Discuss at least two ways the principle of “cause and effect” applies to human behavior, especially as the principle applies to criminals and to criminal justice professionals. The cause will be the criminal actions. The effect will be the consequences the criminal will have to face when they complete or attempt the crime. For instance, if they rob a bank, they will have to face the consequences if and when they get caught. Also, if a person abuse a child out of frustration, they will have to face Child Protection Services and criminal charges of child abuse.
Comment on this statement: If determinism is correct, then nothing happens that was not caused to happen by a necessary antecedent event or condition – including thoughts, feelings, choices, and actions. Determinism says that every event has a cause. Menaing our actions are caused by a prior event. If determinism is correct, then our actions are influences by a prior event. For example, a little girl is being bullied at school everyday. She retaliate by stabbing another student with a pencil for continously stabbing her. The bullying happened first(the cause) then the stabbing(the effect).
Take a position on which philosophy is correct: (a) “internal” factors of determinism (biological and psychological) or (b) “ external” factors (norms, belief, culture, and sub-culture). Explain how each influences the responsibility of choice. The philosophy I believe is correct is external factors of determinism. Our actions are acceptable to our culture or subculture. Also, we believe in what we believe in. According to our beliefs, we determine our actions. Many say, "we are what we made of"(biological makeup). Internal factors of determinism shape our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. As humans we are similiar species. But genetically we differ because we do not come from the same family.

The causes and effects that applies to human behavior, especially as the principle applies to criminals and to criminal justice professions are the actions of criminals and the omissions/damages that occur after the actions have been done. For example, someone smoking cigarettes, will get lung cancer (Williams & Arrigo, 2012, p.47). Another example is, someone that grows up in a bad neighbor, will get involved in a gang.

If determinism is correct, then every event or condition including thoughts, feelings, choices, and actions that happens as a cause (Williams & Arrigo, 2012). For example, "clouds form because water vapor condenses in air that is cooled below its saturation point; the law of gravity determines that objects with weight and mass fall to the ground when we drop them", (Williams & Arrigo, 2012, p.46).