...Ideology of Pakistan The ideology of Pakistan took shape through an evolutionary process. Historical experience provided the base; Allama Iqbal gave it a philosophical explanation; Quaid-i-Azam translated it into a political reality; and the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan, by passing Objectives Resolution in March 1949, gave it legal sanction. It was due to the realization of the Muslims of South Asia that they are different from the Hindus that they demanded separate electorates. However when they realized that their future in a ‘Democratic India’ dominated by Hindu majority was not safe, they changed their demand to a separate state. The ideology of Pakistan stemmed from the instinct of the Muslim community of South Asia to maintain their individuality in the Hindu society. The Muslims believed that Islam and Hinduism are not only two religions, but are two social orders that produced two distinct cultures. There is no compatibility between the two. A deep study of the history of this land proves that the differences between Hindus and Muslims are not confined to the struggle for political supremacy but are also manifested in the clash of two social orders. Despite living together for more than one thousand years, they continue to develop different cultures and traditions. Their eating habits, music, architecture and script, all are poles apart. The basis of the Muslim nationhood was neither territorial nor racial or linguistic or ethnic rather they were a nation...
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...The new labour government voted into power in Britain in May 1945 was determined to press ahead with political reform in India and there was optimism among nationalist leaders that progress towards independence would quicken. Viceroy Wavell was worried that Labour was too eager to hand over power to congress, which would further raise the anxieties of the Muslim League. In January 1946, the British MPs made a small visit to India without announcing there conclusions, but in private some stated that Pakistan must be conceded to avoid Muslim unrest. Viceroy Wavell was keenly interested in making practical preparations for the eventual unpleasantness of announcing the actual boundary lines. This shows that some of the British leaders did foreshadow the horrific consequences of the partition but they went ahead with it anyway, perhaps believing that it was a better solution than keeping India united. This contrasts with popular writings which claimed that 'the country’s division was a colossal tragedy, a man-made catastrophe brought about by hot-headed and cynical politicians who failed to grasp the implications of division along religious line's '[14]. The writings criticise the politicians for not being perceptive and aware of what the outcome of the partition could be. It places the partition solely in the hands of the clueless politicians, so the partition was not inevitable and the leaders should be blamed for making such a disastrous decision and not thinking about the...
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...The private roots of public participation: Women’s engagement in democratic politics in Pakistan Dissertation – MA Gender and Development Marion R. Mueller, September 2004 Abstract This paper contributes to the discussion about the involvement of women as decision-makers in democratic political processes. It questions the conditions that are necessary to promote such involvement and that open up spaces for the translation of women’s representation into political influence. The context of the devolution of power process in Pakistan shows that it is not enough to only set up democratic institutions to achieve women’s political effectiveness. Instead there is need for significant support through the state, political parties and civil society. To personalise the political is necessary for successfully being able to achieve policy outcomes that reflect women’s interests. Table of contents Abbreviations & Foreign Words 4 List of Figures and Tables 5 Acknowledgements 6 1. Introduction 7 Choice of case study 8/ Methodology 9/ Dissertation structure 10 2. Locating women’s engagement in democratisation 11 3. Imagining the political: women and the nature of the state 16 The framework of the state 16/ Defining access: affirmative action policies in Pakistan 16/ Devolving power to the grassroots 18/ Personalising the political: the presence of women councillors 20 4. Institutionalising the political:...
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...especially martyrdom, against injustice and tyranny was part of Shia Islam, and that Muslims should reject the influence of both liberal capitalism and communism with the slogan "Neither East, nor West – Islamic Republic!" This idea of rule by Islamic jurists was spread through his book Islamic Government, mosque sermons, smuggled cassette speeches by Khomeini, among Khomeini's opposition network of students (talabeh), ex-students (able clerics such as Morteza Motahhari, Mohammad Beheshti, Mohammad-Javad Bahonar, Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani and Mohammad Mofatteh), and traditional businessmen inside Iran. in my opinion no scandal can ever focus the attention of people like a leader like Khomeini did. Like the Iranian Revolution, Lawyer’s Movement in Pakistan is another example where a national leader was able to capture the attention...
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...Saleem Khan, London Metropolitan University, Religious Nationalism and Sectarianism in Pakistan Introduction Since the American occupation of Iraq, intra-Muslim violence has become daily news but prior to 2003, Pakistan not Iraq was the global centre for violent conflict between different Muslim sects. In 1947, British India was divided on religious lines and two nation-states India and Pakistan emerged. The British educated founding fathers of Pakistan perceived a united India as being detrimental to Muslims because as a minority Muslims would be not be recognized as equals by the Hindu majority state which would also suppress their rights so the concept of Pakistan was formulated as a nation-state where some aspects of liberal democracy would be implanted so that fairness and non-interference would be the norm. In the 1970s partly because of violent challenges to the state by ethno-nationalist movements partly inspired by uneven economic development and the upheavals in the international arena due to the Cold War, there was a major shift away from pluralistic politics and a move towards greater Islamisation beginning with the narrowing of the definition of a Muslim by the state in which the state gave up its neutrality. Additional government legislation imposing uniform religious taxes widen sectarian differences between the Sunni majority and Shia minority. By not initially accommodating Shia collective demands the state had alienated many of them. The subsequent and...
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...with different ideologies, thus producing a disorganized and weak country. At 1979, the Soviet Union decide to support the socialist party for their own interest by sending thousands of troops to fight against the Afghan resistance; an anti-communism movement(Office of Historian) . This movement was called the mujahideen movement who are fighting against non-Muslims forces and they were heavily supported by the U.S, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Iran, China, and Egypt(The Institute for the Study of War). As the conflict grew into a cold war, mujahideen was powered financially not only from the countries above, but also from Osama Bin Laden. He...
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...states, Pakistan and India, the political situation in the region has been volatile. Both these countries have strained relations and have fought two major wars resulting in the cession of East Pakistan. The real bone of contention between the two countries is Kashmir. The people of Kashmir have expressed their desire to accede to Pakistan but India creates hurdles in the fulfillment of their desire. The state of Jammu and Kashmir came into existence in 1848. Gulab Singh, Dogra Rajpot, bought it for RS. 7500000 from Lord Lawrence. The state has an area of 84,471 square miles. It has 902 miles long border with Pakistan and with India 317 miles only. The three main rivers of Pakistan, namely, the Indus, the Jhelum and the Chenab are their sources in Kashmir. The two roads that link Kashmir with the rest of the world also lie through Pakistan. More than 80% of the people of Jammu and Kashmir are Muslims. Thus geographically, culturally, economically and religiously Kashmir is an integral part of Pakistan. But India has never accepted this fact. The result is that Kashmir has become an apple of discord between Pakistan and India. The Kashmiris were leading a miaerable life. They were treated as slaves. They had no status in society. They were always at the mercy of the Dogras and the Hindus of the state. The result of this suppression and oppression was that the people of Jammu and Kashmir stood against the Maharaja’s rule in 1930. The Maharaja tried to suppress this movement. He succeeded...
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...Mass Media in Pakistan (MCM 304) Assignment 01 Militant Journalism is a term that was coined during the Pakistan movement. The era 1906 to 1947 is important in the history of sub-continent in many regards. The establishment of Muslim League in 1906 created awareness in the Muslims for political struggle. The abrogation of Bengal Division was the step that compelled Muslims to think over their miserable plight and start a political struggle to get their legal share in the united India. The era of 1906 also brought some positive signs in the history of mass communication of the sub continent. The leading personalities that marked the era for their courageous and bold journalistic services were Maulana Muhammad Ali Johar, Maulana Zafar Ali Khan, Maulana Hasrat Mohani and Maulana Abul Kalam Azad. All these famous personalities used print media to provoke the people for their political struggle. Maulana Zafar Ali Khan started to publish a newspaper ‘Zimindar’. This paper started to write articles that were full of political thoughts and Muslim unity. Soon this newspaper earned a great repute among the people. It is said that Zimindar was so popular among the people that even illiterates spent 1 paisa to pay the price of Zimindar and 1 paisa to that person who read that newspaper for them. This popularity was disliked by the English rulers and no of times Zimindar was banned over a specific time period. During the First World War, Turkey was supporting Germans and people of...
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...SAARC Ministerial Declaration on Cooperation in Combating Terrorism ***** We, the Foreign Ministers of Member States of SAARC, are deeply concerned about the continuing scourge of terrorism afflicting the region which has caused extensive social disharmony, loss of human life, destruction and damage to property. Terrorism poses a serious threat to peace and cooperation, and friendly and good neighbourly relations. It jeopardises the sovereignty and the territorial integrity of States, while constituting a serious violation of fundamental human rights. We renew our commitment to strengthening comprehensive region-wide cooperation among SAARC Member States to combat and eliminate all forms and manifestations of terrorism and in this context affirm the need to reinforce further the regional legal regime and instituting pragmatic cooperation to address this issue effectively. We also recognise that our cooperation shall proceed on the basis of sovereign equality, mutual respect and the principles of non-intervention and non-interference in the internal affairs of Member States consistent with the SAARC Charter. As we meet in Colombo, at the Thirty-first Session of the Council of Ministers, we solemnly declare and agree to undertake the following measures of cooperation: 1. We reiterate our commitment to implement measures against organising, instigating, facilitating, financing, fund raising, encouraging, tolerating and providing training for or otherwise...
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...Dilemmas of Pride and Pain: Sectarian Conflict and Conflict Transformation in Pakistan “Sectarian conflict is typically regarded as a clash between two exclusive models of a sacred cosmos, which do not allow space to each other”. The problem of sectarianism emerged just after the partition when the concept of majoritarianism was imposed in the Pakistani state to marginalize the religious and sectarian minorities. Although the constitution of Pakistan declares that all citizens have equal status and outlaws religious discrimination, the state favored Sunnis. As Saudi Arabia and Iran are traditional rivals of each other on sectarian basis, they fought their actual battle in Pakistan. The issue is not new to us, the root cause of the problem is the Sunni interpretation of Islamic laws, and Sunni oriented educational curricula, emergence of separate areas of residence and a public discourse that Shias are not true Muslims. Several extremist groups were made on basis of these concepts and they started to function the conflict through excessive use of power. The conflict exists between the Muslims but the difference is that it is very violent now which led the displacement of people, breakdown of local support system and brutalization of social attitudes. The state has failed to play an active role in peace building, stopping violence, providing relief and bringing criminals to justice. The relations between Shias and Sunnis are worse than ever and the underlying conflict has not...
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...Telenor Pakistan in Pakistan Directory Telenor acquired the license for providing GSM services in Pakistan in April 2004, and launched its services commercially in Islamabad, Rawalpindi and Karachi on March 15, 2005. The official opening was held in Islamabad with the President of Pakistan General Pervez Musharraf as the guest of honor and a Telenor delegation headed by CEO Telenor Jon Fredrik Baksaas. On March 23, 2005 Telenor started its services in Lahore, Faisalabad and Hyderabad. Telenor has become the second largest cellular network in Pakistan by launching over 1100 destinations within two years! Telenor has its Corporate headquarters in Islamabad, with regional offices in Karachi and Lahore. The license terms stipulate that by year 4, Telenor will cover 70% of Pakistans 297 administrative Tehsil headquarters. Telenor will fulfill the license requirements and provide superior quality coverage. Telenor is proud to build mobile communication infrastructure in Pakistan and looks forward to combine its experience in mobile technology with the local Pakistani high level of competence. Telenors primary aim is to offer top quality mobile services and promote healthy competition in the mobile market. The company has covered several milestones over the past twenty two months and grown in a number of directions. Telenor has successfully signed interconnect agreements with all four incumbents during December 2004, allowing its subscribers to exchange voice and data with subscribers...
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...Terrorism in Pakistan has become a major and highly destructive phenomenon in recent years. The annual death toll from terrorist attacks has risen from 164 in 2003 to 3318 in 2009, with a total of 35,000 Pakistanis killed as of 2010. According to the government of Pakistan, the direct and indirect economic costs of terrorism from 2000-2010 total $68 billion.[1] President Asif Ali Zardari, along with former President ex-Pakistan Army head Pervez Musharraf, have admitted that terrorist outfits were "deliberately created and nurtured" by past governments "as a policy to achieve some short-term tactical objectives".[2][3] The trend began with Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq's controversial "Islamization" policies of the 1980s, under which conflicts were started against non-Muslim countries. Zia's tenure as president saw Pakistan's involvement in the Soviet-Afghan War, which led to a greater influx of ideologically driven Afghan Arabs to the tribal areas and increased availability of guns such as the AK-47 and drugs from the Golden Crescent. The state and its Inter-Services Intelligence, in alliance with the CIA, encouraged the "mujahideen" to fight a proxy waragainst the Soviet Union. Most of the mujahideen were never disarmed after the war and some of these groups were later activated at the behest of the state in the form of the Lashkar-e-Taiba, theHarkat-ul-Mujahideen and others like the Taliban who were all encouraged to achieve Pakistan's agenda in the Kashmir conflict[4] and Afghanistan[5] respectively...
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...an armed conflict between India and Pakistan that took place between May and July 1999 in the Kargil district of Kashmir and elsewhere along the Line of Control (LOC). The conflict is also referred to as Operation Vijay (Victory in Hindi) which was the name of the Indian operation to clear the Kargil sector.[12] The cause of the war was the infiltration of Pakistani soldiers and Kashmiri militants into positions on the Indian side of the LOC,[13] which serves as the de facto border between the two states. During the initial stages of the war, Pakistan blamed the fighting entirely on independent Kashmiri insurgents, but documents left behind by casualties and later statements by Pakistan's Prime Minister and Chief of Army Staffshowed involvement of Pakistani paramilitary forces,[14][15][16] led by General Ashraf Rashid.[17] The Indian Army, later on supported by theIndian Air Force, recaptured a majority of the positions on the Indian side of the LOC infiltrated by the Pakistani troops and militants. With international diplomatic opposition, the Pakistani forces withdrew from the remaining Indian positions along the LOC. The war is one of the most recent examples of high altitude warfare in mountainous terrain, which posed significant logistical problems for the combating sides. This was only the second direct ground war between any two countries after they had developed nuclear weapons; it is also the most recent. (India and Pakistan both test-detonated fission devices in...
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...War on Terror and its impact on Development in Pakistan Over the years Pakistan has fallen victim to the affects of war on terrorism. Slowly but surely Pakistan’s social structure, economic development and political systems are being eroded. Due to its geo-strategic position, Pakistan has faced adverse affects because of the invasions in Afghanistan by the USSR and U.S. The country also faces internal threats by religious and linguistic groups that help increase terrorism in Pakistan. Terrorism is destroying Pakistan infrastructure by reducing human capital, diverting foreign direct investments and redirecting public investment funds to national security. Terrorism can be defined as “the use of violent acts to frighten the people in an area as a way of trying to achieve a political or social goal” (). Terrorism has now become a global problem and Pakistan is among one of the countries that has been highly affected by it. After the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979, the Taliban surfaced as a resistance movement aspiring to eject the Soviet troops from Afghanistan. The United States and Pakistan provided considerable financial and military support to the Afghan Mujahedeen who were able to impose heavy losses on the Soviet troops. Following the 9/11 attacks, the U.S. declared a war against Afghanistan. at this point the U.S. recognized the seeds they had sown. Taliban was a creation of the Pakistani intelligence agency (the ISI) but was funded by the U.S. The U.S. provided...
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...In this paper I have compared the modernistic and the conservative point of views, signifying the importance of both and highlighting the events that lead to the creation of Pakistan. My aim is to critically analyze the different interpretations of important events that lead to the creation of Pakistan provided by authors of both schools of thought. The premise that Muslims and Hindus are two different nations, the point that lead to The Two Nation Theory, and that there has always been a general discontent between them can neither be dated back to Emperor Aurangzeb era, (Sayeed, 1969) nor to the British regime for their policy of divide and rule (Alvi, 2002), rather seeing it logically, throughout the course of history Hindus have seen Muslims as outsiders and invaders, as history has seen that first the Lodhi dynasty and then the Mughal dynasty invaded and then ruled India. Similarly, Muslims based on their faith, had always treated Hindus as infidels, but having said so, it seems that over a period of time both communities had somehow carved out a way to live together in the social setting of India and created an amalgam of Muslims and Hindu culture. This is evident from many rituals common in both even today, for example the marriage ceremony practiced by Indian Muslims. So conflict and concord were running in parallel between the two communities and even to this day, there are many events of communal riots in India between Muslim and Hindus simultaneous with frequent events...
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