...Cancer is an abnormal cell that grows and spreads without control (1). There are more than 100 types of cancer such as bladder, brain, thyroid, and breast cancer (1). Cancer can be cured or managed when it is diagnosed early, but most of the cases are diagnosed after the tumor has spread and developed which is difficult to deal with. Cancer can be treated with chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery depending on the stage and type of cancer (1). Most of the cases are treated with combination of chemotherapy and surgery. The most common cancer that affects women is .The second most common cancer that affects women is ovarian cancer. Ovarian cancer is the 12th most common cause of cancer death, with around 42 thousands deaths in 2012 in Europe....
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...Ovarian cancer has become the deadliest cancer of the reproductive system. Why might this be? It is because it is not caught until the cancer has metastasized. The age prevalence of developing ovarian cancer is becoming younger with more woman waiting to have their first child in their thirties. Infertility has been associated with increased risk of developing ovarian cancer; whether infertility is a physical issue or a choice to wait to have kids, the risk is present with the fewer pregnancies total. Ovarian Cancer has been linked to BRCA gene that is found in breast cancer; therefore women with the BRCA gene are in danger of getting both. Cancer treatments, like chemotherapy, are causing women to be infertile. Women then must be aware about...
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...Ovarian Cancer Samantha Massoth BIO 342—Genetics April 15, 2013 Abstract Ovarian cancer is described as a malignant tumor located in the ovaries. Malignant tumors can invade only one or both ovaries. Malignant tumors can also shed cancerous cells from the original tumor and “seed” these shedding on the surface of tissues and organs near the ovaries. The final way for ovarian cancerous cells to move is through “spreading” (metastasis). This is done by the cancerous cells entering the lymphatic system and/or bloodstream to other organs in the body. Ovarian cancer has many risk factors such as non pregnancy, menopause, family history of cancer, personal history of cancer, and others. The studies in this paper were to discuss three major themes of ovarian cancer. The first theme is the screening process of people suspected to have ovarian cancer yet show no signs or symptoms of the disease. The capability of doctors to detect, diagnose, and treat ovarian cancer is researched in these studies. The second major theme is the general prevention of ovarian cancer mainly in women who are at high risk of the disease. The third major theme of ovarian cancer is the general treatment of ovarian cancer and the affects over the counter drugs have as treatment of the disease. Introduction: Cancer is a disease that affects the basic building block of tissues, the human cell. Cells will grow and divide to provide the body with new cells when needed...
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...women named Libby contracts breast cancer for the second time. In Libby’s journey throughout her treatment she discovers many physical, social, psychological and spiritual issues which affect her overall well-being. This paper will discuss how important it is for nurses to give the best treatment possible; during, between and after therapy. It will also discuss the risks of developing this cancer and how important it is to find the condition early to promote a healthier recovery (Australian Government, 2012). Reducing Risks All women want to know what they can do to lower their risk of breast cancer. Some factors which contribute to breast cancer are your age, being a woman and your genetics. These factors cannot be changed but many other factors can, such as maintaining a healthy weight, not smoking, eating nutritious food and limiting alcohol consumption. By making healthier lifestyle choices the risk of breast cancer is decreased (National Breast Cancer Centre, 2006). In Australia, breast cancer is the most common cancer; one in nine women will be diagnosed with breast cancer by the age of 85. Just being a woman is the biggest risk factor for developing breast cancer. There are approximately 13,000 women diagnosed with breast cancer each year in Australia, and men may also develop breast cancer but it is extremely rare (Cancer Council Australia, 2007). Age is another important factor, the risk of being diagnosed with breast cancer increases as you get older. In two...
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...Physicians* Breast cancer is one of the most common causes of death for women in their 40s in the United States. Individualized risk assessment plays an important role when making decisions about screening mammography, especially for women 49 years of age or younger. The purpose of this guideline is to present the available evidence for screening mammography in women 40 to 49 years of age and to increase clinicians’ understanding of the benefits and risks of screening mammography. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146:511-515. For author affiliations, see end of text. www.annals.org RECOMMENDATIONS Recommendation 1: In women 40 to 49 years of age, clinicians should periodically perform individualized assessment of risk for breast cancer to help guide decisions about screening mammography. A careful assessment of a woman’s risk for breast cancer is important. The 5-year breast cancer risk can vary from 0.4% for a woman age 40 years with no risk factors to 6.0% for a woman age 49 years with several risk factors (1). Factors that increase the risk for breast cancer include older age, family history of breast cancer, older age at the time of first birth, younger age at menarche, and history of breast biopsy. Women 40 to 49 years of age who have any of the following risk factors have a higher risk for breast cancer than the average 50-year-old woman: 2 first-degree relatives with breast cancer; 2 previous breast biopsies; 1 firstdegree relative with breast cancer and 1 previous breast...
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...Physicians* Breast cancer is one of the most common causes of death for women in their 40s in the United States. Individualized risk assessment plays an important role when making decisions about screening mammography, especially for women 49 years of age or younger. The purpose of this guideline is to present the available evidence for screening mammography in women 40 to 49 years of age and to increase clinicians’ understanding of the benefits and risks of screening mammography. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146:511-515. For author affiliations, see end of text. www.annals.org RECOMMENDATIONS Recommendation 1: In women 40 to 49 years of age, clinicians should periodically perform individualized assessment of risk for breast cancer to help guide decisions about screening mammography. A careful assessment of a woman’s risk for breast cancer is important. The 5-year breast cancer risk can vary from 0.4% for a woman age 40 years with no risk factors to 6.0% for a woman age 49 years with several risk factors (1). Factors that increase the risk for breast cancer include older age, family history of breast cancer, older age at the time of first birth, younger age at menarche, and history of breast biopsy. Women 40 to 49 years of age who have any of the following risk factors have a higher risk for breast cancer than the average 50-year-old woman: 2 first-degree relatives with breast cancer; 2 previous breast biopsies; 1 firstdegree relative with breast cancer and 1 previous breast...
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...Breastfeeding – no introduction necessary The focus of this review paper is on presenting and substantiating common knowledge and beliefs with scientific research and facts to demonstrate the advantages of breast milk feeding in early stages of human life and in years that follow. Discussion of non-scientific, i.e. social, economic, etc., aspects of breastfeeding will be limited, with primary focus given to human health outcomes for infants and mothers. The structure of this paper is decisively unconventional: where the author has chosen to discuss the body of common knowledge about breastfeeding before delving into the scientific research review. The intention is to draw the readers’ attention to the vast body of proven and observed advantages of breastfeeding for infant and mothers. Breastfeeding advantages – more than just food Breastfeeding is a natural process. Throughout human history breastfeeding was, and in many places around the world still is, a means to a healthy start to a human life. With the development of baby formula, and its availability, and relatively low cost, breastfeeding is now commonly thought to be a choice in the developed world. No longer a means to survival, no longer a requirement. To some, the advent of the baby formula is a direct form of feminine liberation. To others, baby formula is a necessity for medical or circumstantial reasons that are not driven by the freedom of choice. Those that choose the formula under pretenses other than necessity...
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...produce them naturally in very small amounts to maintain a delicate balance. There are six different kinds of steroid hormones that are currently approved by FDA for use in food production in the US: Estradiol, Progesterone, Testosterone, Zeranol, Trenbolone acetate, and Melengestrol acetate. Estradiol and progesterone are natural female sex hormones; testosterone is the natural male sex hormone; Zeranol, Trenbolone acetate and Melengesterol acetate are synthetic growth promoters (hormone-like chemicals that can make animals grow faster). Ingesting steroid hormones, either natural or synthetic can upset the natural balance in the body and lead to health problems. Studies have shown increased rates of cancer due to the ingestion of Estrogen’s found in our food supply, especially breast cancer (Wayne, 2009). Other studies are finding connections between steroid hormones and weight gain. This should not be surprising since increased growth that is one of the main reasons steroid hormones are used. First of all, as mentioned before, the human body produces hormones in the amount needed to maintain a delicate balance and...
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...develops from genetically deformed germ cells which usually produce sperm or eggs (pp.1012-1014). Research shows no exact causes for the development of Choriocarcinoma (GTD). Early research shows that Choriocarcinoma was almost always found to be a fatal disease. There are no known means of prevention for this disease. According to Spickler and Oberleitner (2011), although Choriocarcinoma has the capability to metastasize extremely fast, there is a high possibility of a complete cure or remission even if the disease has been diagnosed in later stages of development even with metastases (pp.1012-1014). My research will show that it is not a dismal death sentence for those diagnosed with it. Choriocarcinoma (GTD) is primarily found in women during their childbearing years however it has been diagnosed in men as well. This paper will concentrate on the causes, risk factors, and forms of treatment in women. Doctors have no exact explanation for the development of Choriocarcinoma (GTD), though there are many risk factors. Some of the leading causes are an ectopic pregnancy where the fetus starts development in the fallopian tube. According to Goldstein and Berkowitz (2004b) the development of Choriocarcinoma in the beginning stages of a pregnancy where the fetus develops only partially or not at all happens in about 50 percent of women who have been diagnosed with this cancer (pp. 2347-2367). In these cases there can be a history of what is called...
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...recommends breastfeeding infants for a minimum of six months, with added benefits when breastfeeding continues for more than a year. Their overall opinion is that the greatest health benefits occur when it is done for one or two years (Ryan, 2012). The United States national health objective, Healthy People 2010, set a goal to increase the number of women who breastfeed for at least six months to 50 %, focusing specifically on low-income women (Pugh et al., 2002). This research paper will look into the many benefits associated with breastfeeding for at least six months. First, what added health benefits does the infant receive if they are breastfed for at least six months when compared to an infant who is fed formula. Second, what added health benefits does a nursing mother receive by breastfeeding for at least six months or longer. Lastly, what are the added benefits that are realized by the family of a mother who breastfeeds her child for at least the first six months of their life. Therefore, this paper suggests that...
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...Abstract Counselors are faced with emotional stress every day. Without proper self-care, counselors will experience empathy fatigue. Empathy fatigue is a serious condition which impairs counselors. Impaired counselors are unable to fulfill the responsibilities of their helping role. Practicing regular self-care is crucial to the well-being of the counselor and therefore, the counselee. Centering Prayer is a form of self-care. This paper will discuss literature on the topic of Centering Prayer and explore two studies on the effectiveness of Centering Prayer in relieving stress. This information will be applied to preventing empathy fatigue in counselors. Research shows that counselors suffer empathy fatigue (Stebnicki, 2007). This condition “results from a state of emotional, mental, physical, and occupational exhaustion that occurs as the counselors’ own wounds are continually revisited by their clients’ life stories of chronic illness, disability, trauma, grief and loss” (Stebnicki, 2007, p. 318). Empathy fatigue is a state of counselor impairment. Conversely, the soul of the helping relationship is wellness....
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...Abortion in the United States Valora Hawkins, Tracy Avila, Timothy Easter, and Veronica Holifield BCOM/275 June 18, 2012 Les Colegrove Abortion is one of the most controversial topics to date in the United States. Because of the complexity and issues involved, there are those individuals who are for abortion, and those who are against. There is neutrality that extends between the two, with those who are one the fence depending on circumstantial situations. In this paper our group of four peers debate the topic, and base a conclusion on weather women in the United States should have the right to abortion, based on the arguments themselves. Today, the reference of for and against, is better known as pro-choice and pro-life. Pro choice (abortions) refer to the political and ethical view that a woman should have complete right over her fertility, and that she should have the freedom to decide whether she wants to continue or terminate her pregnancy (Bose, 2012). According to pro-life advocates, women who demand complete control of their body should also shoulder the responsibility of preventing unwanted pregnancy, and that the result of an unplanned pregnancy, rape or incest, aborting the embryo is equivalent to punishing the unborn child (Bose, 2012). The position that Valora has in this debate, is that it is the woman’s choice to decide whether or not to have an abortion, but also to understand that it is their responsibility to protect against unwanted pregnancies by...
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...Providing Surprises In Life Allison Wang California Polytechnic University Pomona Professor Lord ANT 350 Research Paper Abstract The pharmaceutical field has overcome countless medical feats since the early times. While “the pill” itself was considered a brand new invention, the idea of creating a birth control pill was not. Since the old times primitive condoms were made from animal intestines and fish bladders. However, it wasn’t until after Margaret Sanger’s multiple convictions and persistent attitude, that a judge ended the Comstock era, providing Sanger with the opportunity to stress the importance of having birth control in th for of a pill to the public. In less than a decade after Sanger persuaded Pincus to begin working on the contraceptive, Pincus created a pill that tested to be 100 percent effective. However, in 1957, while the Food and Drug Adminsitration approved the pill, it was not approved as a contraceptive but rather as a treatment for women that experienced sever menstrual disorders. It was not until 1960 that the drug was actually approved as a contraceptive. Despite this, many controversies arose from the contraceptive leading to its many transformations. Because the original pill had many side effects that were largely ignored, a newer pill with a smaller dosage was created, coming with a decreased risk of developing ovarian cancer, pelvic inflammatory disease, and deficiency anemia in the users. Later on, the pill was also approved by...
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...The production of the Bovine Growth Hormone in order to help the dairy industry has become a controversial issue since its usage approval. In today’s world being a socially responsible company is not only a trending fad but also it is almost a requirement by the consumers. Many companies have labels stating things like “dolphin free” or “BGH free.” The merchandisers use these labels to increase their sales with the socially responsible consumers use both of these labels. In the instance with BGH free labels many companies are putting the BGH free label or the Synthetic hormone free labels on their products. “Its manufacturer acknowledges that it can cause health problems in cows; some physicians also believe it increases the risk of cancer in humans who drink milk from BGH-treated cows. Though there are still many questions...
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...Research Paper: My Thought on Abortions On October 1, 2008, butterflies floated around in my stomach all day while walking the halls of Hillcrest High. I knew something wasn’t quite right. Afterschool, my boyfriend and I made a trip to Wal-Mart. I fidgeted with my fingers the whole ride there. We purchased a Clear Blue pregnancy test. When we arrived at his house, the both of us made our way to the downstairs bathroom. As the urine landed on the Clear Blue stick, something told me that this will determine my future. Would I go off to college? Would I have to stay home to care for a baby?? I contemplated. “Am I pregnant???” was the biggest question of them all. My boyfriend and I waited impatiently for the results to appear on the stick. Hot tears began to roll down my cheeks before I could view the results. My boyfriend gasped. The look on his face told me that our lives would be change forever. Or would it? The word ‘abortion’ was the only thing on my mind for the rest of the evening. I cried and sobbed as my boyfriend did his best to console me until I fell asleep. The next morning I woke up early. Before I could even say “good morning” I told my boyfriend that I wanted an abortion. He stared at me for what seemed like a century. – Weeks had passed and I kept putting the abortion off for a later date. The thought of actually aborting didn’t sit well with me. One evening after school, I called Planned Parenthood to set up an appointment to have an abortion. Come to find...
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