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Pearl Harbour

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Atacul de la Pearl Harbour

Cauzele ofensivei japoneze.

Japonia, țară tradiționalistă, consevratoare a valorilor trecutului, trece printr-un proces de modernizare în timpul împăratului Meiji (1868), ajungând să reprezinte singurul factor din afara spațiului european și american, ce ridica pretenții din punct de vedere industrial. O serie de cuceriri fără înfrângeri întâresc credința poporului în armată, care treptat preia controlul politicii interne/ externe. Astfel, între anii 1904-1905 japonezii câștigă războiul cu Rusia, iar în 1914, în calitate de aliat al Angliei, își vor extinde controlul asupra teritoriilor Tsing-tai și Shantung, împreună cu insulele Marshall, Caroline și Mariane, devenind astfel puterea predominantă pe latura vestică a Pacificului.

O nouă etapă este declanșată de refuzul englezilor de a reînnoi alianța. Fiind acuzați de tendințe expansioniste, japonezii vor fi limitați de măsuri legislative demarate de americani – în 1924 asiaticii sunt exluși ca imigranți. Tot acum, britanicii își manifestă dorința de a construi o bază navală în Singapore, acest act fiind interpretat ca demers împotriva tării nipone.

Criza economică din anul 1929 ridică probleme japonezilor, care consideră expansiunea drept singura metodă de a liniști poulația – în 1931 vor invada Manciuria, transformând-o într-un stat aliat, Manchuko. Cum Liga Națiunilor și Statele Unite nu recunosc japonezilor ocuparea acestui teritoriu, aceștia din urmă decid să se retragă din Ligă în anul 1933.

Din anul 1937 japonezii încep ofensiva împotriva Chinei, invadând partea de nord. În 1940, armata aduce la putere un guvern pro Axă, pentru ca în toamna aceluiași an să fie semnat Pactul Tripartit cu Germania nazistă și Italia fascistă. Un an mai tărziu, Japonia va încheia un pact de neutralitate cu Rusia sovietică, ce prevedea liberatea de a întreprinde operațiuni expansioniste în sud. Tot în 1941, niponii vor prelua Indochina franceză, determinând astfel inițiativa președintelui Roosevelt de a pune embargo asupra activelor japoneze din conturile bancare americane, exemplu preluat și de britanici și olandezi. Japonia importa 88% din necesarul de petrol și se va adresa în repetate rânduri americanilor pentru a ridica restricția asupra comerțului. În plus, americanii vor întări insulele Filipine în caz de război, în ciuda cererilor japoneze de stopare a acestei directive. Guvernul prințului Konoye, va fi înlocuit de generalul Hideki Tojo, iar inițiativa plănuită de a ataca baza americană de la Pearl Harbour este amânată la cererea amiralului Yamamoto, în speranța unui success al tratativelor cu Washington-ul.

Efectivele militare angrenate în confruntare.

Din punct de vedere al materialului, marina militară japoneză era superioară, Arma crucială a japonezilor era reprezentată de portavioane. Japonezii au utilizat pentru operațiunile din sud-vestul Pacificului doar 11 divizii din totalul de 51 și doar 700 de avioane de luptă ale trupelor de uscat din totalul de 1500, înărite cu 480 de avioane ale marinei militare și încă 360 de aparate pentru atacul de la Pearl Harbour. Din efectivele aviației se remarca avioanele de vânătoare Zero, dispunând și de o capacitate de luptă amfibie. Forțelor japoneze li se opuneau 307 avioane operaționale cu baza în Filipine, incluzând 35 de bombardiere B17 cu rază mare de acțiune, 158 avioane britanice în Malaysia, 144 avioane olandeze și în Birmania, englezii dispuneau de 37 avioane de vânătoare.

Strategia japoneză avea un dublu scop – defensiv și ofensiv, urmărind să obțină livrările de petrol care să permită Japoniei să învingă China și în același timp să o izoleze de rezervele necesare pentru a rezista.

Atacul propriu-zis

Inițial, japonezii își propuneau un plan de cucerire în treo faze: ocuparea Filipinelor în 50 de zile, a Malaysiei în 100 de zile și a Indiilor Olandeze în 150 de zile. Cu toate acestea, amiralul Yamamoto a schimbat strategia, optând pentru un atac prin surprindere al bazei de la Pearl Harbour, pentru a paraliza flota SUA din Pacific. Stabilirea orei atacului va ridica probleme, datorită diferențelor regionale – se va opta pentru începerea operațiunilor între orele 17.15 și 19.00, iar atacurile să aibă loc dimineața devreme, după ora locală.

Japonezii vor alege calea nordică, via Insulele Kurile, pentru a ajunge la Pearl Harbour. Țintele erau: portavioanele americane (japonezii se așteptau să se afle între 3 și 6 portavioane), navele de linie, rezervoarele de petrol și avioanele principalelor baze. Pentru acest atac japonezii au folosit 6 portavioane, cu un total de 423 de aparate, din care 360 au fost folosite în atac: 104 bombardiere de mare altitudine, 135 bombardiere în picaj, 40 de bombardiere torpilatoare, 81 de nave de vânătoare, 2 nave de linie, 3 crucișătoare, 9 distrugătoare și 3 submarine, plus 8 tancuri petroliere.

La data de 2 decembrie 1941 s-a primit confirmarea acțiunii, iar pe 4 decembrie a avut loc ultima alimentare cu combustibil. La 6 decembrie, în ajunul atacului, japonezii au aflat că la Pearl harbour nu exista niciun portavion. Avioanele au fost lansate între orele 6.00 și 7.15. Submarinele japoneze au fost detectate de mai multe ori, unul fiind scufundat de distrugătoarele americane, iar altul de aviația maritimă. Stația nordică de radio a reperat la scurt timp după ora 7.00 o mare forță aeriană, însă centrul de informații a crezut că este vorba de bombardierele B17, care trebuiau să sosească din California.

Din cele 8 nave de linie americane, 4 au fost scufundate, iar alte 4 grav avariate. Au mai fost scufundate 3 distrugătoare, 4 nave mai mici. 188 de avioane americane au fost distruse și 63 avariate, în timp ce japonezii au pierdut doar 29 de avioane, în schimb au pierdut toate cele 5 submarine. Pierderile umane au însumat pentru americani o cifră de 3.435 de morți și răniți, și doar 100 de partea japonezilor.

În urma atacului de la Pearl Harbour flota americană din Pacific a fost practice scoasă din acțiune.

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