...MAJOR PARTS OF OB/GYN The female reproductive system is designed to carry out several functions. It produces the female egg cells necessary for reproduction, called the ova or oocytes. The system is designed to transport the ova to the site of fertilization.the fertilization of an egg by a sperm, normally occurs in the fallopian tubes. The next step for the egg is to implant into the walls of the uterus, beginning the initial stages of pregnancy. If fertilization and/or implantation does not take place, the system is designed to menstruate (the monthly shedding of the uterine lining). In addition, the female reproductive system produces female sex hormones that maintain the reproductive cycle. What Parts Make up the Female Anatomy? The female reproductive anatomy includes parts inside and outside the body. The function of the external female reproductive structures (the genitals) is twofold: To enable sperm to enter the body and to protect the internal genital organs from infectious organisms. The main external structures of the female reproductive system include: • Labia majora: enclose and protect the other external reproductive organs. translated as "large lips," are relatively large and fleshy, and are comparable to the scrotum in males. It contain sweat and oil-secreting glands. After puberty, the labia majora are covered with hair. • Labia minora: translated as "small lips," can be very small or up to 2 inches wide. They lie just inside the labia majora...
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...* PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME (PMS) * ENDOCRINE REPORT. * Common signs and symptoms Depression. Anxiety. Lower pelvic pain. Swelling of hands and feet. Tender breast Mood swings. Craving salty and sweet foods. Low energy. * Severe symptoms of PMS * Heavy bleeding * Severe pain accompanied by nausea and vomiting. * Painful intercourse * Possible Treatments * Usually you would try to treat the symptoms. * Ibuprofen for discomfort. * Diuretic for swelling. * Avoid salty sweet foods * Exercise 3 to 4 times a weak. * Get plenty of rest. * Treatments for severe symptoms. * Birth control may help alleviate some s/s. * Dilation and curettage.(D&C) Dilation of the cervix so that the surface wall of the uterus can be scraped. This may minimize bleeding. * Hysterectomy which is surgical removal of the uterus. * Hormones involved. * Prostaglands * Estrogen * Prolactin * Progesterone * Cortisol * ESTROGEN * is produced by the ovaries, is a sex hormone responsible for secondary sex characteristics and for cyclic changes in the uterus. * Prostaglands * is a group of fatty acids that are present in menstrual and brain fluid. Prostaglands aid in uterine contractions. * Prolactin * is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland and aids in the development of breast and the formation of milk . Stress of all kinds can stimulate the production of prolactin...
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...sperm from the testicles to the urethra. After a successful vasectomy sperm is unable to travel out of the testes. C. Why do sperms have at most 48 hours to live after ejaculation? a. The middle piece contains mitochondria arranged in a spiral, which provide ATP for locomotion of the sperm to the secondary oocyte and for sperm metabolism. Seminal fluid is alkaline and the inside of the female vagina is acidic causing destruction of the sperm. They are usually unable to live in the acidic environment for more than 48 hrs. D. Megan is hoping to become pregnant someday. When the day comes, in which part of her body would fertilization of her secondary oocyte likely occur? a. Fertilization usually occurs in the uterine tubes after ovulation has occurred. This usually takes place in the ampulla of the uterine tube. E. How could damage to Megan’s uterine tubes complicate fertilization or pregnancy? a. If there is scar tissue as a result of infections, sperm could possible not reach the oocyte for fertilization. If it does, and scar tissue is present the oocyte could implant with uterine tube or pelvic cavity. F. The Pap smear that Megan mentions is a routine exam of the female reproductive tract through biopsy of the vagina and cervix. Why is the cervix an important location to test? a. The cervix is vulnerable to several health...
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...a secretion from the prostate gland containing substances that facilitate his long journey to the female ovum, or Edna. First, Sammy the Sperm and the prostate secretion are discharged with immense force by the way of contractions of the pelvic muscles, and then they are followed by a sugar-containing fluid from the seminal vesicles (glands emptying into the vas deferens). From there he exits the penis into the vagina where his journey of fertilization begins. Edna's day; Edna has had a much longer life than Sammy because she was formed while still in the fetus of a human being. Her chances of becoming fertilized are about one in 500 million, even then a women's body only ovulates about 400 times altogether in a lifetime. Her time of ovulation is a dynamic process that takes place in the course of one or more minutes. The portion of the follicile facing the abdominal cavity ruptures fairly rapidly and the fluid...
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...* Question 1 0.75 out of 0.75 points | | | Freshly deposited sperm are not capable of penetrating an oocyte. | | | | | Selected Answer: | True | | | | | * Question 2 0.75 out of 0.75 points | | | Surfactant production in premature infants is rarely a factor in providing normal respiratory activity. | | | | | Selected Answer: | False | | | | | * Question 3 0.75 out of 0.75 points | | | The embryonic stage lasts until the end of the eighth week. | | | | | Selected Answer: | True | | | | | * Question 4 0.75 out of 0.75 points | | | Implantation begins six to seven days after ovulation. | | | | | Selected Answer: | True | | | | | * Question 5 0.75 out of 0.75 points | | | "An episiotomy is an incision made to widen the vaginal orifice, aiding fetal expulsion." | | | | | Selected Answer: | True | | | | | * Question 6 0 out of 0.75 points | | | "When a year has passed without menstruation, a woman has reached menarche." | | | | | Selected Answer: | True | | | | | * Question 7 0.75 out of 0.75 points | | | The cervix typically dilates to about 10 cm during the dilation stage of labor. | | | | | Selected Answer: | True | | | | | * Question 8 0.75 out of 0.75 points | | | "The ""fluid-filled, hollow ball of cells"" stage of development is the blastocyst." | | | | | Selected Answer: | True | | | | | ...
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...Heredity is defined as the transmission of genetic characters from parents to offspring Professor Donald C Biology 122 04/22/2013 Heredity Is Defined As The Transmission Of Genetic Characters From Parents To Offspring Introduction Anatomy refers to the science dealing with the description and identification of the structure of organs, tissues and organisms. It studies the body parts structures and how they relate with each other; it enables us to understand the relationship between the bones, muscles, ligaments and tendons. On the other hand, Physiology is the science which studies the functions of tissues, cell, organisms and organs. Physiology combines both physics and chemistry in its explanations. Physiology therefore, refers to the study of how the body functions. The reproductive system of male organs is specialized for: the production, transportation and maintain the sperm (these are the male reproductive cells) and also included are the semen, which is the protective fluid. Another function for the male reproductive organs is to discharge the male reproductive cells into the female reproductive tract. They also secrete and produce male sex hormones. The female anatomical structure is more complicated than the males’. There are many distinct anatomical structures comprising both internal and external tracts of the female genitalia; corpus spongiosum and labia minora (vestibular), urethra, G-spot, Halban’s fascia and peri-urethral glans, cervix...
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...BIOL-182 Reproductive System Dr. Shawn B. Wild I. INTRODUCTION A. Gonads B. Gametes 1. sperm * * head * acrosomal cap (acrosome) * middle piece * tail 2. ovum * oocyte ovum after fertilization 3. meiosis spermatogonia sperm oogonia ovum 4. fertilization 5. zygote II. Male Reproductive System A. Testes 1. spermatic cord * * ductus deferens * deferential artery * testicular artery * testicular vein * nerve -inguinal canal -inguinal hernias 2. Scrotum * tunica vaginalis * dartos muscle * cremaster muscle 3. Structure of the testes a. tunica vaginalis b. tunica albuginea c. lobules d. seminiferous tubules e. straight tubules f. rete testis g. efferent ductule * epididymis h. interstitial cells – Leydig cells i. sustentacular cells – Sertoli cells 4. Spermatogenesis * spermatogonia * 1 spermatocytes * 2 spermatocytes * spermatids * spermiogenesis * spermatozoa B. Male Reproductive tract 1. epididymis (1) (2) (3) 2. ductus deferens 3. urethra * prostatic * membranous * penile C. Accessory Glands 1. functions 2. seminal vesicles 3. prostate gland 4. bulbourethral glands D. Semen 1. sperm count – 20-100 million/cubic milliliter 2. seminal fluid – fluid component of semen...
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...Reproduction * Prostaglandines: DON’T come from the prostate gland. Come from the seminal vesicles. * Cause muscle contractions * Found in ejaculate * Prostate gland * Produce enzymes * Produces buffers that buffer urine in urethra and the acidic environment in the vagina * Contains anticoagulant enzymes that keep the enzymes from coagulating * Erectile tissue (aka spongy tissue) has sinuses in it that fill with blood, causing the penis to erect * Some animals have a bone in their penis called a baculum (not humans) * Retrograde ejaculation: when the bladder does not close off during ejaculation, causing sperm to go up into the bladder * Retractory period * Figure 46.14 * Hormone roles in men * Hypothalamus releases gonadotropin releasing hormone(GnRH) which tells the anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH * Control of hormones in the male is through negative feedback * Testosterone is important for the masculizing of males early in fetal development * Testosterone is related to aggression in animals Female Reproduction * Ovary * 2 ovaries, one on either side of the uterus * Follicle= egg + granulosa cell (follicle cell) * Granulosa cells make hormones estrogen and progesterone * Figure 46.12 * When a female is born all of her eggs are arrested in prophase of meiosis 1 * Every month about 13 eggs begin to continue meiosis . * When the...
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...Estrus In Women May Not Be Lost Estrus is a phase of increased female sexual receptivity, proceptivity, and attractiveness that is common amongst mammalian species ( [Lange et al., 2002] and [Lombardi, 1998] as cited in [Miller, Tybur, Jordan, 2007] ). Its purpose appears to be designed to obtain sires of superior genetic quality ( [Gangestad et al., 2005] and [Thornhill, 2006] as cited in [Miller, Tybur, Jordan, 2007] ). Today, estrus in female humans has been said to have disappeared or been hidden over evolutionary time ( [e.g. Burt, 1992] as cited in [Miller, Tybur, Jordan, 2007] ). Correlational research assessed whether women’s ovulation cycles affected the amount of tips that lap dancers earned at a gentlemen’s club in Albuquerque. Through the study they found implications for human evolution, economics and sexuality and that it appears to still be present in females (Miller, Tybur, Jordan, 2007). Miller, Tybur, and Jordan stated that if estrus is still present in women, men tend to subconsciously tip more during lap dances. In addition they predicted that normally cycling participants would demonstrate a larger increase in the fertile phase relative to the other phases for pill-using participants (2007). The argument for using lap dances as a measure for estrus is that at a gentlemen’s club, all of the dancers are already motivated to earn as much tips as possible. If estrus is present in woman, the researches stated the dancers would earn more during this...
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...CHAPTER 28: Reproductive System INTRODUCTION * Definition: gametes & gonads Gametes: germ cells, which organisms use to sexually reproduce. Gonad: Reproductive organs (Testes in males and ovaries in females) that produce gametes and secrete sex hormones. * Define gynecology, urology & andrology Gynecology: The branch of medicine that is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the female reproductive system. Urology: The study of the urinary system, as well as the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of the male reproductive system. Andrology: The branch of medicine that deals with male disorders, like infertility and sexual dysfunction. 28.1 MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM * The male reproductive organs & the functions of the male reproductive system (Figure 28.1) * The male reproductive organs include: the testes1, a system of ducts2 (including the epididymis, ductus vas deferens, ejaculatory ducts, and urethra), accessory sex glands3 (seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands) and several supporting structures including the scrotum4 and penis5. Functions: 1. The testes produce sperm and male sex hormone, testosterone. 2. The ducts transport, store and assist in maturation of sperm. 3. The accessory sex glands secrete most of the liquid portion of semen. 4. The penis contains the urethra, a passageway for ejaculation of semen and excretion of urine. Major organs include:...
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...androgens to oestrogens. The other follicles will not continue to grow and will undergo atresia. An oocyte goes through 4 biological processes: * Oogenesis * Oogenesis is a mature oocyte. It is the process of producing female gametes, once the sex of the embryo is determined. The difference between oogenesis and spermatogenesis is that, in spermatogenesis meiosis begins at puberty to produce sperm in a sexually mature male, whereas meiosis occurs before birth in females. * Oogenesis is not a continuous process throughout the life of a female, unlike spermatogenesis in male. Oogenesis begins in utero when the primordial oocyte (known as Oogonia), enter meiosis but however Prevented from entering prophase I until ovulation. The Oogonia (primary oocyte) enter meiosis again before their release, then arrest in metaphase II. Meiosis will only be completed if the egg is fertilised. Oocyte arrested at the diploid stage of the first meiotic division Oocyte arrested at the diploid stage of the first meiotic division Meiosis I Meiosis I Meiosis II, second arrest Meiosis II, second arrest Second polar bodies Second polar bodies * Folliculogenesis * The selected dominant follicle starts to develop in the following steps: * Primordial: This has the primary oocyte surrounded by a single squamous layer of...
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...INFERTILITY: Complimentary and alternative medicine for women Annayra Banks Complimentary and Alternative Medicine, Fall 2008 November 25, 2008 ABSTRACT Many women, in the United States, suffer from the inability to conceive a child. Common causes may include pregnancy later in life, ovulatory failure, anatomical anomalies of the uterus, Turner’s syndrome, and eating disorders. Stress and anxiety also contribute to the decrease in conception rates. Diagnostic measures include a thorough comprehensive exam of both partners, hormone and anatomical screening tests, and physical examination. Western medicine has developed various pharmacological and surgical procedures to increase fertility rates amongst women with the desire for pregnancy. Complimentary / Alternative medical treatments include many stress reducing techniques, such as Reiki and message, herbal therapies, and acupuncture. CAM has shown to be very effective in increasing the chances of conception, provides little harm to the patient, and is very inexpensive. DEFINITION / SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS According to the National Centers for Health Statistics there are 6.1 million women between the ages of 15-44 who have an impaired ability to have children. In the United States, about 20% of all couples are infertile.1 Many studies attribute the growing numbers of infertile couples to a shift in social ideology, including the average age for marriage and starting a family at a later age. More specifically...
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...Health 11:00AM 3/7/2013 Answer#1 THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE 1.MENSES PHASE- this is basically the blood flow and if a woman has a regular period it last for 1 to 5 days. 2.ESTROGENIC PHASE- when a woman period begins to slow down the pituitary glands produce follicle stimulatind hormone and luteinizing hormone, which at this level the estrogen is higher then normal. The endometrium forms another levels. 3.OVULATION PHASE- estradiol releases luteinizing hormones and follicle stimulating hormone. The stimulation of the luteinizing and follicle stimulated hormones is what cause ovulation. Afterwards the follicle turns into corpus luteum, and it creates progesterone and estrogen.ovulation last about 14 days before a woman period. This is how the can get pregnant only through ovulation. 4.PROGESTATIONAL PHASE-during this phase the progesterone from the corpus luteum is high. The endometrium keeps growning because of the estrogen and progesterone. When a woman is pregnant the eggs produce human chorionic gonadotropin and this is what prevents woman from having periods during there pregnancy. If a woman don’t get preganant then the hormones start to level it’s self out. Then its a repeat. Answer#2 the progestional stage let’s a woman know if they are pregnant or not, also prepares a woman for pregnancy if a woman menstrual comes on then she knows that she isn’t pregnant, but if she doesn’t recieve one then it is a strong possibility she could be pregnant. It is also the...
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...also available on YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fKyljukBE70 3. Answer the questions attached to this lab assignment to be turned in via Blackboard in the Assignment Drop Box by November 4th (prior to midnight). Name: Isabella Dao Module 1- “In the Womb” Instructions: View “In the Womb” 1. List and describe the function of two internal female reproductive organs. a. Ovaries: Almond shaped organs located on the sides of the uterus which function in ovulation and hormone production b. Fallopian tubes: Attached to the uterine fundus and supported by broad ligaments which provides a passage between the ovaries and the uterus for movement of the ovum 2. Describe what occurs in one of the phases of the ovarian cycle. The luteal phase begins immediately after ovulation and ends with the start of menstruation. So the corpus luteum reaches its peak of functional activity 8 days after ovulation secreting the steroids estrogen and progesterone. Implantation can occur, but if it does not occur, then the corpus luteum regresses, steroid levels drop, and the functional layer of the uterine endometrium is shed through menstruation. 3. Describe the function of one of the internal male reproductive organs. The epididymis is a J-shaped tube that is located behind each testicle. It functions...
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...often come across the terms “ovulation” and “ovulation test/predictor kits” while searching online for information related to fertility. ------------------------------------------------- This article, through the principles of physiology, will help these women develop a clear and thorough understanding of the concept of ovulation and the use of ovulation prediction kits. ------------------------------------------------- Table of contents: 1) What is ovulation? 2) Understanding the ovulation cycle a) Follicular phase b) Ovulation c) Luteal Phase 3) Why ovulation prediction is necessary? 4) Various methods for predicting/detecting ovulation, their advantages and disadvantages d) Urinary ovulation test kits e) Salivary ovulation test kits f) Basal body temperature charting g) Cervical mucus monitoring h) Monitoring lower abdominal discomfort 5) What is the best ovulation test kit? 6) Which kit should you choose - Medical and Review Data 7) ------------------------------------------------- Tips on getting better results from urinary & salivary ovulation test kits ------------------------------------------------- What is ovulation? At its simplest, ovulation is the release of an ovum from the mature follicle in an ovary, into the uterine tubes; usually occurring on the 14th day of the ovulatory cycle in an average adult female. The concept of ovulation is elaborated with an easy...
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