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This paper will discuss important labor laws and litigation that have empowered both the private and public sector employees with regards to an employee’s First and Fifth Amendment rights of the United States Constitution and their obligations to a labor union. The first part of this paper will discuss the Railway Labor Act and its regulation of union membership or dues as requirement of employment in the railroad and transportation industry. The National Mediation Board was established to administer union membership requirements and the collective bargaining process required by the Railway Labor Act. The second part of this paper explores the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 (NLRA; Wagner Act). The NLRA is the key labor law that governs union activities and collective bargaining in the private sector in the United States (Katz, 2008). The NLRA gives private sector unions the right to organize and regulates the private sector collective bargaining process that allows unions to collect Agency Fees. The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) administers the NLRA. The third part of this paper explores the individual state laws that regulate the public sector right through collective bargaining to negotiate an agency shop agreement between a public agency and its recognized union, specifically California. In California it is the Meyers-Milias-Brown Act of 1968 (MMBA) that governs public sector collective bargaining. The Public Employee Relations Board (PERB) administers the MMBA. This paper will review the frame work of these land mark legislative acts and the litigation that has been brought in front of the courts in an attempt to interpret the legislations intent, including the right for public employees unions to require an Agency Shop agreement....

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