...In this paper I have compared the modernistic and the conservative point of views, signifying the importance of both and highlighting the events that lead to the creation of Pakistan. My aim is to critically analyze the different interpretations of important events that lead to the creation of Pakistan provided by authors of both schools of thought. The premise that Muslims and Hindus are two different nations, the point that lead to The Two Nation Theory, and that there has always been a general discontent between them can neither be dated back to Emperor Aurangzeb era, (Sayeed, 1969) nor to the British regime for their policy of divide and rule (Alvi, 2002), rather seeing it logically, throughout the course of history Hindus have seen Muslims as outsiders and invaders, as history has seen that first the Lodhi dynasty and then the Mughal dynasty invaded and then ruled India. Similarly, Muslims based on their faith, had always treated Hindus as infidels, but having said so, it seems that over a period of time both communities had somehow carved out a way to live together in the social setting of India and created an amalgam of Muslims and Hindu culture. This is evident from many rituals common in both even today, for example the marriage ceremony practiced by Indian Muslims. So conflict and concord were running in parallel between the two communities and even to this day, there are many events of communal riots in India between Muslim and Hindus simultaneous with frequent events...
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...Drug Addicction in Pakistan By saria sajjad Pakistan is today notorious for many things, but in the last 20 years, drug production and addiction has increasingly become just one of them. The issue of drug production is often overshadowed by the many of the country’s other human development problems, such as poverty, illiteracy and lack of basic health care. But the fact is, drug abuse is rapidly growing in Pakistan and in South Asia in general. While Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Maldives all suffer from this, Pakistan is the worth victim of the drug trade in South Asia. Today, the country has the largest heroin consumer market in the South-West Asia region. It was not always this way. Pakistan became a major explore of heroin in the 1980s, following the influx of Afghan refugees escaping the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. The major consequences of this have been a significant increase in domestic consumption of heroin in Pakistan. Heroin was once upon a time a drug which was virtually unknown in the country until the late 1970s. Today Pakistan is not only one of the main exporters of heroin; it has also become a net importer of drugs. It is estimated that about 50 tons of opium are smuggled into Pakistan for processing heroin for domestic use. Almost 80 percent of the opium processed in Pakistan comes from neighboring countries. Drug situation is witnessing changing trends, as in fashion. Chars, opium and heroin used to be the primary choice of drugs. But now a synthetic...
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...of Islam Islam arrived in the area of modern Pakistan in 711 CE, when the Umayyad dynasty sent a Muslim Arab army led by Muhammad bin Qasim against the ruler of Sindh, Raja Dahir. Muhammad Bin Qasim's army was defeated in his first three attempts. The Muslim army conquered the northwestern part of Indus Valley from Kashmir to the Arabian Sea. The arrival of the Arab Muslims to the provinces of Sindh and Punjab, along with subsequent Muslim dynasties, set the stage for the religious boundaries of South Asia that would lead to the development of the modern state of Pakistan as well as forming the foundation for Islamic rule which quickly spread across much of South Asia. Following the rule of various Islamic empires, including the Ghaznavid Empire, the Ghorid kingdom, and the Delhi Sultanate, the Mughals controlled the region from 1526 until 1739. Muslim technocrats, bureaucrats, soldiers, traders, scientists, architects, teachers, theologians and Sufis flocked from the rest of the Muslim world to Islamic Sultanate and Mughal Empire in South Asia and in the land that became Pakistan. Islam and the Pakistan movement The Muslim poet-philosopher Sir Allama Muhammad Iqbal first proposed the idea of a Muslim state in northwestern South Asia in his address to the Muslim League at Allahabad in 1930. His proposal referred to the four provinces of Punjab, Sindh, Balochistan, and the NorthWest Frontier -- essentially what would became Pakistan. Iqbal's idea gave concrete form to two distinct...
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...Role and Importance of Media in Pakistan Communication channels through which news, entertainment, education, data or promotional messages are disseminated. Media includes every broadcasting and narrowcasting medium such as newspapers, magazines, TV, radio, billboards, direct mail, telephone, fax, and internet. Media is the plural of medium and can take a plural or singular verb, depending on the sense intended. Before discussing the importance and drawbacks of media we should go through the History of Media in Pakistan. Print is the oldest media of mass communication. Newspapers can reach greater masses of public. They allow readers to control exposure. This not only gives us the facts about an event or issue but also explains and interprets them. In 1947, Pakistan inherited a weak press with very little law for controlling and regulating the press. Very few news were published in the newly born Pakistan. In East Pakistan and Baluchistan not a single newspaper was published. The NWFP had two daily papers. Newspapers owned by Muslims came to Pakistan. These include Daily Azad and morning news (shifted to Dhaka), Dawn, jang and anjam (set up in Karachi). After independence, a number of newspapers were published but due to financial constraint and many other reasons, their publication did not continue i.e. Roshni, inqallqb, musalman. There were only three radio stations in Lahore, Peshawar and Dhaka. English press was not so healthy at the time of independence due to educational...
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...invested by each partner with a ration of 20% each, requirement of capital to start the business is of 8 millions out of which 60% is invested by partners and remaining 40% will be borrowed from financial institutions. Mission We specialize in making finest and innovative healthcare products that relax mind, revitalize energy, renew senses, and enhances your well-being at a reasonable price and sustainable monetary growth. We encourage business practices that value consumers, employees, stakeholders and society at large. Keys to Success • A first-mover branding campaign to build awareness of aromatherapy and its benefits against harmful medicines • Patent protection to defend our formula and product concept from competitors • Complementary relationships with suppliers, distributors, and health promoting organizations Situation Analysis Life in urban cities has become hectic and exhausting, people living in Karachi, Islamabad, Rawalpindi and Lahore need something that can rejuvenate and relax their mind and body. There is a need for a product that can provide good sleep, stress-less life, and serene mental state. For the first time in Pakistan we are introducing a soap that will...
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...RESEARCH REPORT ON “LIPTON” PRESENTED BY: Rizwan Ahmed Rafia Farooqui Saba Hasan Leenah Khan Yasir Hasan Yasir Bilal DATE: 18th December 2007 College of Business Management Institute of Business Management ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First we would like to thank Almighty Allah; we would also like to thank our course coordinator, Ms. Shahnaz Meghani for her supervision and encouragement at every step of this project and also for giving us the opportunity to prepare this report. We would like to thank Mr. Humuyun Saeed from Lipton and Ms Rabia Khan. Our thanks are also due to all others, especially to the retailers and consumers who helped us in collecting the information required for us to prepare this report. Thanking you, Saba Hasan Leenah Khan Rafia Farooqui Yasir Bilal Mahpara Yasir Hasan Rizwan Ahmed TABLE OF CONTENTS |S. No. |Topic |Page No | | | | | |1 |Executive Summary |4 | |2 |Macro Environment |5 | |3 |Micro Environment ...
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...of Olper’s Milk brand in the minds of the customers by positioning it as a contemporary and modern brand which is healthy and natural and it is use for all purposes. In my view point they are using Functional Concept for positioning Olper’s Milk brand by emphasizing that the brand will make you more healthy and strong. Positioning Initiatives: In order to communicate this positioning concept Engro uses the following marketing mix strategies: Product Strategy: Olper’s Milk which is a flagship brand for Engro launched in 2006 is competing in a Packaged Milk Category The country's leading all-purpose standardized UHT processed milk, Olper's Milk is sheer indulgence in every sip and is backed by its high nutrition content and invigorating freshness that have become synonymous with the Olper's brand. Today Olper's combines nutrition, value and taste to deliver an unforgettable consumer experience to every individual within every house-hold where the day begins with Olper's, as far as packaging is concerned its unique red color is the soul of brand identity in various media outlets, it is available in 4 SKUs of 200 ml, 500ml, 1000 ml and 1500 ml value packs. Pricing Strategy: They are pursuing competitive pricing strategy, the brand has market share of 22 % which comes after Nestle Milk Pack in the packaged milk category. Value Chain Strategy: Engro Foods aims to become the only company to utilize all of the milk collecting areas in Pakistan but in 2008 they established...
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...The Idea of Pakistan 1. The central question that Stephen Cohen grapples with in his book, The Idea of Pakistan, is what is Pakistan? Is it a ‘rogue state’, ‘a delinquent nation’, ‘Taliban East’ a ‘failing state’ or just ‘misunderstood but an effective US ally’ (p. 2)? To probe beyond these descriptions of Pakistan, Cohen has two purposes in mind. First, he wants to demonstrate why Indian Muslims felt the need for a separate homeland to pursue their ‘civilizational destiny’. Second, he wants to narrate how the state of Pakistan has evolved into a military-dominated entity that has nuclear capabilities, hostile relations with its neighbours and is characterized by weak economic institutions and socio-political strife. It is clear from this narrative, that Cohen wants to understand Pakistan’s past to predict the future - whether Pakistan will fail as a state or manage to scrape through all its troubles and emerge as a ‘normal state at peace with its neighbours’? 2. Cohen’s point of departure is to assess ‘failure’- a term that he thinks is imprecisely used to describe Pakistan. He argues that to make such an accusation one needs a nuanced definition of failure. If failure is defined as the inability to live up to past expectations, to deal with catastrophe, to run a successful economy and to lead the country with a certain vision in mind, then Pakistan’s performance has been dismal. But Cohen pushes the line that it is not a failed state as the possibility of resurrection...
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...Group Company with its presence in all the major cities with a comprehensive coverage across Pakistan. 2. Describe the company and the marketing strategy for the brand. Ufone’s mission statement is: To be the best cellular option for U. Since its inception, Ufone is strongly customer-focused and heavily committed to marketing. It has a passion for understanding and satisfying customer needs in well-defined target markets. The customer focus and best offering has allowed Ufone to build a subscriber base of over 20 million in less than a decade. It empowers customers with the most relevant communication modes and services that enable them to do a lot more than just talk, at a price that suits them the most. Market Segmentation: Cellular service market includes a broad diverse range of people. Ufone divides its market based on four aspects. (1) Age; this includes teenagers, youngsters, middle aged and aged people. (2) Gender; male and female. (3) Economy; lower class, socio-economic class, middle class and upper class. (4) Occupation; working class, business class, corporate class etc. These segments consist of consumers who are expected to respond in a similar way to a given set of marketing efforts. Market Targeting: Ufone evaluates each segment’s attractiveness and it targets those in which it can profitably generate the greatest customer value and sustain it over time. Ufone has mainly been targeting the youth market by using young brand endorsers and ambassadors. It comes...
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...Kashmir so important? …………………………………………3 Analysis of terrorism in Kashmir and the India-Pakistan dispute…7 Other factors supporting the rise of terrorism in Kashmir……….10 Impact of terrorism and the proxy war……………………………..12 Potential steps towards a peaceful solution………………………..15 Latest developments………………………………………………….18 Appendix I: List of Works Cited/Bibliography……………….......20 Appendix II: Map of the region.……………………………………21 Appendix III: Copy of instrument of Accession of Kashmir to India…22 War and Peace: An Analysis Of The Kashmir Issue And A Possible Path To Peace Today, the word Kashmir has become synonymous with death, destruction and religious genocide in South Asia. Although the roots of the Kashmir issue lie in a territorial dispute between India and Pakistan, it has evolved into a multi-faceted issue over the years. This paper discusses this dispute, its history, its effects and potential steps towards a peaceful resolution. An introduction to Kashmir and a history of the region Kashmir is a landlocked region in South Asia, sandwiched between India, Pakistan, Afghanistan and China. It is spread across an area of 86,000 square miles, an area bigger than 87 sovereign countries1. Kashmir is home to almost thirteen million people1. Though mostly Muslim, the state also has significant Hindu, Buddhist and Sikh populations. Cradled by the mighty Himalayas and fed...
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...Water Scenario: Past, Present and Future of Pakistan By: Muhammed Zafir Zia Per capita availability of surface water in Pakistan is gradually dwindling from 5300 cubic meter in 1951 to 1000 cubic meters in 2005 and is projected to hit less than 1000 cubic meters making Pakistan a water short country Of all the major problems, water crisis is the one that lies at the heart of our survival and that of our planet. Experts project that the global water crisis will reach unprecedented levels in the years ahead in many parts of the developing world. The years ahead predict the threat of looming water wars between countries. According to figures published by the United Nations & other international organizations, 1.1bn people are without a sufficient access to water, and 2.4bn people have to live without adequate sanitation. Under current trends, the prognosis is that about 3bn people of a population of 8.5bn will suffer from water shortage by 2025. 83% of them will live in developing countries, mostly in rural areas where even today sometimes only 20% of the populations have access to a sufficient water supply. Fresh drinking water is not only a need of human beings, but equally important for the animals and agriculture throughout the world. This acute water shortage will be responsible in spreading diseases as contaminated water is the sole cause of nearly 80% infectious diseases. Hence the world has to take serious and concrete measures in order to avoid the water...
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...the time of partition of India in 1947 one of the condition imposed by Britain was that the ruler of princely state had a right to opt either Pakistan or India or make their own particular free nation. But Maharaja was in view of making Jammu and Kashmir as independent country. As Governor-General Louis Mountbatten knows Maharaja Hari Singh from prior times so he decided to meet him. In the meeting he suggest Maharaja to take this decision before 15th August otherwise it would create many difficulties for state and he also suggest him that independence is not a feasible decision for Jammu and Kashmir and he tells him that it is deal between Pakistan and India that no one will interfere in your decision as it is your independent decision and no one is having any right to force you to take this decision. But in fact it did not happen as Pakistan has started using force by stopping the supply of crude oil, grains, and necessary goods to Jammu and Kashmir so this situation makes clear that Pakistan was in eager to take over Jammu and Kashmir. Due to this situation of Jammu and Kashmir Prime Minister of India Mr...
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...practiced in the Middle East. The Central Asian Arabian desert saw birth to the Islamic religion around 600 AD. The religion started with the teachings of Prophet Muhammad who is considered to be the messenger of the one and only, formless, all-powerful God, Allah. Islam spread rapidly from the Arabian Peninsula in less than 30 years and managed to defeat the Persian and Roman Empires. Over the next several centuries, Islam reached as far east as India and westward to Spain. Through traveling traders, Islam spread to Southeast Asia; where today Indonesia is the largest Muslim country. Today, Islam is considered to be the fastest growing religion in the world. According to ncccusa.org, “there are about 1.2 billion Muslims and about 2 billion Christians in the world. By 2025, it is expected that Islam will grow by 50%, and Christianity will grow by 31%. Indonesia has the greatest number of Muslims with over 170 million adherents. Pakistan is next with 136 million”. If one follows the Islamic faith, women and men are equal in rights and life. They are not seen as equal in physical attributes therefore it is the man’s duty to be the physical laborer and be the main financial supporter of the family. The woman is seen as more nurturing and loving and is responsible for the home and up-bringing of the children. Both the mother and father are to provide for the children’s every need. A woman is allowed to have money and property and spend it as she sees fit. Many marriages are arranged...
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...Types of food people like in Pakistan: The Pakistani cosines are rich in oil and chillies. Unlike the Indian food, Pakistani dishes must include meat, chicken and beef, though pork is totally forbidden as per Islamic teachings. Although eating habits differ from regions to region, the mainstay of the Pakistani diet is "chapati or roti" made from flour. "Lassi" a usual drink made like a milkshake in a home made utencil from curd/yogurt and water is usually taken at lunch time, specially during the summers as it beats the effects of hard weather. It is usually customary to eat a dessert after the dinner, which mainly comprises "Kheer" (made from rice and milk) and sweetened rice "Zarda". Rice though scarcely eaten in many parts, pulla´o (lightly fried rice with vegetables) and biryani (rice with meat or vegetables and spices) are the tw very favourite dishes of rice, specially on marriages. "Mithai" a kind of sweet made of corn flour, sugar and milk is the favourite sweet for all ages Pakistanis generally eat three meals a day: breakfast, lunch, and dinner. During the evening, many families have green tea without sugar which goes along with baked/fried snacks from local bakery (or prepared at home). During the Islamic holy month of Ramadan, the eating patterns change to: sehri and iftar. It is considered proper to eat only with the right hand as per Islamic tradition (also a tradition in many other Asian cultures). Many Pakistani families, particularly when guests are too many...
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...pricing, promotion and distribution of ideas, goods and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational goals. While strategy is the action plan to do something and hence, Marketing Strategy is the managerial process of developing and maintaining a viable fit between the organization’s objectives, skills and resources and its changing market opportunities. The aim of marketing strategy is to shape the company’s business and products so that they yield targeted profit growth. Nestlé Pakistan Limited is selected to study that how they have planned their marketing strategy for Nestlé Pure Life (water). Nestlé is a multinational food company and offering Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG). The motto of Nestlé is “Good Food, Good Life”, so delivering the qualitative products to the customer is their main objective. It is offering 75 brands of bottled waters worldwide. Nestlé Pure Life (NPL) is one of them that was first offered in Pakistan by Nestlé Pakistan Limited in 1998. People felt need of Pure, safe and clean water because of impurities in water especially in the industrialized cities like Karachi, Lahore, Faisalabad etc. Nestlé identified this opportunity and lunched NPL that satisfied the customer needs and Nestlé become market leader in the water industry. The customers of NPL showed interest on NPL because of trust on Quality of Nestlé, at the heart of which there are qualitative products and its long term commitment to deliver better products to consumers...
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