Slide 1
No act is inherently deviant.
It depends on 4 factors: time, place, consequence, identity of victim/offender
How you perceive yourself is strongly based on how others perceive you
Your interactions with others shape who you are.
Master – the role that defines who you are (eg. CEO)
Self fulfilling prophecy – you embrace what others label you
Driving While Black Study (New Jersey)– study to see if blacks are pulled over or arrested more, to see if there is an official or de facto policy of targeting blacks * Determine the total % of black drivers, and the total % of black drivers stopped on the road * They also drove 5 mph above the speed limit and looked at the racial composition of people driving cars that drove past them * They violated traffic laws at approximately the same rate * 73% of drivers stopped and arrested were black, while only 14% of drivers on the road were black. * 35% of all who were stopped were black * Very small probability of this being a fluke * CONCLUSION: Blacks are several times more likely to be stopped than non-Blacks * Studies in Maryland yielded similar results for all minorities
Howie Becker – the group creates rules and people that break those rules are labeled outsiders and deviants.
Moral Entrepreneurs – people that make a career out of enforcing morality eg. Police
Primary deviance – committing a deviant act before the rules are formed. You aren’t stigmatized as being deviant. Person who performs the act thinks he is normal. Eg. A one year old stealing candy and not knowing it is wrong
Secondary deviance – deviant behavior that arises because of the label a person has. A child who is constantly told he is bad may grow up to do bad things.

Marxian Critique of Criminal Justice – PP2
Conflict theorists – those who draw from Marxian ideology and apply it to criminology
Reiman does not present Marxism as a social theory, but instead he presents as a scientific theory on how capitalism works. This isn’t an ethical discussion, but instead a scientific discussion on how crime works.
Criminal justice system – police, courts, prisons, guns etc.
The necessary tendential structure is that things that support the justice system tend to recur, and things that oppose it tend to disappear.
Marx considers capitalism a system of forced labor. Labor makes things more valuable – can turn inputs into outputs.
Necessary labor – the amount of work the laborers need to do to be paid the money owed to them.
Surplus labor – any work done by laborers over necessary labor – this creates profit for the capitalists
Workers are enslaved in an indirect way
The state uses force to protect private property. The state protects everyone’s private property, including those who own the means of production and thereby exploit workers
The organization of production is what shapes peoples’ attitudes and beliefs, thereby the progressive organization of factors of production shape history
Law is an official recognition of fact, laws are determined by social relations; it is an idealized relation of economic relations
Property rights for all things are the same – whether you own a factory or just your own body
Criminal law are the violators of normal exchange – stop exchange from being able to occur (fraud, theft, murder etc.)
Exchange comes when a person is freely willing to give up his goods, so crime therefore comes when a person freely chooses to commit an offense.
Capitalism is based on alienation, slavery, and maldistribution.
Maldistribution – resources are not equally distributed leaving some people worse off
Alienation – capitalism promotes alienated relations or segregation of different groups.
Marxism does not imply reduced guilt for most criminals, neither does it imply the celebration of their acts.
Street People – PP3
Number of homeless is increasing because of changes in the economy, availability of low income housing, the welfare system, and the physical transformation of cities.
Globalization reduced the number of jobs for unskilled people
Cities becoming more affluent means that homeless people can’t perform services where they used to – forced to relocate.

Community Policing – PP4
Social disorganization theory – attributes crime and delinquency in certain areas to the breakdown of social institutions and relationships. It focuses on communities that lose the ability to regulate themselves. Community policing is often effective in these socially disorganized communities.
How to measure success in community policing? No factual success, but there are personal accounts/anecdotal evidence of success.
Crime rates may go up because crimes are reported more, may go down because of less crime.
People felt safer with the police around, more people left their doors unlocked.

Contacts between police and the public
Police more likely to search male drivers than female drivers
Black drivers searched the most
As officer rank increases, discretion decreases. Discretion – the decision whether or not to take action, discretion on how to report crimes
Police are no more prejudicial than most of us, they are just in a position where it matters
A small percent of officers are responsible for a large percent of the disproportiate use of force incidents. They have psychological traits such as lack of empathy and cynicism. Hispanics arresting Hispanics used the most force.
Race was important in the decision to use deadly force, but the subject’s demeanor was a bigger indicator.
Police corruption occurs when a police officer uses his position to gain benefit eg. bribes

Hate and Crime Reporting – PP 5 – law passed in 1990
Everyone has their own definition of a problem, and you have to define a problem as a situation that needs a solution to generate interest in fixing it.
Authors have 2 questions: 1. What determines compliance with a public policy once it is put in place? 2. What factors explain variation with compliance of public policies in local settings?
Hate crimes – crimes that are done based on prejudice of race, religion, sexual orientation or ethnicity. Includes murder, arson, intimidation, damage to property etc. The crimes not only hurt the victim, but threaten the entire community/group.
Data collection sucks, States must collect data on hate crimes, but law enforcement agencies are not required by law to participate. Also difficult to state which crimes qualify as hate crimes.
Differences in how many reported hate crimes are in different areas reflect data collection inefficiencies. 0 reported in Alabama over 1000 reported in California.
The fact that a crime is reported as a hate crime means that the community recognizes the definition and its existence.
Hate crime reporting is expected to be highest where strong social organizations have significant influence on the community and politicians. It will also be highest where there are political incentives for local officials to concede to the will of these organizations.
Discursive Rivalry- attacking the reputations of another person or organization, especially in the case when it cannot defend itself.
The struggle over the meaning of an event depends on: 1. Motivation – self interest of the person/group 2. Narrative facility – skills displayed by different people to shape the reputation of the object/event 3. Institutional placement – not all voices have an equal opportunity to be heard
Significant variables in the locations of reported hate crimes: 1. Politics 2. Presence of civil rights groups and their interactions with the community

Conflict Theory – PP 6
At the center of conflict theories are social and economic inequalities. Different groups have different self interests and conflicts arise as a result of these groups competing for limited resources. Resources are limited so some groups are winners while others are losers.
The Haves vs. the Have nots
It is in the interest of the Haves to keep things the way they are
It is also in the interest of the Haves to make everyone thing that this is the way things should be
False consciousness – the current system is in everyone’s best interest, when really it is only in the interest of the powerful
The Haves are the ones that make the rules and it is they that enforce sanctions for non-conformity
Eg. Rape laws often help men and victimize women – looks at what she was wearing, how she was acting, etc.
The law is supposed to protect everyone equally, but conflict theorists think that the Haves are better protected.
Eg. Street crime vs. white collar crime
Street crime is portrayed as being worse, though white collar crime may often be more damaging. The public is led to believe that they are being protected from the gravest threats, when in reality they are not.
Things that interest a conflict theorist: 1. Influence of those with money/power 2. Public opinion – do people think laws are equal and without bias? 3. Discretion – is discretion used differently at different levels of the justice system to support those with greater resources?

Eg. Of a potentially biased law that gives the rich more power: the government said putting a limit on the spending of corporations is unconstitutional. – even in government elections

Discipline and Punish – PP 7
Begins with 2 descriptions of how criminals are treated: 1. Execution – public display, gruesome, meant to cause pain and show pain 2. Regimentation – strict rules that control the daily lives of the criminal
Before punishment was a major public spectacle, now its carried out in private. It is effective not because it is visible to others, but because of inevitability.
Now even the death penalty is painless and not nearly as personal or humiliating.
Used to punish the body, not we try to punish the soul.
People are now punished based on crime and intentions, not from a single judge but instead form a system. Punishment is a complex social function.
The treatment of physical bodies is the microphysics of power, power is exercised rather than possessed.
Not all punishments in olden days required torture, but even banishment and fines often involved some form of public humiliation.
Torture – must have measureable pain, the amount of pain is dependent on the severity of the crime committed.
Torture is an expression of power. The sovereign shows how much power he has by harming others.
Ancient trials: Potential criminal kept in the dark
Anonymous people could give testimony
The arithmetic of proof- each proof of evidence has a value in proving guilt. Confessions have the most value and torture was often used to get a confession.
Crimes attack the soverign, and the soverign shows his power by punishing criminals.
Uses terror to disway others from committing crimes and gain a fear of the soverign.
Witnesses take part in the vengeance against the criminal. This can backfire as the accused sometime become heroes.
Panopticon – segmented, frozen, immobile place
A place of intense survailance, all movements are recorded. It treats disorder with order. Takes diso