OSI Model, it is also going to explain what every layer is. It is also going to explain why it was created and what the use for the OSI model is for today. You are going to know why we need the OSI model and how it evolved from the first time. You are also going to find out about the past history about the model and the other name is what called before. OSI Model The OSI model has been used for a long time. Why do we use it? OSI, formally known as the ISO OSI model, is the most standard model for networking communication. The ISO formed the OSI or Open System Interconnection, so that you can communicate and connect with another system over the network without having system specific configuration. The OSI model consists of 7 different layers: Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Sessions, Presentation, and Application. One reason why the OSI model was created, is so that the process of communication that were between two end points in a telecommunication network can be split into layers. The main reason why the OSI Model was created was to standardize the networking rules so that all the systems can communicate over the OSI reference model, which was a...
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...OSI Model Protocol The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is a logical plan that explains network interactions used by a system open to interconnection and communicate with other systems. The objective of the OSI model is to directly product implementers so that the items will frequently work with the other items. The OSI model is broken into seven layers, each of which presents a collection of services above and below it. The OSI is also of use in a training environment where a novice can use as a guide to source to understand how technologies communicate, where they reside, what functions they will perform and how protocol interacts with other protocols Briscoe, N. (2000). The primary objective of the OSI model is that the communication between the end points in networks can be separate into different levels with every level having its duties. An OSI determines how the data will flow down the seven layers at the sending end, and how it will move up through the layers at the location end of communication development. The seven layers of the OSI are the physical layer, data-link layer, network layer, transport layer, session layer, presentation layer and the application layer. A physical layer also uses bits as its PDU, which are e-signals represented in digit 1s and 0 Briscoe, N. (2000). The top four levels are used when a message is being transmitted from one user to another user. The lower three levels are practiced when a message is passing through...
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...REFERNCES 6 INTRODUCTION The open system interconnection model, better known as the OSI model. The OSI model is not a protocol, but a reference model or an abstract structure that describes the functions and interactions of various data communication protocols. But instead of serving as a model with protocols that would be used worldwide, the OSI model has become a teaching tool that shows how different tasks within a network should be handled in order to promote error-free data transmission and provides a conceptual structure that helps us computer-computer communication over a network and compare network functions. (Andrew, 2013) This review is regarding the journal article “Understanding The OSI 7-Layer” by Neil Briscoe, the author of this article, is a networking consultant and Cisco guru.This review is summarize the jounral acticle. Explain and analyze the characteristic of OSI 7-layer. THE CONCEPT This article is show that OSI model have 7-layer: : Layer 1- Physical, Layer 2- Data Link, Layer 3- Network, Layer 4- Transport, Layer 5- Session, Layer 6- Presentation, and Layer 7- Application. At each layer, protocol perform services unique to that layer. The protocol also interact with protocol in the layer directly above and below, also responsible for a particular aspect of data communication. The OSI model also provides a guide for troubleshooting network problems by tracking them down to a specific layer. ...
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...Assignment: Protocol Paper Describe Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) protocol model. The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is a seven-layer logical network architecture that is used to define the network protocol standards to enable OSI device to communicate to another by exchanging information. (Goleniewski, 2007) The seven layers in the OSI model include the physical layer, data link layer, network layer, transport layer, session layer, presentation layer, and application layer. Each layer has its own functions and responsibilities. The four lower layers of the OSI model contain the physical, data link, network, and transport layers. The physical layer is layer 1, which is the bottom layer of the OSI model. It transmits and receives signals, as well as specifying the physical details of Ethernet cables and other hardware behavior. The functions of the physical layer include managing hardware connections, handle sending and receiving of binary signals and encoding of bits. (Cengage Learning, 2011) The data link layer, layer 2, is responsible for managing access to the network and provides physical addressing, device-to-device delivery of frames, media access control, and MAC addresses. Layer 3 is the network layer, which handles the logical addressing and routing of PDUs across internetwork. It handles packet routing and access control through packet inspection. Transport layer is the 4th layer of the OSI model and it is responsible for delivery of data streams across the...
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...Brittany Martin IT245-1303A-03 Introduction to Network Management Phase 3 DB 8-1-2013 This week in phase 3 we are on the subject of how OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model and TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) are similar and how they are different. There are 7 layers in the OSI model and there are only 4 layers in TCP/IP. The 7 layers in OSI are application, presentation, session, transport, network, data link, and physical with application being the highest and physical being the lowest of the model (Harney, n.d.). The 4 layers of TCP/IP are application, transport, internet, and subnet (Harney, n.d.). In the OSI model the application layer simply handles a lot of software protocols such as DNS, and HTTP. The presentation layer transfers data from one end to the other. The session layer handles connection between two devices. The transport layer makes sure information is formatted in the proper way. The network layer sends information over to the proper web address. The data link layer makes sure data is small enough to be sent across the network to arrive in the correct place. The physical layer deals with all hardware including NIC’s, hubs, and Ethernet cabling. The TCP/IP only has 4 layers because one or more layers of the OSI models is composed in the TCP/IP model (OSI Model vs. TCP/IP Model, n.d.). In the application layer it deals with the user and how data is handled with that user. The transport layer deals with communication...
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...particular task and is independent of all other layers. But as a whole the almost all networking task depends on all of these layers. Layers share data between them and they depend on each other only to take input and give output. In layered architecture of Network Models, one whole network process is divided into small tasks. Each small task is then assigned to a particular layer which works dedicatedly to process the task only. Every layer does only specific work. I have chooses application layer from the OSI model because the world experiences the Internet through the use of the World Wide Web, e-mail, and file-sharing programs. These applications, as well as others, provide the human interface to the underlying network, allowing you to send and receive information with relative ease. Most of the applications are intuitive; they can be accessed and used without the need to know how they work. As we continue to study the world of networking, it becomes more important to know how an application is able to format, transmit, and interpret messages that are sent and received across the network. INTRODUCTION Application layer is the highest most layers in OSI and TCP/IP layered model and this layer exists in both layered Models because of its significance which is interacting with user and user applications. This layer is for applications which are involved in communication system. A user may or may not directly interacts with these applications. Application layer is where the actual...
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...OSI Model Protocol Keisha Bullock NTC 361 December 9, 2013 University of Phoenix (Axia) Bruce Yamashita OSI Model Protocol Open System Interconnection (OSI) is a recommended suggestion for how messages should be transferred between any two users in a telecommunication network. The purpose of the OSI is to direct product implementers so that their items will regularly work with other items. The OSI model outlines seven layers of function that happens at each end of a message. The main purpose of the Open System Interconnection is that the communication procedure between two end points in telecommunication networks can be split up into different levels with each level having its own set of responsibilities ("OSI (open System Interconnection)", 2000-2013). The OSI slits the telecommunication into seven levels which is the application level, the presentation level, the session level, the transport level, the network level, the data link level, and the physical level ("OSI (open System Interconnection)", 2000-2013). The layers are broken up into two sets. The higher four levels are used when a message is transmitted from user to another user. The bottom three levels are exercised when any message passes through the main computer. Messages planned for this computer go through to the higher levels and messages intended for some other computer are not distributed up to the levels but are advanced to other host. The application level offers multiple services to the...
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...Ortega Week 3 Lab 1/09/2015 Professor Yang Lab 3.1 Network Reference Models 3.1.1 1. What would happen if wireless devices were not governed by the WIFI Alliance and each vendor had its own standards and protocol? What impact would this have on your personal life or business communications? If the governed was not WIFI Alliance then each company will lose it customers because if you set a standard in just buying your product then you’re not going to go any farther than just a couple of months in selling them. This will lose interest in buying the product because then I would not know if it is safe or not. Lab 3.1 Review 1 1. Why would a three- layer model of communication that has the layers physical, network, and application be insufficient to adequately describe network communication? 2. What is the history of the OSI reference model? How did it come about and why was it created? ` 3. What is the history of the TCP/ IP model? Why was it created? TCP/IP has two different names that come from. These key protocols two are usually considered the most important. The internet Protocol is the primary OSI network layer protocol that provides addressing, Datagram routing and other functions in a network. They were developed together with TCP/IP providing the mechanism for implanting the internet. Lab 3.2 the OSI Reference Model 3.2.1 Using Figure 3- 1, define each layer of the OSI model in your own words and state what each layer provides. Use your textbook...
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...Axia College Material Appendix C OSI Model Key Terms Table Use the table to define the key terms related to the OSI Model. Describe the functions of any hardware connectivity devices and tools listed. . | | |Function | |Term |Definition |(if applicable) | |Physical layer |This is the first and lowest layer in the |This is when the data is sent on the | | |seven-layer OSI model. |network media by the NIC. | |Data link layer |This is layer two of the OSI model and |The Data link layer is responsible for | | |resides above the Physical Layer and below |communications between adjacent network | | |the Network Layer. |nodes. | |Network layer |The Network Layer is layer three of the OSI|The Network Layer is responsible for | | |model and resides above the Data Link Layer|establishing paths for data transfer | | |and below the Transport Layer...
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...The following table compares the functions performed at each OSI model layer. Layer | Description and Keywords | Application (Layer 7) | The Application layer integrates network functionality into the host operating system, and enables network services. The Application layer does not include specific applications that provide services, but rather provides the capability for services to operate on the network.Most Application layer protocols operate at multiple layers down to the Session and even Transport layers. However, they are classified as Application layer protocols because they start at the Application layer (the Application layer is the highest layer where they operate). Services typically associated with the Application layer include: * HTTP * Telnet * FTP * TFTP * SNMP | Presentation (Layer 6) | The Presentation layer formats or "presents" data into a compatible form for receipt by the Application layer or the destination system. Specifically, the Presentation layer ensures: * Formatting and translation of data between systems. * Negotiation of data transfer syntax between systems, through converting character sets to the correct format. * Encapsulation of data into message envelopes by encryption and compression. * Restoration of data by decryption and decompression. | Session (Layer 5) | The Session layer's primary function is managing the sessions in which data is transferred. Functions at this layer include: * Management of multiple sessions...
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...1 OSI 7 Layer ( Mr.Watt ) ( Mr.Mast ) ( Mr.Jodoi ) Network Certificate Layers Network 1. Why Network ? network. ( Why Network ? ) CCNA , CCNP , LPI , Security + , CWNA OSI 7 Layers CCIE OSI 7 Network ? share data , network copy flash drive network msn file Share file Server Internet software e-mail file netwok network network OSI 7 Layers OSI 7 Layers Internet Internetwork layer OSI OSI Open System Interconnection OSI Model 7 OSI OSI model 1.Physical Layer 2.Data Link Layer 3.Network Layer 4.Transport Layer 5.Session Layer 6.Presentation Layer 7.Application Layer OSI 7 Layers Application Application Presentation Presentation Session Session Transport Transport Network Network Data Link Data Link Physical Physical Layer 1.Physical Layer Physical Layer Connector layer bits protocol CAT5, CAT6, RJ-45 cable Lan CCNA Lan UTP Serial UTP Lan 1. Router - Lan Lan Lan ( Crossover ) PC Lan PC , Router ( Straight ) PC Hub Switch 2. Lan Router PC Lan 2.Data Link Layer Data Link Layer MAC Address ATM , MPLS Data Link Layer CCNA encapsulation encapsulation encapsulation frame decapsulation encapsulation layer Frame address protocol Ethernet , Token Ring , IEEE 802.3/202.2 , Frame Relay, FDDI,HDLC, 2 LAN VLAN Switch Trunk port encapsulation encapsulation VLAN config Trunk port cisco Switch encapsulation Port LAN WAN Mac Address Table , Switch...
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...Open System Interconnection (OSI) The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is considered a critical element regarding all computer network design since 1984. The OSI model is a basic model detailing the protocols a network and the related equipment illustrating how they work together through communication. The International Standards Organization (ISO) has created the technology for the OSI model to be maintained at high standards and helps today’s technology remain of constant use when studying network architecture. The OSI has created levels called: application, physical, network, data link, session, transport, and presentation. The layers are identified by 1 through 7, starting from the bottom to the top. Each of these levels is N+1 entity or N layers. They will request help another layer or N entity by communicating through protocols transmitted by data units. The physical layer’s majority functions are: defining the physical and electrical specifications of the data connection. The data link layer provides a link that can be relied upon to directly connect to the physical layer through the use of nodes. This connection will help in the detection and the possible correction of errors that could be found. The layers help provide procedures for transferring data in various sequences for functional purposes, or datagrams at various lengths from one node to another that node that is connected to a network at the same time. The next layer is transport. In this layer...
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...The OSI and TCP/IP The OSI model is an important part of providing network services over the Internet. This paper describes the seven different levels of the OSI model and the TCP/IP stack. Also, this paper will compare and contrast the main protocols being TCP and IP and the functions of each protocol. Also, this paper will discuss as to why the OSI model is important and why we still need the OSI model in today’s technological age of information exchange. Application Layer The Application Layer is number seven of the OSI model, which provides user interfaces that end-users are able to understand and interact through services, such as E-mail, FTP, Telnet, instant messaging software, IRC and DNS applications (Petri, 2009). Presentation Layer The Presentation Layer is number six of the OSI model, and it responds to the service requests of the application layer and sends requests to the session layer. Specific functions of the presentation layer are as follows: • Translates data from applications into local machine formats the computer can understand and vice-versa for the end-user. • Communicates with the applications layer. • Communicates with the session layer (Petri, 2009). Session Layer The Session Layer is number five of the OSI model, and it keeps track of connections. The session layer keeps track of multiple file downloads requested by a particular FTP application, or Telnet connections, or web page retrievals from a particular server (Petri...
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...LAB 3.2 3.1.2 Using Figure 3-1 define each layer of the OSI model in your own words and state what layer provides. Use your textbook or internet to support your answer. Physical – Device Data Link – Physical address Network – Path determination Transport – End to end connections Session – internet Presentation – typing data Application – games, downloads 3.2.2 Using Figure 3-2 as a basis, complete the diagram to show the intermediate encapsulation provided by each layer. Application Presentation Session | Data | Transport | Segment | Network | Packet | Data Link | Frame | Physical | Bit | 3.2.3 Briefly explain the deencapsulation steps in the communication from host B receiving a message from host A destined for an active application. First the receiving computer synchronizes with the digital signal by reading binary numbers. After synchronizing is complete and it gets the whole frame and passes it to the layer above it which is the Data Link layer. Second the Data Link layer will do a Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) on the frame. Checking for errors and then strip off any information or header which was put on by the remote systems Data Link layer and pass the rest to the Network layer. Third the Network layer checks the IP address and if it matches the Network layer header is stripped off from the packet and passed to the Transport layer. Fourth the Transport layer processes the segment and...
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