...Peptic Ulcer Peptic ulcers are open sores that develop on the inside lining of your esophagus, stomach and the upper portion of your small intestine. The most common symptom of a peptic ulcer is abdominal pain. Peptic ulcers include: Gastric ulcers that occur on the inside of the stomach Esophageal ulcers that occur inside the hollow tube (esophagus) that carries food from your throat to your stomach Duodenal ulcers that occur on the inside of the upper portion of your small intestine (duodenum) CAUSES Peptic ulcers occur when acid in the digestive tract eats away at the inner surface of the esophagus, stomach or small intestine. The acid can create a painful open sore that may bleed. Your digestive tract is coated with a mucous layer that normally protects against acid. But if the amount of acid is increased or the amount of mucus is decreased, you could develop an ulcer. Common causes include: A bacterium. Helicobacter pylori bacteria commonly live in the mucous layer that covers and protects tissues that line the stomach and small intestine. Often, H. pylori causes no problems, but it can cause inflammation of the stomach's inner layer, producing an ulcer. It's not clear how H. pylori spreads. It may be transmitted from person to person by close contact, such as kissing. People may also contract H. pylori through food and water. Regular use of certain pain relievers. Certain over-the-counter and prescription pain medications can irritate or inflame...
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...Lifestyle or Medication - Treating Peptic Ulcers HCA/240 December 15, 2013 Lifestyle or Medication - Treating Peptic Ulcers While many people can live their whole lives without developing peptic ulcers even if they do not eat the right foods, peptic ulcers are one major gastrointestinal disease that can be controlled by changes in an individual’s lifestyle. It is important for everyone to eat the right foods and maintain a healthy lifestyle in order to reduce the chances of this disease occurring. Peptic ulcers are sores that are open and start on the inside lining of the stomach, the upper portion of the small intestine, and in rare cases, the esophagus because acid in the digestive tract eats away at the inner lining of these parts. As a result, the acid creates an open sore that is very painful and may also bleed (Mayo Clinic, 2013). However, there are many lifestyle changes individuals can make to prevent or to control peptic ulcers. By eating plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain will help keep the digestive tract healthy, while also drinking plenty of water (Mayo Clinic, 2013). Furthermore, the risk can be reduced by not smoking, avoid alcohol, and making changes to your diet like eating smaller portions at more frequent times (WebMd, LLC, 2013). Although, some of these lifestyle changes could be challenging for some people, especially for those who smoke cigarettes. Breaking this habit can be very difficult for many therefore they...
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...Peptic Ulcers and Its Treatment Introduction Peptic ulcers are open sores that develop in the stomach lining. It is also develop in the lining of duodenum, or esophagus as a result of erosion that formed by acidic digestive juices which corroding the lining of the digestive system. There are three types of peptic ulcers, which are gastric ulcers, duodenal ulcers and esophageal ulcers. Gastric ulcers are ulcers that develop inside the stomach. Duodenal ulcers are ulcers that develop in the upper portion of the small intestine, called duodenum. Esophageal ulcers are ulcers that develop inside the esophagus. The etiology of peptic ulcer is not clearly known. Infection of stomach with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori or use of certain drugs such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is contributed to ulcer formation. In gastric ulcer, the acid secretion is normal or low. Generally acid secretion is high or normal in duodenal ulcer. The treatment of peptic ulcer is divided into 4 classes: agents that reduce gastric acid secretion, agents that neutralize gastric acid, agents that promote mucosal defense and anti-H. pylori drugs. Treatment Pharmacological measures for the management of peptic ulcers 1. Reduction of gastric acid secretion Histamine (H2) receptor antagonists Example: cimetidine, nizatidine, ranitidine, and famotidine They are highly selective H2 receptor antagonists. They work by binding to H2 receptors which are located on the basolateral...
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...Running head: Digestive Disorders Digestive Disorders “Every year, millions of Americans are diagnosed with digestive disorders, ranging from the occasional upset stomach to the more life threatening colorectal cancer” (Digestive Disorders, n.d.). The function of the digestive system is to break down food consumed into energy (Huether, 2008). The gastrointestinal tract is the part of the body that is affected the most by digestive disorders (Digestive Disorders, n.d.). There are many digestive disorders considered to be abstruse; the signs and symptoms can vary or be similar amongst them, and the causes of a few of these disorders are not known. Celiac disease is a digestive disorder which causes the villi in the small intestine to become flattened when a protein called gluten is ingested (What Happens With Celiac Disease, 1998-2011). The cause of celiac disease is still being determined, but research has shown it to be an inheritied genetic disease (Celiac Disease, n.d.). Common symptoms of this disorder are chronic diarrhea and constipation, weight loss, and abdominal cramping, (Huether & McCance, 2008). A person with celiac disease needs to follow a gluten free diet in order to prevent serious complications such as rickets, anemia, and osteoporosis (Huether & McCance, 2008). Cirrhosis is a disease where the liver begins to slowly deteriorate and doesn’t properly function due to the...
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...Medical Bulletin VOL.14 NO.11 NOVEMBER 2009 Management of Peptic Ulcer Bleeding Dr. Carmen Ka-man NG MBBS, MRCP, FHKCP, FHKAM(Medicine) Associate Consultant, Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, Princess Margaret Hospital Dr. Carmen Ka-man NG This article has been selected by the Editorial Board of the Hong Kong Medical Diary for participants in the CME programme of the Medical Council of Hong Kong (MCHK) to complete the following self-assessment questions in order to be awarded one CME credit under the programme upon returning the completed answer sheet to the Federation Secretariat on or before 30 November 2009. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) is defined as haemorrhage proximal to the ligament of Treitz. Peptic ulcer bleeding accounts for 60% of the cases.1 Despite advances in endoscopic treatment and pharmacotherapy, the mortality of upper GIB remains unchanged. In-hospital mortality was found to be 7.1% in 3220 patients admitted for bleeding peptic ulcers from 1993 to 2003 to a teaching hospital in Hong Kong.2 History taking and physical examination help to define the underlying cause. It should be followed by a detailed haemodynamic assessment. Resting tachycardia (pulse 100/min), hypotension (sBP 6 favours platelet aggregation, clot formation and inhibition of fibrinolysis.3 The effect of preemptive PPI before endoscopy was studied. Daneshmend had conducted a randomised study in 1147 unselected patients presenting with upper gastrointestinal bleeding...
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...Case Study 11 Karley Lapointe Liberty University Abstract C.W. is a patient with a gastrointestinal bleed that produced a duodenal ulcer. This ulcer then produced a bloody diarrhea stool. C.W. Was brought to the emergency room with by his wife for having bloody diarrhea for three days and was presenting signs of weakness and hypotension. C.W. underwent surgery for his gastrointestinal bleed and then was admitted to the hospital for having a fluid volume deficit, due to his diarrhea and bleed. C.W. being volume deficit made his fluid, electrolyte and blood levels become very abnormal. His medication that he was on for prior health history was causing some of his levels to rise and drop. He has a past medical history of cardiovascular problems, which were described and attributed to his current admitting problems. While at the hospital he went into sinus tachycardia and was placed on a Swan-Ganz catheter. One of the main goals for treating C.W. is to control his tachycardia and control his levels. He has some serious cardiovascular conditions that can not be healed but medical professionals, using education and medication , can better his quality of the life he has left. Patient C.W., a 70-year-old male, was admitted to the hospital at 0430 with a 25-X15-mm duodenal ulcer causing a gastrointestinal bleed, which was presented by “ dark red “ bloody diarrhea. His wife states that he has had diarrhea for 3 days with “dark red” stool starting the night before. She states that...
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...NSG 501 – A&P GI - Article Summary #1 January 17, 2015 Reference Cope, G. (2013). Understanding smoking and nicotine effects on the gastrointestinal tract. Gastrointestinal Nursing, 11(1), 44-48. Summary Smoking remains a large problem worldwide with approximately one-quarter of the global population using tobacco products despite the worldwide campaign aimed to reduce tobacco use. Smoking and, more specifically, nicotine have many well-documented health impacts such as lung cancer and heart disease. However, the purpose of this article is to present the implications of smoking and nicotine on the gastrointestinal (GI) system. The author describes systematically how smoking and nicotine affect the stomach, small intestine, and colon as well as the causative agents that damage and protect the GI tract and their mechanisms of action. Research Methodology The information presented by the author in this article came from a literature review. The author gleaned relevant data from nursing and medical research to offer the currently understood consequences of smoking and nicotine use on the GI system. Application to Gastrointestinal A&P The author describes the anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology of the GI tract as it pertains to smoking and nicotine. What Did I Learn Within the stomach, smoking has been shown to prevent the production of bicarbonate ions by reducing prostaglandin synthesis, which controls bicarbonate secretion. Bicarbonate...
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...Bose, Debopriya. (2012.) Advantages and disadvantages of Fast Food. Retrieved from http://www.buzzle.com/articles/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-fast-food.html There are 13,000 McDonald’s restaurants just in America alone, along with 8,000 KFC’s in 80 countries. The biggest disadvantage is the tremendous effect on one’s health. In this article Debopriya talks about how in the fast food industries use a lot of sugars, salts, oil, fried meat, cheese, mayonnaise, and clearly they use calories. It may contain harmful bacteria that can make someone really sick. Most Americans consume more calories than that use and that contributes to complications such as cardiovascular disease and other heart diseases. When you fry food it destroys most of the essential nutrients from the food. She also talks about how it can split families apart; she states that since the fast food industry started becoming popular many individuals started going to eat there instead of the traditional family dinner. It can also be very expensive, although it is cheap if you go by yourself it isn’t the same as if you buy it in bulk; It can be a quite an expensive affair. She mentions that people who live within walking distance from a fast food joint are 13% higher risk of suffering from stroke than those who live a considerable distance away. Obesity is a huge problem in America; a bond is formed between fast food and obesity in children. Many problems that you can receive from obesity is high blood pressure...
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...Jones Com/156 March 30, 2014 Vally Behjou Passive Smoke Smokers may never realize the harm they do to those around them. A smoker knows the risks they pose to their own health, but do they stop and think about the risks their second hand smoke poses to those who surround them. All nonsmokers are exposed to second hand smoke or passive smoke at one time or place, it simply can not be avoided. Until recent laws took effect, exposure to second hand smoke was everywhere from the work place to public places. Children are often exposed to second hand smoke by their parents and can not choose to walk away from it like an adult can. Just consider how many adults smoke in the car when they have a child as a passenger. The media is full of commercials on cancer and smoking letting all know about that health risk. But besides lung cancer, there are other problems associated with the second hand smoke, especially in young children. Smoke in the Air First of all what is passive or second hand smoke? Second hand smoke is consider smoke exhaled by a smoker and the smoke from...
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...22. Occasionally, following a cholecystectomy, undetected cholesterol stones are retained in the common bile duct. How can these stones be treated? Does it mean more surgery will have to be performed? These stones be treated by administering a solubilizing agent through a catheter into the bile duct, which may dissolve the remaining stones. This prevents the necessity to perform more surgery. 23. Discuss the conditions that pancreatitis is associated with in men and in women. How does this affect prognosis? In men it is often associated with alcoholism or peptic ulcers. In women it is more commonly associated with gallbladder disease. The prognosis is good if pancreatitis is associated with gallbladder disease but is very poor if it is related to alcoholism. 24. Discuss how pancreatitis is diagnosed and treated. The procedures to diagnosis pancreatitis include blood and urine tests for elevated pancreatic enzymes (lipase and amylase), fecal fat test, and an abdominal CT scan or ultrasound. The treatment requires hospitalization, a few days of fasting,fluid replacement, intravenous fluids (IV) nutrients, and...
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...Antacid Aluminum and Magnesium ANTACIDS THAT CONTAIN BOTH ALUMINUM AND MAGNESIUM SALTS ONCE SEEMED IDEAL BECAUSE ONE INGREDIENT COMPLEMENTED THE OTHER. ALUMINUM SALTS, WHICH DISSOLVE SLOWLY IN THE STOMACH, START TO WORK GRADUALLY BUT PROVIDE LONG-LASTING RELIEF. THEY ALSO CAUSE CONSTIPATION. MAGNESIUM SALTS ACT FAST AND NEUTRALIZE ACIDS EFFECTIVELY. THEY CAN ALSO ACT AS A LAXATIVE. ANTACIDS CONTAINING BOTH INGREDIENTS SHOULD PROVIDE QUICK, LONG-LASTING RELIEF WITH LESS RISK OF DIARRHEA OR CONSTIPATION. HOWEVER, THE LONG-TERM SAFETY OF ANTACIDS CONTAINING ALUMINUM HAS BEEN QUESTIONED. PROLONGED USE MAY WEAKEN BONES BY DEPLETING THE BODY OF PHOSPHORUS AND CALCIUM. Calcium Carbonate CALCIUM CARBONATE, OR CHALK, HAS BEEN A MAINSTAY OF ANTACIDS FOR A LONG TIME. CALCIUM CARBONATE ACTS FAST AND NEUTRALIZES ACIDS FOR A RELATIVELY LONG TIME. ALSO, IT IS AN INEXPENSIVE SOURCE OF CALCIUM; AMOUNTS RANGE FROM 500 TO 1000 MILLIGRAMS PER TABLET OR DOSE. HOWEVER, PEOPLE CAN OVERDOSE ON CALCIUM. THE MAXIMUM DAILY AMOUNT SHOULD NOT EXCEED 2000 MILLIGRAMS UNLESS A DOCTOR HAS DIRECTED OTHERWISE. Sodium Bicarbonate ONE OF THE LEAST EXPENSIVE AND MOST READILY AVAILABLE ANTACIDS IS NO FARTHER AWAY THAN THE KITCHEN CABINET. SODIUM BICARBONATE, OR BAKING SODA, NEUTRALIZES ACID QUICKLY. THE BAKING SODA BURP IS A SIGN THAT THIS ANTACID IS WORKING; THE BURP IS CAUSED BY RELEASE OF CARBON DIOXIDE GAS, WHICH OCCURS WHEN THE ANTACID NEUTRALIZES THE ACID. Although sodium bicarbonate may provide...
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...available through pill, powder, liquid, and capsule. Supplements have many benefits, some of these benefits may allow for better overall health. When we lack a vitamin or mineral we can get them from supplements, especially if we create a deficiency from an unbalanced diet. Risks of taking too many supplements can lead to severe adverse reactions and health complications. Some can lead to kidney toxicities, nausea, bone pain, heart murmurs, poor appetite and brain issues. The government regulates the dietary supplements, labeling and the ingredients that manufacturers use to develop new products. They also regulate marketing and side effects of drugs and regulate what they may and may not use to keep things truthful. Some medical problems can be helped, improved, or cured using supplements. Such a disease for example is a Peptic ulcer, which is a sore lining your stomach. some supplements that help this are catechin, raw cabbage juice, zinc, vitamin A, vitamin C and a few others. Vitamins and minerals being developed in medical laboratories and by private manufactures are still creating new things daily making changes and cures to every day health needs and concerns. Lastly supplements should be taken with caution and in moderation to avoid risks. References http://www.livestrong.com/article/293879-what-medical-conditions-can-be-treated-with-supplements/ http://nutrition.about.com/od/calcium/a/Benefits-And-Risks-Of-Taking-Dietary-Supplements.htm...
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...GASTROENTEROLOGY Growth inhibitory action of cranberry on Helicobacter pylori Masashi Matsushima,* Takayoshi Suzuki,* Aya Masui,* Kouichi Kasai,† Tomoko Kouchi,† Atsushi Takagi,* Takayuki Shirai* and Tetsuya Mine* *Department of Internal Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara; and †Research and Development Division, Kikkoman Corporation, Noda, Japan Abstract Background and Aim: Cranberry is a fruit that originated in North America, and it has been used by Native Americans for bacterial infections. Recent studies have revealed it to be effective for preventing refractory urinary infections, while also suggesting that it plays a possible role in the eradication of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). Methods: The H. pylori strains used in the present study were NCTC11637 and 11638. Sugar and organic acid-rich, and polyphenol-rich fractions were obtained from cranberry juice concentrate by Amberlite XAD7HP-column chromatography. The H. pylori growth inhibition was estimated by OD660 and titration in liquid culture, and by an agar dilution plate method. The shapes of the bacteria were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. Results: Cranberry extract suppressed bacterial proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. In the comparison with other juices, polyphenol-rich fruits (cranberries, blueberries, and red grapes) showed similar growth inhibitory activity, whereas polyphenol-poor fruits (oranges, pineapples, apples, and white grapes) did not show any...
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...Introduction The purpose of this chapter is to Identify the anatomical components of the digestive system as well as their functions Discuss neural control of the digestive system Compare and contrast mechanical and chemical digestion Discuss the effects of again and disease on the digestive system The GI tract is long tube that is open at both ends for the transit of food during processing Named portions of the tube include the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and rectum Accessory structures are not part of the GI tract, but they do contribute to food processing Accessory structures include the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, and pancreas Digestive Processes There are 6 basic processes involved in digestion The Digestive System The GI tract, and accessory organs like the liver and pancreas, are responsible for facilitating the body’s metabolic processes. Catabolism: Larger molecules are broken into smaller molecules (mouth, stomach, duodenum). In the GI tract, this is called digestion and can occur by either mechanical or chemical means. Anabolism: Smaller molecules are used as building blocks for larger molecules (liver). The Digestive System Mechanical digestion includes all movements that facilitate catabolic processes: Mastication Swallowing Mixing Increase contact of food with digestive chemicals Peristalsis Movement of muscles within the GI tract that facilitates movement of food The Digestive...
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...Vitamin B12 is found in animal products such as meat, shellfish, milk, cheese, and eggs. Most people who eat animal products are not likely to develop vitamin B12 deficiency anemia unless their bodies can't absorb it from food. Strict vegetarians (vegans) who do not eat animal products and babies of mothers who are strict vegetarians are at increased risk for developing anemia and should take a supplement containing vitamin B12. Vitamin B12 is stored in the liver for a year or more, which reduces a person's risk of anemia. What is vitamin B12 and what does it do? Vitamin B12 is a nutrient that helps keep the body's nerve and blood cells healthy and helps make DNA, the genetic material in all cells. Vitamin B12 also helps prevent a type of anemia called megaloblastic anemia that makes people tired and weak. Two steps are required for the body to absorb vitamin B12 from food. First, hydrochloric acid in the stomach separates vitamin B12 from the protein to which vitamin B12 is attached in food. After this, vitamin B12 combines with a protein made by the stomach called intrinsic factor and is absorbed by the body. Some people have pernicious anemia, a condition where they cannot make intrinsic factor. As a result, they have trouble absorbing vitamin B12 from all foods and dietary supplements. How much vitamin B12 do I need? The amount of vitamin B12 you need each day depends on your age. Average daily recommended amounts for different ages are listed below in micrograms (mcg): ...
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