...certain ways of doing things, but that belief may or may not accurately reflect reality. | Prejudice | The word prejudice is most often used to refer to preconceived judgments toward people or a person because of gender, social class, age, disability, religion, sexuality, race/ethnicity, nationality or other personal characteristics | Labeling theory | Labeling theory focuses on the tendency of majorities to negatively label minorities or those seen as deviant from standard cultural norms | Part II Select three of the identity categories below and name or describe at least 3 related stereotypes for each: * Race * Ethnicity * Religion * Gender * Sexual orientation * Age * Disability Category | Stereotype 1 | Stereotype 2 | Stereotype 3 | Disability | One of the general stereotypes that a disabled person may face, is being used as a comic relief or point of humor because of their disability | Another stereotype is the belief that a disable person(s) may be Incapable of everyday life, not being able to participate in everyday activities, or even socialize. | Last but not least, many disabled people are outcast because of how they may look or even based on their disability and they may even be labeled as a “Freak”. | Gender | One of the most common stereotypes, is the fact that because women typically have less muscle mass than men, women are not capable of completing the same tasks men can accomplish. | Another stereotype is that women...
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...Phenomenon of risky behavior: NSSI •Health behavior models and theories for understanding risky behavior Human behavior is complex and describing and predicting it continues to be a challenge in social science. Social influence, such as drugs, family, peers, media, has a great impact on development of negative behavior that would require intervention or prevention to make changes in health and behavioral habits by examining the behaviors of findings based on current research and theories /models of behavioral change. Per Heilbron et al. (2008) many current research focused on prevalent and risky group of self –harm behaviors that are growing mostly due to social, peer influence engaging in NSSI. Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) is one of prevalent health behavior risks in pre-adolescence and adolescence, and many fields have offered theories and models that can be important applications for research on peer influence and change of behavior in NSSI groups for behavioral change (Heilbron et al. 2008). Behavioral theories of peer influence are one application to determine NSSI based on Social Cognitive Theory (SCT, originally social learning theory) (Ragin, 2011). Social cognitive theory (SCT) is the psychological model of behavior developed by the work of Albert Bandura (1977; 1986). SCT (Ragin (2011) suggests that cognitive processes are serious to the acquisition and regulation of behaviors, and individuals learn through modeling, direct operant reinforcement with methods...
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...Neck pain is a common occurrence affecting 10% of general population at least once during their lifetime(1). The occurrence rate of neck pain is 50-70% among individuals and 5 years after the onset of symptoms approximately 60% of patients experience chronic pain which lead to severe disability(2,3).Mechanical neck pain is a common classification of neck pain also called non- specific neck pain without specific underlying cause(4).Mechanical neck pain is defined as generalized pain in cervical spine or shoulder area with musculoskeletal and functional symptoms( e.g. decreased ROM, decreased work tolerance, impaired muscle coordination, stiff joint , pain and tenderness in neck region) exacerbated by neck postures, neck movement, or palpation of cervical muscles(5)(6).Mechanical neck pain affects 30-50% of both male and female at any given times leading to muscular, joint and neural impairments(7)(8)....
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...Flamenco essentially was born from the interaction between gypsy and non-gypsy Andalusians of Spain. The history of oppression and changes in political thought has all contributed to the changes in the role of flamenco in the last 100 years. Currently due to tourism and the popularity of flamenco professionalization has risen out of this popularity. A plethora of public performances and concerts are found in Spain today, carrying on the history of the Andalusia people for all to experience (Manuel 47). Flamenco is a strain of Spanish folk music and dance that stems from the region of Andalusia, closely associated with the Romani people of Spain (Gurza E1). This rich development of dance and music has evolved over the last 100 years and beautifully captures the culture of this region by showing differences in its role for the people (Manuel 47). The old role of flamenco music in Spain was essentially used by the lower classes and persecuted gypsies of Andalusia (Washabaugh 51). It was a “cry of pain” for the suffering gypsies and of all the lower classes (Manuel 48). I observed the emotional nature of the music from my visit to the Musical Instrument Museum. The poetic nature of the lyrics was easily heard in my experience in the Spain exhibit. The use of the music was only for the lower classes of Andalusia but the function was essentially an emotional release through the use of poetic lyrics to convey “love, hate and pain” (Washabaugh 52). The events that caused this function...
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...Human Rights “The Essence of Constitutional Governance“ “Problems can be solved by the same level of thinking that created them.” Introduction * Human: (noun) A member of the Homo sapiens species; a man, woman or child; a person. * Rights: (noun) Things to which you are entitled or allowed; freedoms that are guaranteed. * Human Rights: (noun) The rights you have simply because you are human. * Human rights are commonly understood as "inalienable fundamental rights to which a person is inherently entitled simply because she or he is a human being.” Human rights are thus conceived as universal (applicable everywhere) and egalitarian (the same for everyone). These rights may exist as natural rights or as legal rights, in both national and international law. The doctrine of human rights in international practice, within international law, global and regional institutions, in the policies of states and in the activities of non-governmental organizations, has been a cornerstone of public policy around the world. * Every person has dignity and value. One of the ways that we recognize this fundamental worth is by acknowledging and respecting a person’s human rights. * Human rights are concerned with equality and fairness. They recognize our freedom to make choices about our life and develop our potential as human beings. They are about living free from fear...
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...Final exam study guide: Cancer: Know the difference between Benign and Malignant tumors. Classification of tumors Benign neoplasm Well differentiated Usually encapsulated Kidneys have their own capsule so is easier to catch Expansive mode of growth Characteristics similar to parent cell Metastasis is absent. Rarely recur Classification of tumors Malignant neoplasm May range from well differentiated to undifferentiated Able to metastasize Infiltrative and expansive growth Frequent recurrence Moderate to marked vascularity Rarely encapsulated Becomes less like parent cell Check Moles and Freckles Shows differentiation Hair growing = blood supply = no differentiation = CANCER * Know the warning signs/clinical manifestations of cancer. * CAUTION: * Change in bowel or bladder habits * A sore that does not heal * Unusual bleeding or discharge from any body orifice * Thickening or a lump in the breast or elsewhere * Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing * Obvious change in a wart or mole * Nagging cough or hoarseness Know the different staging, grading and classifications of cancer. Clinical staging classifications * 0: Cancer in situ * 1: Tumor limited to tissue of origin; localized tumor growth * 2: Limited local spread * 3: Extensive local and regional spread * 4: Metastasis * 0 – enclosed extremely localzed * 1 – only in tissue...
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...to do additional research on this topic since it plays a huge part in my career as well as personal life. Being a substance abuse counselor in the criminal justice field, I experience first-hand the effects of prescription opioid abuse. A large number of client’s participating in the TASC (Treatment Alternatives for Safer Communities) are dealing with prescription opioid abuse due to an injury or surgical procedure. On April 25, 2015, my first cousin died from a heroin overdose at the age of 23. After a football injury, he was prescribed Hydrocodone and became addicted. Since the pills are too expensive, he began using heroin and his battle ended 5 years later. In 2009, 16 million Americans age 12 and older reported taking a prescription pain reliever, tranquilizer, stimulant or sedative for nonmedical purpose according to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Administration Web Site. In 2010, the NIDA-funded Monitoring the Future Study showed that 2.7% of 8th graders, 7.7% of 10th graders, and 8.0% of 12th graders had abused Vicodin and 2.1% of 8th graders, 4.6% of 10th graders and 5.1% of 12th graders had abused OxyContin for...
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...struggles of not being able to get an education, voice their opinions, not having the right to vote, and being viewed as property. Gladly, the role women play in the United States has changed dramatically over the past few decades. Despite the thoughts of men being stronger than women, “physiological tests now suggest that women have a greater tolerance for pain, and statistics reveal that women live longer and are more resistant to many diseases” ("Women's History in America", 1995). In 1969, women made up only about one-third of the workforce. Like it should have always been, now more and more women have taken on new responsibilities outside of home by joining the paid workforce and they make up almost half of all workers in the United States ("The State of Women In America", 2014). However, although women have made big advances in every field, they still endure discrimination. If both male and female work full time jobs, census reports show that to this day women still make 77¢ to a male’s dollar. With the obvious inequality of income between males and females, women are dominating poverty with 16.3% compared to the male’s 13.6% ("Economic Gender Discrimination Alive and Well In 2013", 2008-2014). When companies need to lay employees off, the ladies are the first to go. Clearly there...
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...Summarize the effects of one type of sexual dysfunction that can affect both men and women. What are some factors that may cause this type of dysfunction? What treatments may help people who experience this type of dysfunction? There are four known types of sexual dysfunctions; sexual desire disorder, sexual arousal disorder, orgasmic disorder, and sexual pain disorder. All of these sexual disorders are in some way connected on psychological levels which cause these dysfunctions. The orgasmic disorder is split into two categories. The first category is the female orgasmic disorder. This disorder causes women a challenge to achieve orgasm if they can achieve it, but this does not always count for masturbation. Women with this disorder usually do not receive enough clitoral stimulation during sexual intercourse to be able to achieve orgasm. Performance anxiety or sexual guilt may provoke an outburst. Also, trying too hard causes the opposite. Another main problem women encounter is not participating to the fullest. They rather watch than engage when it comes to active sexual intercourse. Women can also experience premature ejaculation, but most of the times this is not even recognized or classified as orgasmic disorder. The second category is the male orgasmic disorder which differs slightly from the female orgasmic disorder. While males generally reach orgasm, it either happens too early or it takes long time. This may not include masturbation or oral...
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...clients receive quality care in minimal time with maximal efficiency. The steps of nursing process 1)Assesment 2)Diagnosis 3)Planning 4)Implementation 5)Evaluation Assessment An RN uses a systematic, dynamic way to collect and analyze data about a client, the first step in delivering nursing care. Assessment includes not only physiological data, but also psychological, sociocultural, spiritual, economic, and life-style factors as well. For example, a nurse’s assessment of a hospitalized patient in pain includes not only the physical causes and manifestations of pain, but the patient’s response—an inability to get out of bed, refusal to eat, withdrawal from family members, anger directed at hospital staff, fear, or request for more pain mediation. Diagnosis The nursing diagnosis is the nurse’s clinical judgment about the client’s response to actual or potential health conditions or needs. The diagnosis reflects not only that the patient is in pain, but that the pain has caused other problems such as anxiety, poor nutrition, and conflict within the family, or has the potential to cause complications—for example, respiratory infection is a potential hazard to an immobilized patient. The diagnosis is the basis for the nurse’s care plan. Outcomes / Planning Based on the assessment and diagnosis, the nurse sets measurable and achievable short- and long-range goals for this patient that might include moving from bed to chair at least three times per day; maintaining adequate...
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...developed, buy believed in witchery, magic, folklore of their religion, and many, many rituals. The focus of their rituals was the human body, through sexual exploitation of the human body, body fluids, and body parts. (Source: "Body Ritual Among the Nacirema" by Horace Miner). I found that the observed rituals concerning the mouth were most intriguing. The Nacirema people believe that there is a strong relationship between oral and moral characteristics and that if the rituals are not performed, not only will poor oral hygiene issues occur but their social life will be ruined as well through loss of friends and lovers. Through the case study it appears that tribe has a reason for everything that they do whether it makes sense or not. The only aspect that is not making sense to the observer, author, or myself is the extreme levels of pain that the Nacirema expose themselves to for reasons that do not require such physical torture. When reading through the case study, it appears that this tribe has some reasoning for their oral fetish and other body rituals but the pain associated with them is not necessarily required. (Source: "Body Ritual Among the Nacirema" by Horace Miner). The Nacirema people believed the human body was ugly because as it debilitates and causes diseases. Therefore, the human body was idolized for the “good” parts such as male large penis’ or women’s large breasts’. Ethnocentrism, as practiced by the Nacirema was a fundamental and ethnic belief of a racial...
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...developed, buy believed in witchery, magic, folklore of their religion, and many, many rituals. The focus of their rituals was the human body, through sexual exploitation of the human body, body fluids, and body parts. (Source: "Body Ritual Among the Nacirema" by Horace Miner). I found that the observed rituals concerning the mouth were most intriguing. The Nacirema people believe that there is a strong relationship between oral and moral characteristics and that if the rituals are not performed, not only will poor oral hygiene issues occur but their social life will be ruined as well through loss of friends and lovers. Through the case study it appears that tribe has a reason for everything that they do whether it makes sense or not. The only aspect that is not making sense to the observer, author, or myself is the extreme levels of pain that the Nacirema expose themselves to for reasons that do not require such physical torture. When reading through the case study, it appears that this tribe has some reasoning for their oral fetish and other body rituals but the pain associated with them is not necessarily required. (Source: "Body Ritual Among the Nacirema" by Horace Miner). The Nacirema people believed the human body was ugly because as it debilitates and causes diseases. Therefore, the human body was idolized for the “good” parts such as male large penis’ or women’s large breasts’. Ethnocentrism, as practiced by the Nacirema was a fundamental and ethnic belief of a racial...
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...three short years ago, an estimated 52 million people in the United States over the age of 12 had used prescription drugs for a non-medical reason (National survey on drug use, 2011). The most commonly abused prescription drugs are pain relievers. Why are people abusing these drugs and where do they get them? This paper will attempt to answer those questions as well as pose a possible solution on how it can be corrected. Analyzing the Problem To begin, we must first take a look at why so many American citizens are abusing prescription drugs. Most will probably tell us that they became addicted to pain relievers after some sort of horrible accident or surgery. They were prescribed these medications by their Primary Care Provider and told to take them in the correct manner, which are usually one or two tablets/pills every four to six hours apart, as needed for pain. What they were probably not told by their Primary Care Provider is that they should not take them sooner than directed, nor should they take them whenever they are not experiencing pain. The directions on the bottle may read to take one or two every four to six hours, but that doesn’t mean that they have to be taken every four to six hours. If the person is not in pain, then taking a pain reliever should not be necessary. The consumption of these, and other, types of medications whenever they are not needed constitutes abuse. In fact, the consumption of any medication outside of the directions...
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...Pain Concept Analysis Audrey Hubler Chamberlain college of Nursing NR501: Theoretical Basis for Advanced Nursing Practice Conceptual analysis is integral in understanding nursing theory. According to Walker and Avant (1995), concept analysis allows nursing scholars to examine the attributes or characteristics of a concept. It can be used to evaluate a nursing theory and allows for examination of concepts for relevance and fit within the theory. The phenomena of pain will be discussed in this paper and how it relates to the comfort theory. This paper will define the term pain and how it pertains to the comfort theory. Next, there will be discussion from relevant literature in regards to pain. Its defining attributes will be covered and then antecedents and consequences will be addressed. Examples of empirical referents will be given, as well as a model case and alternative cases. Then the discussion will conclude with a summary of the analysis findings. Definition/Explanation of Pain According to Merriam-Webster, pain is defined as “the physical feeling caused by disease, injury, or something that hurts the body; or mental, emotional suffering, or sadness caused by some emotional or mental problem.” In general, pain refers to an unpleasant, distressful and uncomfortable feeling. Studies have shown that unrelieved pain can affect the quality of life of the individual, cause physical and emotional effects, and can impact family. The comfort theory was developed...
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...behavior, and physiologic characteristics. Eating disorders is a broad name for a number of problems faced by human beings with food in our society. While majority slip into overeating or comfort eating at some point, for some the problem goes to life-threatening extremes. For instance a common type of eating disorder is the anorexia nervosa and bulimia; there is a deep fear of being overweight that leads to an obsession about restricting the number of calories the person is taking in. This leads to an extreme state of starvation, which in turn has a number of effects on the way that the body functions and how hormones are produced. The common symptom of someone affected by an eating disorder includes: a. Mentally keeping a balance between calories taken in and calories used up b. Deep-seated feelings of anxiety if they consume a few calories too many c. Self-loathing, depression or panic if they haven’t lost any weight or put a little on, despite their best efforts Many scholars have researched the issue of diet quite deeply and know the damage they are doing to themselves but are still unable to stop. This just makes the feelings of despair and self-loathing even worse, causing their condition to continue. Common types of eating Disorders Research has given support to the existence of the different types of disorder put forward by Lask & Bryant-Waugh (2000). There are four main types of eating disorders namely; Anorexia is “self-imposed...
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