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People for Cereal

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1. Why has cereal breakfast been such a profitable business?
Cereal breakfast industry has been highly concentrated industry with top four firms accounting for 80% of market share in 1993. Return-On-Sales in this industry (18%) is also significantly higher than compared to those in general food industry (5%). Primary reason for high profitability is * Barrier to entry: Cereals breakfast industry although had no explicit regulatory barriers to entry, still the list mentioned below were acted as high deterrent for new firms to enter the market:

* Brand Proliferation: Big-3 had launched a very successful Brand proliferation strategy, by launching products to serve every foreseeable market category. This strategy also resulted in lowering market-share/brand and profit/brand, making it difficult for new entrants to cover the cost of initial capital.

* Advertising & Promotion: Advertising/sales ratio in Cereal industry has although reduced from 18% in 1960’s to 10.2% in 1993, still it was higher than most of the other consumer product business. A typical spend of $20 million in the first year of a new brand can be enough to deter a new firm from entering the market.

* Retail Channel: With increase in number of brands to offer, prime shelf space in retail channel was of prime importance in success of a product. Securing prime shelf required providing ‘slotting allowance’, which could result in extra spend of $ 1m at national level. While the same was applicable to Big-3 too, but they had privilege to replace an unsuccessful brand with other brand.

* Collaboration: Industry leaders in this market showed a great aptitude to work together on profit maximising strategy rather than running for market share. This resulted in simultaneous price increase by big-3 firms and hence avoiding any price...

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