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“Outline and Evaluate Two Ways of Measuring Crime. Refer to Evidence and/or Published Example in Your Answer” (12 Marks)

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Crime is an act committed which breaks the laws of society and therefore is deemed punishable. There are 4 main factors that are considered when classing an act as a crime; these are age, historical context, culture and specific circumstance. There are 3 ways of measuring crime, official statistics, victim surveys and self-report measures.

Official statistics is based on crimes that are reported to the police and recorded in the official figures. However there are many reasons as to why this is not an accurate measure of crime, this is because for numerous reasons crimes may not be reported by the victim or recorded by the police. Crimes may not be reported because there is no victim, victim is too afraid, the crimes to trivial, the perpetrator is a family member/friend or they cannot be bothered. Reasons why crimes are not recorded could also be because the crime it to trivial, insufficient crimes, one of several similar offences, not a priority, victim withdraws charge or there is a lack of evidence. It is suggested that the official statistics account for 25% of actual crime. The crimes that do not appear on the official statistics are known as the ‘dark figure’. This was investigated and looked into by Farrington and Dowd’s (1985); the aim of their experiment was to see the differences in crime figures between countries in the UK. They did this by analyzing random samples of police records of crimes. They found that in certain areas what was considered worthy enough to report in one area was not in the other two areas. Through this investigation it was concluded that police recording procedures could create distortions in the official statistics.

Another way of measuring crime is through self- report measures, this asks people about their offending behaviour. They tend to focus on groups that might be likely to commit offences, such as people who have previously been convicted, or people from specific age ranges or social background, this could be said to be biased. This however is not reliable or accurate, as the person filling out the survey could not be telling the entire truth and answering dishonestly which would affect the results as the participants taking the survey would be showing demand characteristics and writing down what they think the researcher wants. An example of a self-report measure survey is Offending, Crime and Justice Survey, (OCJS), in which young people in England and Wales are interviewed about their attitudes and experiences of offending.

Each set of data should be interpreted with caution in the light of its methodological limitations, with particular regard to validity and reliability. A combination of measures perhaps yields the best overview of offending behaviour. The researcher that interprets the data could show researcher bias as he/she could manipulate the data to what they think is right. As well as that the data should be looked at many researchers so that it is not biased in any way.

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