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DEFINIREA MEDIULUI AMBIANT AL FIRMEI

În ultimii ani, o serie de lucrări de specialitate s-au ocupat, direct sau indirect, de problematica mediului ambiant al firmei, de impactul pe care acesta îl are asupra unităţii economico-sociale. Un aspect incă insuficient elucidat pe plan teoretic îl constituie definirea mediului ambiant, categorie deosebit de complexă, date fiind multiplele sale componente şi interdependenţele dintre ele.

Adesea se face confuzie între mediul ambiant şi mediul inconjurator sau sunt omise unele componente majore care influenţează decisiv activităţile economico-sociale din cadrul firmei. Astfel, academicianul Mihai Dragănescu arată că ,,….dacă ne gândim la, om nu este greu de observat că pentru el principalul mediu ambiant este societatea. Mediul social cuprinde două mari componente : un mediu tehnologic şi un mediu interuman. …Prin mediu înconjurător pentru om întelegem şi societatea, în timp ce prin mediu înconjurător pentru societate întelegem numai mediul înconjurător natural, deoarece tehnologicul este social[1].

La rândul său, A. Iancu insistă pe necesitatea tratării mediului ambiant în strânsă corelare cu calitatea vieţii pe care, de altfel, o condiţionează decisiv. ,…După cum calitatea vieţii este definită printr-o multitudine de componente, la fel şi mediul ambiant trebuie definit prin multitudinea elementelor sale componente, numite factori de mediu, care influenţează într-un mod specific calitatea vieţii. După provenienţa şi rolul lor în viaţa economico-socială acestia se pot clasifica astfel :

a) factori de mediu naturali, reprezentaţi de condiţiile de sol, atmosferă, subsol, ape curgatoare, lacuri, păduri, toate acestea reprezentând suportul material primar al existenţei şi desfăşurării vieţii biologice şi economico-sociale : b) factori artificiali, reprezentaţi de condiţiile create de om în scopul ameliorării condiţiilor sale de viaţa şi dezvoltării sale multilaterale…[2]”.

În acelasi context, profesorul C. Pintilie consideră că mediul ambiant al unităţii economice poate fi definit prin ,,piaţă internă şi externă în cadrul căreia întreprinderile işi oferă reciproc produse, servicii, lucrări, informaţii etc. colaborează între ele şi, deseori, se confruntă, intrând în competiţie”[3] . Funcţie de natura proprietăţii asupra factorilor de producţie şi de alte elemente de caracterizare a sistemelor socio-economice, acelasi autor delimitează piaţa ( mediul ambiant ) în : organizata si planificata, libera sau concurenţială mixtă[4] . Interesantă ni se pare şi concepţia specialiştilor francezi în domeniu, conform căreia mediul ambiant al întreprinderii éste constituit din ansamblul organizaţiilor, actorilot şi factorilor ca aror existenţă este susceptibilă de a influenţa comportamentul şi performanţele întreprinderii. în aceaşi concepţie se insistă pe tendinţa ce se manifestă în legatură cu “diviziunea” mediului in mediul extern , respectiv instituţile şi indivizii care pot influenţa întreprinderea şi mediul intern , in care se includ comportamentele indivizilor sau grupuriloe de indivizi din cadrul întreprinderii ce influenţeaza deciziile şi acţiunile celorlalţi membri ai organizaţiei ( noţiune asimilată “climatului” organizaţional, “ moralului” ori “culturii” din interiorul întreprinderii, generate de intensitatea conflictelor, gradul de satisfactii sau insatisfacţii, gradul de adeziune a indivizilor la valorile firmei).

In ceea ce ne priveste, apreciem că o definiţie a mediului ambiant trebuie să surprindă complexitatea şi multidimensionalitatea acestuia, concomitent cu reliefarea dinamismului său, generat în principal de revoluţia tehnico-stinţifică contemporană.Astfel, mediul ambiant include toaye elementele exogene firmei, de natura economică, tehnică, politică, dermografică, culturală, stiintifică,organizatorică, juridică, psiho-sociologica, educaţionalăşi ecologică ce marchează stabilirea obiectivelor acesteia, obtinerea resurselor necesare, adoptarea şi aplicarea deciziilor de realizare a lor.

Printr-o asemanare definie rezultă necesitatea abordării mediului ambianr într-oviziune dinamică, cuprinzătore , capabilă să surprindă atît evolitiile convergente cat şi divergenţele dintre componentele sale. De natură să favorizeze sau să împiedice derularea activităţilor microeconomice.

Studierea problematicii mediului ambiant şi precizarea multiplelor elemente de impact ale acestuia aupra firmelor romănesti sunt de natură să faciliteze, pe de o parte , întelegerea mecanismului de constituire, funcţionare şi dezvoltarea a acestora şi, pe de altă parte , dependenţele compleze ale unitătiilor economico-sociale fata de mediu. Concomitent poate fi reliefată influenţa majoră pe care mediul ambiant o are asupra firmei , asupra eficienţei economico-sociale, influenţată tot mai evidentă în prezent şi de care trebuie să ţină cont în fundamentarea strategilor şi politicilor micoreconomice.

In alta ordine de ideii, raporturile dintre mediu şi firmă se manifestă cu intensitate şi în ceea ce priveşte conceperea şi exeritarea procesului de management Intr-o viziune deschisă, capabilă să asigure o valorificare superioară a potenţialului mediului.

-----------------------
[1] M. Drăgăuescu, O pasibilă definire a mediului Inconjurător, Revisa economică, nr 33/1985.
[2] A. Iancu, Mediul ambient şi calitatea vieţii Revisa economică, nr 37/1985.
[3] C. Pintilie, Conducerea întreprinderilor, Lito ASE, 19871, p.309-310.
[4] M.Marchesnay, Economie d’enterprise, Collection: Gestion, Paris, 1991, p.91.

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