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Otto Cycle

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In this article, compiled by R.F. Huang, H.S. Yang, and C. N. Yeh, the experiment involved the in-cylinder flow structures and turbulence intensities in the symmetry and offset planes of a motored four-valve, four-stroke engine during the intake and compression strokes.3 This is carried out by using a particle image velocimeter. The in-cylinder flow is a decisive factor for combustion in the engine, which in turn provides significant effects on the engine performance. Generating a significant vertical flow motion (swirl-like motion) inside the engine cylinder during the intake process is one of the more promising ways to achieve fast burning rate. This is because a well defined single vortical structure is more stable than other large scale in-cylinder flows and, therefore, may break up later in the cycle giving higher turbulence during combustion.3

This experiment studied two pistons of different crown shapes (flat-crown and slightly concave-crown pistons), as shown in Figure 2. The origin, establishment, and evolution of the tumbling vortical flow structures during the intake and compression strokes are clearly depicted.3 Quantitative strengths of the rotating vortical flow motions are presented by a dimensionless parameter, the tumble ratio, which can represent the mean angular velocity of the vortices in the target plane. The turbulence intensity of the in-cylinder flow was calculated by using the measured time-varying velocity data.3

The results show that the flat-crown piston induces higher bulk-averaged tumble ratio and turbulence intensity than the slightly concave-crown piston does because the tumble ratio and turbulence generated by the flat-crown piston in the offset planes during the compression stroke are particularly large.3 The engine with the flat-crown piston presents larger torque and power outputs and lower hydrocarbon emission than that with the slightly concave-crown piston.3

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