...it’s common in south Europe to stand much closer to strangers than in the UK. As well as this voice pitch and volume, touching, directions of gaze and acceptable subjects for discussion have all been found to vary between cultures. This means what is considered deviant or abnormal varies considerably across cultures, thus weakening this definition. Another limitation of deviation from social norms is that it lacks time validity. This is because social norms change over time; behaviour that was once seen as abnormal may be acceptable and vice versa. For example, drink driving was once considered acceptable but is now seen as socially unacceptable whereas homosexuality has changed the other way. Until 1980 homosexuality was considered a psychological disorder but is considered acceptable today. This is a weakness because it means abnormality cannot be judged across eras. Another definition is failure to function adequately. Under this definition a person is considered abnormal if they are unable to cope with the demands of everyday life. They may be unable to perform the behaviours necessary for day to day living e.g. self-care, holding down a job, interacting meaningfully with others and making...
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...it’s common in south Europe to stand much closer to strangers than in the UK. As well as this voice pitch and volume, touching, directions of gaze and acceptable subjects for discussion have all been found to vary between cultures. This means what is considered deviant or abnormal varies considerably across cultures, thus weakening this definition. Another limitation of deviation from social norms is that it lacks time validity. This is because social norms change over time; behaviour that was once seen as abnormal may be acceptable and vice versa. For example, drink driving was once considered acceptable but is now seen as socially unacceptable whereas homosexuality has changed the other way. Until 1980 homosexuality was considered a psychological disorder but is considered acceptable today. This is a weakness because it means abnormality cannot be judged across eras. Another definition is failure to function adequately. Under this definition a person is considered abnormal if they are unable to cope with the demands of everyday life. They may be unable to perform the behaviours necessary for day to day living e.g. self-care, holding down a job, interacting meaningfully with others and making themselves...
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...of the structure of the brain (neuroanatomy) a damaged hypothalamus has been linked to anorexia - In terms of the function of the brain, neurotransmitters and hormones have been linked to psychopathology, e.g. low levels of serotonin have been lined to depression. • Abnormality is inherited – the genetic view is that there are abnormal genes that are inherited, i.e. passed down from parents to children, even though they may not be shown in every generation. Family, twin and adoption studies are used to establish concordance rates (this shows the extent to which members of the same family share a particular characteristic) to test for genetic predispositions as an explanation of abnormality. - For example Holland et al (1988) found a 56% concordance rate for identical twins (MZ) and only a 5% concordance rate for non-identical twins (DZ) in anorexia nervosa which supports the idea of a genetic basis for abnormality. Evaluation of the biological model Strengths 1. Physiological evidence – A strength of the biological model is that the use of brain scans and other modern techniques has identified and provided support for the biological aspects of many psychological disorders. Depression for example, seems to be associated with lowered levels of brain serotonin, while schizophrenia has been linked to over-activity of the neurotransmitter dopamine,...
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...Outline and evaluate psychological therapies of depression (24) A01 This method of treatment is based on the idea that how we think (cognition), how we feel (emotion) and how we act (behaviour) all interact together, with our thoughts determining our feelings and behaviour. Negative thought then cause us distress and result in problems. The aim of CBT is to help people become aware of when they make negative interpretations and of behavioural patterns which reinforce the distorted thinking. Thought catching is the stage in CBT in which fault cognitions are identified and influence is made to correct them. Behavioural activation involved completing physical activities, something which depressed people do not involve themselves in but can be used as an antidote. Psychodynamic interpersonal therapy emphasises the importance of therapeutic conversation in which past problems are talked about and relived, ensuring a stable relationship between therapist and client. There are many components to PIT. Exploratory rationale identifies difficult relationships and a rationale is developed linking this to current symptoms. Shared understanding involves the therapist truly understanding the client’s experiences. A third part of the therapy is recreating the different feelings within a therapeutic environment. Through this the therapist tries to modify the disturbances which ultimately causes depression A02 There is empirical support for the use of CBT in the treatment of depression....
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...This assignment will evaluate the dimensions of treating Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) through Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). EMDR will be analysed in terms of its clinical efficacy and practical effectiveness utilizing extensive outcome literature and research. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a trauma and stressor related psychiatric condition that occurs through exposure to isolated or multiple traumatic events (Lake, 2012). Traumatic events mainly encompass direct or by proxy exposure to death, serious injury or sexual violation, such as sexual assault, car accidents, warfare, or natural disasters (Barlow & Durand, 2015). Symptoms The symptoms of PTSD...
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...behaviors and Psychological Disorders Outline PSY/103 Influence on behaviors and Psychological Disorders Outline I. Introduction “Recent data estimate the overall prevalence of depression at about 11.1% of the American population, or nearly 35 million individuals (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011). A predictive models suggest that up to 50% of the population will experience at least one episode of depression during their lives” (Life Extension, 2014). Depression has negatively affected the lives of many individuals throughout the world. Look around you there may even be someone close to you that is demonstrating signs of its stifling affects. Depression does not discriminate with its suffocating relentless appetite. It is known to affect children as well as adults of all ethnicities. Depression has an insidious way of taking one from feeling at a level of ten to a level of zero. And if left untreated depression can lead to losing everything that means the world to you. One is debilitated by its unwavering feeling of loneliness, and sometime paralyzing affects. It’s often said that depression results from a chemical imbalance, Scientist have believed for more than 30 years that mood related chemicals such as dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine also known as monoamines are low in the brain during major depressive episodes (Nauert, 2006). Clearly, there is an impact on the patient’s life and his/her family life. Therefore, depression is often considered...
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...wife, children, and several grandchildren. Donald’s symptoms started approximately thirty years ago and have been increasing in severity. Documenting the critical issues, diagnostic impressions, and treatment recommendations are imperative to successfully helping the client deal with the issues and possibly minimize the risk of future relapse in recovery. Addressing the biological, psychological, social, and spiritual aspects will help to guide the therapist through developing the most accurate treatment model for the patient. Key Issues Listing the key issues through priority, rationale, and documenting possible treatment options will help limit misdiagnosis. Prioritizing the issues will help a counselor to focus on the most accurate diagnosis while presenting the most probable treatment outcomes. Prioritizing Key Issues: * Uncontrollable and excessive worry that interferes with decisions and performance, * Tense, restless, muscle ache, always on guard, * Fatigued through most days, * Long term sleeping issues, * Dependent on sleeping pills, * Worry leads to depression for weeks after losing all pleasure in life and activities, * Twice in past anxiety led to feelings of a heart attack with symptoms of sweating palms, dizziness, heart palpitations, and shortness of breath, and * Family recognize Donald’s symptoms of always being on the go. Rationale The most consistent symptom in Donald’s case is his excessive worry. He worries about everything...
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...SAJ DEVSHI (C) AQA Psychology (A) Psya2 A* Students Model Essays The A* Students Handbook For More Psychology Resources visit: www.Loopa.co.uk C HAPTER 1 A little about me Firstly thank you for purchasing this book for AQA Psychology Psya2 (Paper 2). A bit about me: My name is Sajan Devshi and I was a private student that self-taught myself AQA Psychology from 2011-2012 and I received my certificate in January 2013 Achieving an A* Grade. The certificate you can view on my website http://www.loopa.co.uk - You can also get my other A* model essay answers from there too for the other topics I did. I achieved an A* grade overall scoring two A’s in Psya1 and Psya2 as well as 100% in both my A2 exams (Psya3 and Psya4) My final score was 373/400 ums points. (You only needed 90% in A2 and 320 for an A* grade). So basically I didn’t just beat the boundary - I absolutely smashed it. How did I do it? It wasn’t easy and I am by no means some savant genius. I made great notes and essays that simplified things for me as I had no teachers and it is these notes I share with you now for Psya2 and the essay questions that can be asked for it. If your curious to know more about me you can visit my website at http://www.loopa.co.uk There it tells you more about me, how I self-taught myself as well as contact me directly for help and advice as well as get my other essay answers there instantly. Theres also great resources there too with more added on a weekly basis...
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...Outline and evaluate one psychological explanation and one biological explanation of an eating disorder. [24 marks] Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder characterised by recurrent binge-eating followed by self-induced vomiting or another compensatory behaviour (purging). One psychological explanation of bulimia nervosa is the functional model which was created by Polivy et al. in 1994. This model suggests that individuals engage in the binge-eating associated with BN as a way of coping with identity problems, particularly those associated with self-image. By overeating the person can attribute any resulting distress to the overeating rather than to the more serious underlying issues associated with threats to their emotional well-being. This led to the view that bulimic binge behaviour was purposeful for individuals dealing with life stressors. The functional model assumes that individuals with BN engage in binge-eating as a way of avoiding identity issues. Wheeler et al. (2001) proposed that negative self-image and a desire to escape from difficult life issues predicted the onset of bulimic behaviour, the consequence of which was a diffuse-avoidant identity style. Individuals in this state feel externally controlled, use emotion-focused rather than problem-focused coping strategies, and avoid the exploration of identity issues. Consequently they maintain a negative self-image and feel socially isolated. Polivy et al. provided evidence for the claim that BN is a functional...
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...Therapist | |Band: |7 | |Directorate: |Psychology and Psychological Therapies | |Department: |Depression and Anxiety Service | |Base: |Newton Abbott | |Responsible To: |Local Team Clinical Lead | Job Purpose The principal purpose of the job is to improve the psychological health & wellbeing of people within an identified Devon locality. The post holder will be part of an Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) service and will provide high intensity interventions - initially cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). The post holder will work with clients who have a range of complex Anxiety and Depression related problems for which CBT is demonstrated to be clinically effective. The post holder will work with people with different cultural backgrounds and ages, using interpreters when necessary and should be committed to equal opportunities The post holder will act as...
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...Syllabus Course Description This course provides an overview of basic psychological principles that underlie human behavior and reactions to everyday life. Students are provided an opportunity to apply critical-thinking skills to psychological problems and issues. The basic tenets of psychology are presented from a historical perspective, with attention to research-based behavioral science. Policies Faculty and students/learners will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: · University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. · Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materials forum. University policies are subject to change. Be sure to read the policies at the beginning of each class. Policies may be slightly different depending on the modality in which you attend class. If you have recently changed modalities, read the policies governing your current class modality. Course Materials Carpenter, S., & Huffman, K. (2010). Visualizing psychology (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. All electronic materials are available on the student website. Week One: Introduction to Psychology Details Due Points Objectives 1.1 Describe the development of the discipline of psychology. 1.2 Compare and contrast research methods used to examine psychological phenomena. 1.3 Explain biological influences on the human brain. Readings Read...
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...PUEBLO COMMUNITY COLLEGE NURSING NUR 211 Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing Supplemental Learning Guide Course Objectives * Relate the minimum requirements for the course. * Illustrate the use of competencies for learning. * Formulate own needs and responsibilities relative to meeting course competencies. * Relate course/clinical assignments and evaluation * Distinguish how the major concepts (see Nursing Student Handbook) of the program are affected by the variety of conditions and diseases within this course for all age groups. Outline A. Orientation to course 1. Course descriptions 2. Course outcomes/competencies 3. Textbooks B. Course Requirements 1. Student assignments and responsibilities 2. Minimum level of achievement 3. Evaluation tools C. Course/ Clinical Assignments and Evaluation D. Major Concepts 1. Caring 2. Clinical judgment, clinical reasoning, and nursing judgment 3. Clinical microsystem 4. Collaboration 5. Critical thinking 6. Cultural competence and Diversity 7. Ethics 8. Evidence-based care 9. Healthcare environment 10. Human flourishing 11. Informatics and Information management 12. Integrity 13. Knowledge, skills, and attitudes 14. Leadership 15. Nursing and Nursing Process 16. Nursing-sensitive indicators 17. Patient and Patient-centered care 18. Personal and Professional development 19. Professional identity ...
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...pain. The opiates worked beyond Marifel’s prescribed treatment and helped to ease the psychological pain of her friend’s death. The orients helped her to act the way she did beyond her accident, psychologically. However,...
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...Discuss and critically evaluate the arguments put forward by the specific ingredients perspective and the common factors perspective, regarding the mechanism and effectiveness of counselling and psychotherapy. Since its development during the 19th century more than three hundred and fifty distinct popular counselling and psychotherapy strands have emerged into the modern counselling field (Sparks, Duncan & Field, 2008). The years prior to psychotherapy’s birth were dominated by psychoanalytic and psychodynamic approaches and its practice was largely restricted to physicians (Miller, Hubble, Chow & Seidel, 2013). Psychotherapy’s arrival was not unnoticed from opposing schools of thought who were quick to question its scientific basis. Traditionally Eysenck (1952) not only challenged psychotherapy’s efficacy but also argued that it was “potentially harmful” (Miller, Hubble, Chow & Seidel, 2013:88). However, supporters of psychotherapy refuted Eysenck’s (1952) view and debate surrounding the fields worth began to accumulate. As a result psychotherapy research for the next few decades would focus on determining whether therapy was effective (House & Loewenthal, 2009). Subsequently, a plethora of studies that demonstrated its efficacy emerged (Smith Miller & Glass, 1980; Lambert & Bergin, 1994; Ahn & Wampold, 2001). So much so, that early studies revealed the treated population fared much better in comparison to their untreated counterparts (Sparks, Duncan...
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...Consultant Clinical Psychologist, AMH Woodhaven, Loperwood, Calmore, Totton SO40 2TA Email: isabel.clarke@hantspt-sw.nhs.uk Website: www.isabelclarke.org Abstract When mental health breaks down, the human being grasps at ways of coping with the crisis. The goal of coping is escape from intolerable affect and the means are familiar as 'symptoms' of mental illness. For example, to shut down physically and cease to compete is depression (Gilbert 1992), and drugs and alcohol provide a straightforward way out. As psychological therapists, our task is to devise, evaluate and, most importantly, persuade the client to adopt alternative, healthier, ways of coping; ways that offer less immediate relief, but which do not trap the person in a diminished quality of life. By explaining breakdown in terms of coping with intolerable affect, this approach, developed and evaluated in an acute hospital setting (Durrant, Clarke & Wilson 2007), enables us to offer more adapted skills for coping with affect as the solution. This 'third wave Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT)' approach (Hayes, Strosahl, & Wilson, 1999) takes seriously the discontinuities in human information processing (Teasdale & Barnard 1993) and employs mindfulness to manage them. The coping mechanisms considered are: • Mindfulness • Arousal management techniques • Emotion Regulation skills (Linehan 1993a & b) • Skills for coping with relationships with self and others, including a compassionate...
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