...“PEER INFLUENCE: THE EFFECT OF PEER GROUP TOWARDS THE DECISION-MAKING OF 2ND YEAR AB POLITICAL SCIENCE STUDENT” SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY Course: Bachelor of Science in Psychology- II Names: Balmes, Sharmaine D. Dagohoy , Jasmine D. Jalocon, Clarice P. Abstract: Introduction Group influence occurs when one's emotions, opinions, or behaviors are affected by others. Group influence takes many forms and can be seen in conformity, socialization, peer pressure, obedience, leadership, and persuasion. The actions, reactions, and thoughts of an individual are influenced by other people or groups. A useful framework of analysis of group influence on the individual is the so called reference group—the term comes about because an individual uses a relevant group as a standard of reference against which oneself is compared. Reference groups come in several different forms. Peer group is defined as a small group of similarly aged, fairly close friends and sharing the same activities. In general, peer groups or cliques have two to twelve members, with an average of five or six. Peer groups provide a sense of security and they help adolescents to build a sense of identity. (http://inside.bard.edu/academic/specialproj/darling/adolesce.htm, 2004) In actuality, peer influence is more complex than our stereotype of the negative influences from friends. First, peer influence can be both positive and negative. While we tend to think that peer influence leads teens to engage in unhealthy and...
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...Kristen Embry PSY 223 Test 3 1. Puberty is a stage in the lives of both males and females in which their bodies begin to develop from a child to an adult. During puberty both males and females will develop and grow more rapidly than any other time in their lives except for infancy. Everyone goes through puberty, but everyone doesn’t necessarily go through it at the same age or in the same way as someone else. There isn’t just one single event that determines when puberty is beginning. It is a set of events that may happen gradually or very suddenly. Puberty typically begins between the ages of 8 and 14 in girls and between 9 and 15 in boys. However, it is hard to know exactly when puberty has begun in either sex due to unseen hormonal changes that precede physical changes by up to three years, according to our text book on page 303. During puberty, boys will notice several physical changes occurring. These include a major growth spurt, the shoulders becoming broader, and an appearance of body hair under the arms, on the chest, and on the face. They will begin to notice their voices changing from a childlike tone to a deeper, more adult tone as well as begin to have body odor and acne due to hormones being produced at a high rate. The male genitals will undergo some changes as well. As we watched in the video on puberty, the penis will grow longer and wider while the testicles drop into place ready to aide in reproduction later in life. Wet dreams, or nocturnal emissions...
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...person of Janice and Damien. They taught her everything that she needs to know about the school and the various kinds of students in their campus. They also introduced her to the different classes tagged in every group of friends, one of which are known as “The Plastics.” The Plastics gave her peer pressure by transforming her into something she is not. They changed her looks and attitude towards other people. Cady, on the other hand, confirmed with the peer pressure for fun, at first, since she wants to share what the Plastics are like for real with her other friends. Cady spied on the Plastics and shares with Janice and Damien every details she learn about them. Every story and every secret the Plastics would tell her, she shares them with her two friends and they would laugh about how low the Plastic could be. Along the way, she yielded to peer pressure when she decided to join the Math club despite everybody telling her that being a member of that team means social suicide. For her part, Cady did not care much about being accepted by the society because she preferred to be on the Math team despite the effect it may have on her status. Only through this, did she show her true colors because she admitted she loves Math when everybody hates the subject. Cady persisted with peer pressure as she continued tagging along with the Plastics until...
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...Grades 3 to 5 • Personal Health Series Peer Pressure KidsHealth.org/classroom Teacher’s Guide This guide includes: • Standards • Related Links • Discussion Questions • Activities for Students • Reproducible Materials Peer pressure gets a bad rap. For many people, it brings to mind an image of kids influencing other kids to do risky things like smoke, drink alcohol, or shoplift. But it can also be a force for good, exposing kids to positive new ideas and role models. Help your students explore the benefits and pitfalls of peer pressure with these activities. Related KidsHealth Links Articles for Kids: Dealing With Peer Pressure KidsHealth.org/kid/feeling/friend/peer_pressure.html How Cliques Make Kids Feel Left Out KidsHealth.org/kid/feeling/friend/clique.html Standards This guide correlates with the following National Health Education Standards: Students will: • Comprehend concepts related to health promotion and disease prevention to enhance health. • Analyze the influence of family, peers, culture, media, technology, and other factors on health behaviors. • Demonstrate the ability to access valid information and products and services to enhance health. • Demonstrate the ability to use interpersonal communication skills to enhance health and avoid or reduce health risks. • Demonstrate the ability to use decision-making skills to enhance health. • Demonstrate the ability to use goal-setting skills to enhance health. • Demonstrate the ability...
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...can lead our thoughts and actions. Social influences can affect human behavior by changing our attitudes. This can be a positive change, such as opening up a closed-minded individual's beliefs to include new choices. On the other hand, social influences on attitudes can be negative and include destructive or coercive concepts leading to poor choices or even criminal behaviors. Teen Peer Pressure * Peer pressure is most commonly found in teen or high school society, in which one person or group influences another. Peers, or other people close in age, play a large role in the daily life of the teenager, even more so than that of the teen's own family. As the teen develops into a more independent person, she may attempt to break away from the family structure, opening herself up to the influences of friends and peers. Peer pressure comes into play when other teens attempt to influence someone else in social situations. This can be positive, providing good examples of behavior that pushes the teen into new experiences such as academic clubs or sports. In contrast, many teens succumb to negative peer pressures involving drug use, risky sexual behaviors or even criminal actions. * Sponsored Links * International MBA Online Convenient & Affordable Online MBA from the Comfort of Your Home! ucpmarjononline.co.uk/MBA-Zambia Products and Buying * Social pressures and influences can, to some degree, impact human buying behaviors. Advertisers and marketing professionals...
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...Do Peers Affect Student Achievement? by Eric A. Hanushek, John F. Kain, Jacob M. Markman, and Steven G. Rivkin* December 1999 Abstract Empirical analysis of peer effects on student achievement has been limited, and what exists has been open to question because of the difficulties of identifying peer effects per se. Our strategy to identify peer group effects involves the elimination of problems introduced by unmeasured or mismeasured influences on achievement through the estimation of achievement growth models with fixed individual and school-by-grade effects. Our basic estimation of elementary school achievement growth indicates that the achievement level and racial composition of peers has a direct influence on achievement. All students appear to benefit from having higher achieving schoolmates, although the effect is quite small. The variance in achievement appears to have no systematic influence, and the effects of mean differences in peer achievement levels are roughly constant across quartiles of the achievement distribution – suggesting that ability grouping policies have primary influence on the distribution of performance and not the level. Moreover, ceteris paribus schools with higher concentrations of minority students lead to lower achievement for Black students but minimal effects on whites or Hispanics. Paper prepared for the Conference on Empirics of Social Interactions Brookings Institution...
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...assumed that the genes an individual has inherited makes some teens behave violently. Nurture refers to the ways that people learn to behave violently as a result of their surroundings. The causes of teenage delinquency are greatly based on nurture due to the juvenile youth experiencing or witnessing parental violence in the home, living in a violent neighbourhood and witnessing violence in the media. Teen violence is a growing epidemic that is increasing rapidly and the negative behaviours of teens can result in crimes murders, rape, robbery and threaten an individual with physical harm. Teenage Delinquency is the product of nurture. A person’s upbringing can be negatively influenced by the socialization agents’ family, peers and media. Firstly, Family has a strong influence on the individual’s positive or delinquent behaviour. The absence of family resources may cause youth to engage in criminal behaviour. Families play an important role in the development of children; however when children are brought up with parents that are too harsh, children start disrespecting their parents and become violent. Research proves that a major problem in the absence of family resources is the lack of adequate parental supervision resulting in factors such as single parents long hours or both parents working and for these reasons, many youth are left on their own to figure out how to meet their emotional and psychological needs especially in the hours after school. Parents...
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...same goal. The interactions become the positive peer pressure and the aim for advantageous goals. They seek outcomes that are beneficial to all those that are on the same level to their success and same goals. Through positive peer pressure, adolescents with common goals are promoting the good qualities that they each posses. Through these acts, they're helping each other reach further into their own strong qualities for them to continue with positive actions. -Adolescents have different relationships with their closest friends than with their group of friends in general. The factors in the relationship with close friends result in having a bigger impact by their pressure on creating positive outcomes. When peer pressure has power over you, it gives you a sense of order to function and with positive pressure, it gives you positive outcomes because of the thought of its benefits. - As 'popularity' is known as domination in schools over adolescence, it creates an order for them to follow. The peer pressure that occurs gives adolescence a sense of belonging. Therefore, whatever their peers believe is acceptable, they believe so as well and follow them so they don't become outcasts. If the peer group pressures someone to do a positive action, they follow because they need a fulfilment of acceptance. Positive influence and acceptance motivates them to do other positive accomplishments. -Positive relations between peer acceptance/support create academic success. Social...
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...actions determine the actions that individuals continue to pursue. Reward and punishment structures are built into specific groups (Akers, 1992). By interacting with members of certain groups or social circles, people learn definitions of behaviors as good or bad. It is in the group setting, differentially for different groups, where reward and punishment take place, and where individuals are exposed to behavioral models and normative definitions of certain behaviors as good or bad . Social learning theory proposes that the use and abuse of psychoactive substances is caused by the differential exposure to groups in which use is rewarded. “These groups provide the social environments in which exposure to definitions, imitations of models, and social reinforcements for use of or abstinence from any particular substance takes place. The definitions are learned through imitation and social reinforcement of them by members of the group with whom one is associated” (Akers et al, 1979). Drug use, including abuse, is determined “by the extent to which a given pattern of behavior is sustained by the combination of the reinforcing effects of the substance with social reinforcement, exposure to models, definitions through association with using peers, and by the degree to which it is not deterred through bad effects of the substance and/or the negative sanctions from peers, parents, and the law” (Akers, 1992). Social learning theory, then, proposes that the extent...
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...STUDY GUIDE EXAM 2 HDFS 210 CHAPTER 6: THEORIES AND METHODS 1. Piaget a. Concrete operations i. What defines this stage? ii. How do children in concrete operations differ from the preoperational stage in terms of conservation tasks and overall thinking? b. Formal operations i. What defines this stage? ii. How do children in this stage differ from concrete operations? 2. Information Processing Theory a. How does this theory view cognitive development? What do these theorists focus on? b. What is metacognition and why is it useful/important? c. How do memory strategies develop with age? What types of strategies do children use? 3. Types of intelligence a. Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences (9 types) b. Other non-traditional aspects of intelligence (i.e. emotional intelligence) c. IQ—what is it? How is it traditionally measured? Why is it a useful measure? i. How does heredity and environment affect IQ? d. Horizon video on multiple intelligences as examples of the above…. 4. Academic Skills a. What are the components of skilled reading? b. As children develop how do their writing skills improve? Key words: Mental operations Conservation tasks Deductive reasoning Metacognition Organization Elaboration Metamemory Intelligence quotient (IQ) Emotional Intelligence ...
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...미디어기업분석 Made by Group 8 미디어산업론. 미디어기업분석 afreecaTV Made by Group 8 Company 경영철학 컨텐츠 주요사업 장단점 Peer Group 유투브 판도라TV Finance 재무재표 이익비율 재무비율 자본이익 Conclusion 시사점 Q&A 1 Core Value 정직한회사 탁월한 서비스 따뜻한 조직 비전과 미션 Company 회사소개 경영철학 컨텐츠 주요사업 장단점 Peer Group 경쟁사 Finance 재무분석 Conclusion 결론 및 시사점 Company 회사소개 경영철학 컨텐츠 주요사업 장단점 Peer Group 경쟁사 Finance 재무분석 Conclusion 결론 및 시사점 Company 회사소개 경영철학 컨텐츠 주요사업 장단점 Peer Group 경쟁사 Finance 재무분석 Conclusion 결론 및 시사점 Company 회사소개 경영철학 컨텐츠 주요사업 장단점 Peer Group 경쟁사 Finance 재무분석 Conclusion 결론 및 시사점 Company 회사소개 경영철학 컨텐츠 주요사업 장단점 Peer Group 경쟁사 Finance 재무분석 Conclusion 결론 및 시사점 Company 회사소개 경영철학 컨텐츠 주요사업 장단점 Peer Group 경쟁사 Finance 재무분석 Conclusion 결론 및 시사점 Company 회사소개 경영철학 컨텐츠 주요사업 장단점 Peer Group 경쟁사 Finance 재무분석 Conclusion 결론 및 시사점 Company 회사소개 경영철학 컨텐츠 주요사업 장단점 Peer Group 경쟁사 Finance 재무분석 Conclusion 결론 및 시사점 Company 회사소개 경영철학 컨텐츠 주요사업 장단점 Peer Group 경쟁사 Finance 재무분석 Conclusion 결론 및 시사점 Company 회사소개 경영철학 컨텐츠 주요사업 장단점 Peer Group 경쟁사 Finance 재무분석 Conclusion 결론 및 시사점 Company 회사소개 경영철학 컨텐츠 주요사업 장단점 Peer Group 경쟁사 Finance 재무분석 Conclusion 결론 및 시사점 Company 회사소개 경영철학 컨텐츠 주요사업 장단점 Peer Group 경쟁사 Finance 재무분석 Conclusion 결론 및 시사점 Company 회사소개 경영철학 컨텐츠 주요사업 장단점 Peer Group 경쟁사 Finance ...
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...RELATED LITERATURE Foreign Literature The term peer group refers to an individual's small,intimately group who we interact on a daily basis. Peer group is also what we call “friends” the ones who we hang out, having to tell our secrets and having to do activities all together. As a child growing into a adolescent, they tend to spend more time with their peers groups compared to spending time with their families. The environment of peer groups also changes during adolescence period. There are three groups during adolescents , the early, middle and the late adolescent peer groups. During this period, child still on Identity vs Role Confusion according to the theory of Erik Erickson. This is the period teens develop a sense of self and personal identity. Peer group can either have a positive and negative output not only in the society but also on academic performance of a child. According to Rubin, the tendency of an individual associates themselves with others who share amount of similar attributes in social dynamic is what we called homophily. For example, adolescent peer groups who have been found to be more homologous than the other student body who reported in smoking frequency, intake of alcohol, use of illegal substance such as marijuana and coccaine. Homophily of peer groups has been found among the academic characteristics such as having a high GPA(Grade Point Average), having an ambition to go or enter college, time management and engagement in any school or academic...
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...Ijeoma (2011) Peer and parental influence as correlates of career choice in social science: Implications of counseling. The Nigerian Journal of Guidance and Counseling, Vol 16 2011. Date of submission: Dec 2013. The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship between parental pressure and peer group influence on career choice among secondary school adolescents. It was carried out in Egor and Oredo local Government areas in Edo state Nigeria. The title of the study is stated clearly and gives information about the subjects but does not give the location of the study. In the abstract the researcher has elaborated adequately the method of study which is survey. Two hypotheses are stated, three research instruments used and the results clearly given. It also gives suggestions for further investigations with a view of helping the adolescents in career decision making. The researcher has clearly defined the terms in the introduction. She has given a good background of the study quoting previous studies on related field The problem statement comes out clearly that parents and peer pressure influence adolescents to make unrealistic career choices. The researcher gives consequences as frustrations on the job or dropping out, indeed showing related problems. The researcher has given two hypotheses. The first states that there is no significant relationship between peers and parental influence on career choice in social science. The second was peers and parental...
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...provided by TakeNote, which are on reserve in Mann Library. Study in groups if you find that helpful. Do not simply memorize the material; be able to apply it to practical situations. Know the format of Prelim 2 is the same as Prelim 1: 50 questions, all multiple choice. Autonomy: Steinberg, chapter 9 What is autonomy? Define emotional autonomy, behavioral autonomy, and cognitive (value) autonomy. Explain how psychoanalytical theorists view the development of emotional autonomy as detachment. What is individuation and who is the theorist who proposed it? Is the healthy development of emotional autonomy related to close or distant family relations? How are different parenting styles related to the development of emotional autonomy? What are three areas in which we see changes in behavioral autonomy in adolescence? How does the development of the ability to reason logically compare to the development of impulse control in adolescents? In what areas do parents have more influence on adolescents and in what areas are peers more influential? The development of behavioral autonomy is associated with what kind of parenting? What kind of parenting is associated with adolescents’ susceptibility to antisocial peer pressure? What kind of parenting is associated with adolescents’ susceptibility to positive peer pressure? Do adolescents whose parents tend to limit their autonomy tend to be more oriented toward their peers or their family? Explain how adolescents’ values...
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...see the consequences that can result from the abuse. The abuse of drugs can come from a variety of negative problems that the teenager may be going through. Why has there been an increase in drug abuse among high school students in the United States? Teenagers in the United States have one of the highest rates of drug abuse among other countries, and alcohol and tobacco use also still remains high (Higgins, 1988). Peer pressure has been acknowledged as one of the components that affects high school students in the United States. When a teenager is addicted to drugs or medication that he or she is prescribed, he or she may not be able to have control on the amount that he or she uses. Medication that has been prescribed to a teenager may make him or her feel better, but if the medication does not help than he or she may take more of the medication or look toward other drugs to help him or her try to feel better. Many teenagers want to fit in among his or her friend’s and will try drugs so that he or she will fit in and be accepted by the group. By doing this, the high school student may continue to abuse drugs and the result may be that the high school student drops into a deep addiction which can cause many problems. The teenager can be...
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