...look into situations that require improvements. - used to review policies that must be revised. - programs actions that demand modifications to be truly responsive to complex human existence. The Meaning of Research Research is a multi-faceted human endeavor: 1) To a lot of people , it is a difficult and demanding task. 2) To beginners, it is a complicated process. 3) To students, it is something that must be done to complete a course requirement. 4) To those who value knowledge and the truth, it is a very fulfilling and exciting challenge. What is Research? According to: 1) Aguinaldo (2002) and Calderon (1993) – research is a "a purposive, systematic, and scientific process of gathering, classifying, organizing, presenting, analyzing and interpreting data for the solution of a problem, for prediction, for invention, for the discovery of truth or for the expansion or verification of existing knowledge, all for the preservation of the quality of life." 2) Sevilla (1998) – defines research as "searching for theory, for testing theory or for solving problem." 3) Andres (1998) – defines research as a "careful, critical inquiry or examinationin seeking facts or principles; a diligent investigation to ascertain something. It is unbiased investigation of a problem." Characteristics of Research: 1) It is systematic –The procedure to be followed must be orderly, disciplined and organized. ...
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...Abstract This paper explores the nature of science as studied by G. Lederman (2007). Particular attention is paid to the epistemological questions and the ontological status of the nature of science. Epistemologically, the article seeks a definition of science, its nature and how it is acquired and accepted .The key ontological concerns are the form of existence of Nature of science. The paper intends to critically study the issues that arise. Key words: Nature Of Science. Epistemology. Ontology Introduction Extensive research efforts for over 100 years or so have focused on the goal of enhancing learners’ scientific literacy (Lederman, 2007, Akpan 2013, Mc Ilelland, Zinyeka, 2013, http://www.saarmste.org). Embedded in scientific literacy is scientific practice which relies on scientific language (Akpan , 2013, Kourany, 1998 and Lederman , 2007). Argumentation in the language is what is pictured as underpinning the nature of science views and that the converse is true. Lederman (2007), considers science as constituting body of knowledge, method and the value of beliefs inherent to scientific knowledge and development. Zinyeka (2013) defines epistemology as the justification of claimed knowledge within a specific discipline and ontology as the form of existence of something. The Epistemological Question There is no consensus about what the nature of science is or is not among scholars. (Lederman, 2007, p 835) explains that “ nature of science refers to the epistemological...
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...reality, the profession of Nursing is a unique, distinct science with its own knowledge base and skillset. In accordance with the requirements of a scientific profession, there is a need for scholarly inquiry and nursing research in order to maintain autonomy and distinction of the Nursing perspective separate from other disciplines. An editorial published in the Journal of Nursing Scholarship noted that “the distinguishing feature of a profession is how its practitioners use knowledge to make a difference” (Hegyvary, 2007). The evidence generated by Nursing scholars influences global health initiatives and policy worldwide. The need for field wide scholarly inquiry, the application of rigorous scientific standards to research, and the importance of stringent ethical and legal protection for research subjects has been the subject of numerous articles, books, and papers. The Nursing Profession has a responsibility to engage in scholarly research for many reasons that will be discussed in depth within this paper. Importance of Nursing Research to the Nursing Profession As noted in the introduction, in order to maintain its status as a unique, autonomous profession, Nursing as a field must continually refine and expand its scientific knowledge base. The AACN position statement summarizes the importance of research to the profession by stating “The essence of a discipline is its body of scientific knowledge, its system of values and ethics, and its societal worth” (AACN, 2006). It...
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...Philosophy, ever since its beginning has been used as a tool to answer, and to help better understand complex questions regarding logic, knowledge, truth, and even human existence itself. It can be defined as love of wisdom. Philosophy goes beyond facts, measurements, and scientific findings and it depends on judgment, reflection, and intuition, by this definition we can gather that philosophy is, essentially, the pursuit of knowledge or understanding on a much higher level than usual. In this paper I will present my views on philosophy as a whole by reviewing and evaluating myself as a philosopher during the duration of this course and how I believe this course has affected the way I think, as well as how I benefited from it. This was my first major introduction into the study of philosophy, and I can honestly say that it has had a major impact on my belief system. Many of my views have changed and my overall view on life is much different than it was before I started this class. I come from a culture where I was taught never to ask questions, and to always believe whatever I was told, especially if someone much older said it, but taking this course has expanded my thinking capacity, and just like Descartes, who was a rationalist, someone who believed that true knowledge is produced by logical and critical thinking, I have upgrade my thinking to a whole new level. This course has helped me to view situations in a subjective manner where I don’t have to use data to determine...
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...wondering has come about through the roots in other discipline; disciplines such as philosophy, biology, and physiology. This led to a science that aims to describe and explain how human thinks, how human feel, and how human acts. Psychology is the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes. The science of psychology has a history that goes back to ancient past. Back to the time of Plato and Aristotle but began to flourish and take shape in the 1600’s. For one to have an appreciation for this science he or she must consider the root and various perspectives of psychology. Modern psychology has come a long way since Rene Descartes and john Locke in the 16th century. The science of psychology began to flourish in the 1600’s with philosophers Descartes and Locke contributing significant theories on human behavior, impacting the rise of modern psychology. “As a science psychology evaluates competing ideas with careful observations and vigorous analysis” (Myers, 2007. p. 2). Rene Descartes was a French philosopher and mathematician who became influential and well-known in the field of psychology. He is the father of the mind-body interaction also known as the dualism theory. According to the dualism theory the mind and body are separate entities working together to build human experiences (Goodwin, 2008). While Descartes was working on his theory a British scientist Francis bacon was taking the science of psychology into a down-to-earth forum (Myers, 2007). Bacon’s theories...
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... Psychology is a relatively young science, just over a hundred years old. Philosophers over the passing centuries formed various theories based on their observations in human behavior. “At the heart of both philosophy and psychology are questions about the nature of knowledge: Is the world an invention of the human mind? Are some methods of gaining knowledge (e.g., scientific methods) more reliable and rational than others? And can we ultimately justify fundamental beliefs concerning such things as the laws of logic, the existence of other minds (in addition to our own), and the durability of causal relationships?” (Fletcher, 1996). The origins of modern psychology have their roots in philosophy harking back to the beginning with the Greeks, and on to the age of enlightenment and into the 19th century. In the 17th century philosophers like Rene Descartes took their observations about human behavior and tried to explain how the mind and body worked. Descartes created a distinction between mind and body. He posited that the mind was in the pineal gland and the body composed of “animal spirits” that coursed through the nervous system and caused movement. He proposed that some ideas are innate, and some are derived from the environment. (Goodwin, 2008) Unlike Descartes, John Locke thought the accumulation of experiences is what shaped the mind. He believed that humans are a born a “tabula rasa and it is...
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...PSYB4 Past Paper Questions Listed below are all of the available past paper questions for the Debates section of your PSYB4 examination. The specimen paper below is representative of what your actual paper will look like (2 x 4 mark questions and 1 x 12 mark essay question. Older papers (June 2006-June 2009) used to have Psychology and Science as a separate section so there are a lot of past paper questions on this particular debate. Now they are combined and you would be asked a mixture of questions from across different debates. Print off the copy of this document without the answers and use this to mark them and give yourselves targets for improvement. Specimen Paper Outline what is meant by hypothesis testing and explain the role of hypothesis testing in scientific research. (4 marks) [AO3 = 4] Up to 2 marks for definition/outline of what is meant by hypothesis testing, eg a hypothesis is a testable, predictive statement/proposition specifying the relationships between events or variables. Two further marks for explanation of the role of hypothesis testing in research, eg theories need to be tested by empirical studies, hypothesis testing allows researchers to refute or support a theory, the degree of support determines confidence in a theory. Credit references to the null hypothesis and falsification of a theory 0 8 Explain what is meant by the nature-nurture debate in psychology. (4 marks) [AOl = 2, AO2 = 2] AOl One mark for outlining the term nature;...
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...CMP9500B Comprehensive Exam Solution Click Link Below To Buy: http://hwaid.com/shop/cmp9500b-comprehensive-exam-solution/ Question 1: Theory Theories play a vitally important role in guiding research and organizing and making sense of research findings. In spite of the great importance of theory-building and theory testing within your field of specialization, there is no generally accepted conception of what a theory is. Because your dissertation must contribute to theory, you must have a clear understanding of the variety of conceptions of theory, types of theories, and ways of contributing to theory and be able to justify how, exactly, your study contributes to theory. Part 1 Using Gelso (2006), Harlow (2009), Stam, H. (2007, 2010), Wacker (1999), and five additional peer-reviewed articles from your specialization, discuss scholarly views on the nature and types of theory. Compare and contrast at least three views of what constitutes a theory, including the view you will use in Part 3 of this question. Be sure to distinguish theory from related concepts, such as hypothesis, paradigm, model, and concept. Part 2 Using Ellis & Levy (2008), Harlow, E. (2009), and five additional peer-reviewed articles, review the scholarly literature on the relationship between theory and research and the ways research (quantitative and qualitative) can contribute to theory. Discuss at least three ways research can contribute to theory. Part 3 Pick a theory (in one...
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...research method used in psychology. In the second column, write a brief description of that research method. In the third column, provide a situation when this method could be applied. |Research Method |Description |Application | |Scientific method |The body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring |Scientific method is used to compare the | | |new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous |strongest brand of paper towel by absorbing | | |knowledge. To be termed scientific, a method of inquiry must |water on two different bands of paper towels | | |be based on gathering observable, empirical and measurable |to compare the different type of paper | | |evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning. A |towels. The hypothesis is formed by examining| | |scientific method consists of the collection of data through |the observations carful and makes an educated| | |observation and experimentation, and the formulation and |guess as to what the outcome might be. | | |testing of hypotheses. ...
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...Psychology Paper Psy 480 Dr. Gurinder Bolina Examination of Clinical Psychology Paper Clinical Psychology has been a major part of our history from the Greek philosophers to Sigmund Freud to our modern day psychologist and philosophers; our knowledge about psychology and how information has been drawn from others has been evolving. During Clinical Psychology, psychologists find new clinical interventions by gathering information and philosophical aspects through data. In this paper, there will be not the history of this psychology but the differences between the medical health professions and clinical psychology. According to James, J. and James, M. (1991), “Although, various distinctions exist between clinical psychologists and other psychological disciplines, all endure to promote a better quality of life from and for the human spirit.” The History of Clinical Psychology The Greeks developed the first ideas of psychology. Three philosophers named Aristotle, Hippocrates, and Plato believed that a person’s individual body reacts from the individual’s soul being in charge and that if a person becomes ill ;especially, physically ill means that the person was suffering something within their soul that is resulting in them being this way. According to Plante, T. G. (2011), “The way the Greeks were able to understand how disease transported was not controlled by the gods but, because of social, biological, and psychological effects exchanged between the mind and body.” The...
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...were often subject to the belief that they were incapable of true intellectual thought because of inherent differences between their bodies and minds and those of men. For instance, it was commonly thought that women had extremely creative minds, which meant that they could not analyze evidence accurately and therefore could not become intellectuals. However, the supposed creativity of women’s minds resulted in the image of...
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...Introduction Education has remained a social process in capacity building and maintenance of society for decades. It is a weapon for acquiring skills, relevant knowledge and habits for surviving in our changing world. Education has become one of the most powerful weapons known to man for reducing poverty and inequality in modern societies. It is also used for laying the foundation for a sustainable growth and development of any nation. Education is a vital instrument in development; the National Policy on Education (1998) refers to it as an instrument "par excellence" for effecting national development. President Obasanjo’s government initiated a 10-year plan for Nigeria which will provided a framework for the future development of education in support of Nigeria’s national aspiration to be among the 20 top world economies by the year 20:20. Education has an immense impact on the human society. One can safely assume that a person is not in the proper sense till he is educated. It trains the human mind to think and take the right decision. In other words, man becomes a rational animal when he is educated. It is through education that knowledge and information is received and spread throughout the world. An uneducated person cannot read and write and hence he is closed to all the knowledge and wisdom he can gain through books and other mediums. Education constitutes the core of human development. It opens up opportunities for both individual and group empowerment. It is a vital...
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...Writing a Concept Paper Many private foundations have always required a concept paper be submitted for review prior to the submission of a full proposal. In recent years federal and state agencies have begun to encourage the use of concept papers as a way for applicants to obtain informal feedback on their ideas and projects prior to preparing a proposal. Some of these agencies now require a concept paper be submitted as part of the formal submission process. The purpose of a concept paper, from the funding agency’s point of view, is to help applicants develop more competitive proposals and to save time by eliminating proposals that are not likely to be funded. The applicant’s purpose in developing a concept paper is to capture the interest of the funding agency and demonstrate that the idea they are proposing is worthy of further consideration. Therefore, the first sentences of a concept paper are very important. You want the funding agency representatives or board members to continue reading! The first section (Introduction) should include some information about the funding agency. You need to demonstrate that you have done your homework and understand the mission of the funding agency and the types of projects that they support. Then you need to identify the agency you represent and how the missions of your agency and the funding agency mesh. Describe any partner agencies that will be involved and their interest in the project. Next describe the question, problem...
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...Research, Statistics, and Psychology Paper Psychology uses statistics and research to validate or invalidate theories. Research is used to find answers to questions. The scientific method is important because it provides researchers with the steps they must take to find the answer they are looking for in a study. Statistics are used to prove or disprove theories or questions by using the collection of data and mathematics. Many types of research could be used to make the world a better or even healthier place and this is why statistics and research is important in all fields of study. Research is an important part in the field of psychology. It is used to establish facts rather than opinions. Research is defined as an organized and systematic way to find answers to questions (Henrichsen, Smith, & Baker, 1997). There are four main goals of research in psychology, these goals are describe, predict, explain, and apply. Researchers use the scientific method to meet these goals. The scientific method is described as a process involving fives steps to conduct research. The first step is to determine a problem or make an observation. The second step is the development of the hypothesis. Testing the hypothesis is the third step. Recording the observations is the fourth step. The final step is to draw a conclusion(s) (Cowens, 2006). The scientific method is used in all fields of research. Primary and secondary data is used in research to support a hypothesis. A research first focuses...
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...The lack clinical based trial studies in his book weakens his argument. Doing so limits the claims to only his own general knowledge and none from a professional. According to Russell E. Glasgow, associate director at the University of Colorado School of Medicine, to strengthen a self-help book he suggests the use of clinical trials and follow up assessments. (1) As mentioned before, Prentiss uses scientific papers, however, how he interprets them lessens the credibility. The use of scientific papers is important in bringing in professional views into the paper. Repetition is the key of a self help book for a strong memorization technique, however, Prentiss repeats in a way in which he brings old material, twisting the wording, and presents them as a new “ideal” to follow. For example, Prentiss writes “The more you engage in any type of emotion…greater your desire for it will become.” and “It’s only our perception…that causes distress”, similarly “ Everything that happens to us is for our complete benefit” and “…creating new results …whatever happens to us is for our greatest benefit...
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