...Traditionalist or progressive? Maybe he’s just pragmatic. Pericles has pride in his state, one rooted in the creation of Athens as a great power in the Mediterranean world. The type of patriotism, which comes from an appreciation of the contributions of forefathers to the creation of a state, often seems to be associated with a traditionalist view, one harking back to the great triumphs of generations past. In searching for ways to repeat the actions of ancestors it is possible to overlook new possibilities, which create a secure and improved future for the state. Although Pericles mentions the importance of what was accomplished by great men who have since passed he has a specific goal as he addresses the men of Athens. He does not aim to bring a longing for...
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...• Pericles’ background and rise to Prominence Pericles was born in 494 BC into a very powerful family. His father was a rising political leader and general during the Persian wars. Despite his father’s key role as a strategos in defeating the Persians at Mycale, he was ostracized in 484 BC. At this time, Pericles was only 10 and this left an impact on Pericles as he was afraid of being ostracized himself due to the powerful position he was born into as well as his increasing power and popularity he gained as he grew up. His mother was part of the Alcmaeonids who were an Aristocratic family that was heavily involved in Athenian politics and very influential. His great uncle, Cleisthenes was also a very powerful political figure who had reformed Athenian government in 507 BC, creating a more democratic system. During the time Pericles was being educated, the main subjects studied were gym, music and the recital of epic poems by Homer. Pericles had three main teachers, Damon, Zeno and Anaxagoras. Damon was his teacher of music and poetry. He also trained Pericles for his political contests. It is thought that it was because of Damon that Pericles joined politics as Damon had a love of politics and philosophy. Some believe that it was Damon that convinced Pericles to introduce his law to pay Jurors. Damon was ostracized for suspicion of supporting tyranny. Zeno, was a Greek philosopher and taught philosophy to Pericles as well as teaching him a technique of cross examination...
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...Abstract This paper will be using sculptural and ceramic illustrations provided by Soltes, explain the evolution from Geometric Greek art into Classical Greek art, culminating with the construction and decoration of the Parthenon (The Temple of Athena). It will discuss what social, cultural/historic events accompanied and promoted this evolution. Greek art and sculpture has had a profound effect throughout the ages. Many of the styles have been reproduced and copied by some of what the modern day audiences would class as some of the finest artists to have ever lived. The Greeks used many different types of materials in their sculptures including stone, marble and limestone as these were abundant in Greece. Other materials such as clay were also used but due to their brittle nature very few have survived. Greek sculptures are very important as the vast majority of them tell us a story about Gods, Heroes, Events, Mythical Creatures and Greek culture in general. Many of the statues that have survived are actually of Roman origin. Like many people today the Romans had a deep respect for Greek sculptures and many were copied. If the Romans had not made these copies, many of the Greek Legends and stories that we know today would have been lost to antiquity. Geometric Art was a dramatic transformation that led to the establishment of primary Greek institutions such as the Greek city and the Greek alphabet. Although primarily visual, transformation is a concept...
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...Last discussion, we focused on Thucydides’ motives and methods for his historical record of the Peloponnesian war. First, we established that Thucydides’ stated purpose was to create a lasting account of the war between Sparta and Athens and to inform future generations of the lessons in history. Thucydides, unlike his contemporary Herodotus, was alive for all of the events he described. As a result, much of his evidence his is based on speeches, which he and his informants were unable to perfectly record. In place of the exact words, Thucydides takes the general sense of the speeches and applies what in his opinion “was called for by each situation” (1.22) This methodology ties directly into Thucydides’ notion that human nature remains constant....
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...Life in Athens during the time surrounding the Peloponnesian War was full of strife and clashing ideas. Having previously fought alongside Sparta in the Persian War years before, Athens was the site of various political partitions that deeply divided the city-state, and this division created many problems for the future. The Peloponnesian War not only drained Athens of its resources, it also created a barrier between the Athenians that would last for years to come. Democracy in Athens was not the same as democracy currently seen throughout the world; rather, it was based around public forums. When Athens came to take over other city-states, creating its own empire, many citizens of the Hellenistic world disagreed on what the proper form of government should be. The Persian War that occurred before the Peloponnesian War disrupted various factions between the city-states that existed. The disbanding led to more wars and conflicts over the political status of not only Athens but of the surrounding areas as well. One major setback was the Mytilenian debate. The issue was how the matter was to be settled, which meant that Athens’s democratic ideals were to be tested. Immediately following the Persian War, Mytilene broke apart from its alliance with Athens. Quickly becoming a powerful city-state, Athens had in mind a design to dominate other city-states as Greek influence began to spread around the world. The Mytilene people did not care for this type of power; rather, they hoped to...
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...Organizational Justice Organizational justice, first postulated by Greenberg in 1987, refers to an employee’s perception of their organization’s behaviors, decisions and actions and how these influence the employees own attitudes and behaviors at work. The term is closely connected to the concept of fairness; employees are sensitive to decisions made on a day-to-day basis by their employers, both on the small and large scale, and will judge these decisions as unfair or fair. These judgments influence an individual’s behavior and can, in cases where the actions have a personal effect on the employee and are judged as unfair, lead to workplace deviance. Organizational justice is concerned with all matters of workplace behavior, from treatment by superiors to pay, access to training and gender equality. It is originally derived from equity theory, which suggests individuals make judgments on fairness based on the amount they give (input) compared to the amount they get back (output). Ensuring organizational justice should be a priority for organization – it can reduce the incidence of workplace deviance, absence, disengagement and counterproductive workplace behaviors (CWB) and also encourage positive attributes like trust and progressive communication. Organizational justice is sometimes discussed alongside corporate social responsibility (CSR), a form of societal justice. Philosophers and social commentators were writing about justice long before management scientists were...
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...Alexander the Great, one of the most famous leaders in history, found balance between war and diplomacy, creating an empire the Spartans will forever have fallen short of reaching. Starting as a city-state in the southern Peloponnese, Sparta faced both internal and external opposition. Spartan fear of being overpowered by servant helots, and later Athens, generated the development of a very specific form of education for Sparta’s defense. Did educating in war tactics rather than academic studies prove beneficial against the costs? No, Sparta’s education decimated its chances of surviving by not planning future growth, not promoting alliance with neighboring city-states, and by training citizens solely in battle. Sparta’s lone fixation on protecting their current status offered no preparation for growth and expansion in the future. By sending out the krypteia -a group of young Spartans who acted like a police force- Spartans killed hundreds of the strongest helots in order to smother any ideas of rebellion. (Doc. C) Killing helots, who were the only people who actively produced food and supplies for the future, chipped away at possible growth by lowering food production in fear of rebellion and attack. Not to mention expansion for the future was also limited when any babies who were not deemed “strong” by elders were left to exposure. (Doc. A) By limiting population growth, the polis’ future was halted from new innovations and opportunities by the extensive focus on creating every...
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... In his recount of the Peloponnesian War, Thucydides presents the speech of the Spartan King Archidamus as a part of the debate that occurred at the Sparta War Council. In his speech, Archidamus hopes to convince the Spartans that, contrary to conventional belief, they are not truly courageous if they give in to the urging of their allies and immediately went to war with Athens. Rather, self-control, expressed in the form of prudent decision-making, represents true courage because the exercise of self-control is able to endow its possessor with other Spartan ideals—namely, good judgment, a sense of shame, and moderation. Through tying his conception of courage with other highly esteemed traditional Spartan ideals, Archidamus espouses a vision of the ideal Spartan citizen that shares many similarities with the kind of citizens that Socrates hopes to create for his imaginary city Callipolis. In fact, one can reasonably argue that the citizens produced by Socratic education, as described in Books 2-3 of the Republic, will largely resemble the idealized Spartans described by King Archidamus due to a close alignment of Archidamus’ ideals and those embodied by Socrates’ education system for his guardians. In his attempt to persuade the Spartans not to go to war, Archidamus tries to get his audience to distinguish between a false sense of courage that is commonly associated with rushing into arms and military activities without careful thought, and the more durable...
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...In looking into the background of ostracism and its true purpose alongside the other Archaic Greek traditions in Athens of expulsion, exile, and ἀτιμία, there are several primary sources I will be using. However, the topic has its challenges. Since it covers a period where most of our surviving sources have been written sometimes centuries after the period they are writing about it is hard to find true primary source writings. The first primary source I will be using for my paper is Herodotus’ Histories. He is the first extant source for this period in Archaic Greece and through the Persian Wars, which is when the law of ostracism was enacted. His work is a very broad look into what he thought were the reasons that led to the clash between the Greeks and Persians, and as such is not particularly detailed or focused on ostracism itself. However, he does mention its use and in one case even seems to give a hint to his feelings about it: “… Aristides son of Lysimachus, an Athenian, crossed over from Aegina. Although he had been ostracized by the people, I, learning by inquiry of his character, have come to believe that he was the best and most just man in Athens.” It seems that he does not agree with the ostracism, noting Aristides’ good character and usefulness to Athens as a leader. This use of ostracism against Athens’ “best and brightest” seems to be a reoccurring theme throughout the entire period until it falls into disuse. I do not know if this might show a bias against...
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...DISCURSO FÚNEBRE DE PERICLES Los atenienses eran una sociedad humilde, teniendo en cuenta su condición en la sociedad más civilizada en la Tierra en ese momento, especialmente en comparación con sus vecinos y enemigos, como los espartanos, fueron muy respetuosos con lo que habían construido, luchado y ganado. Pericles hace referencia de Atenas como una ciudad grande y noble, que sirve como una plantilla o inspiración para todos los demás como la primera democracia verdadera. "Nuestra constitución no copia las leyes de los estados vecinos, somos más bien un patrón para otros“, su administración favorece a muchos en lugar de unos pocos, es por eso que se llama democracia. Si miramos a las leyes, garantizar la igualdad de justicia para todos en sus diferencias particulares, y no en su posición social, el avance en la vida pública cae a la reputación de la capacidad, las consideraciones de clase no están autorizados a interferir con el mérito. Esto no es todo lo que Pericles alaba, elogia también el poder y la habilidad del ejército ateniense y la marina. Habla de lo abiertos y libres que son, como aceptar a los extranjeros y cómo a pesar de su trato fácil y estilo de vida, mantienen el ejército más fuerte en Grecia. Habla de cómo los atenienses temen por sus tierras, y cómo los enemigos exageran su poder cuando están en Atenas. Atenas, en pocas palabras, era difícil de lidiar. En este punto, hacia el final, Tucídides emplea un ligero paralelismo cuando Pericles habla de la reputación...
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...DATOS BIOGRÁFICOS DEL AUTOR Y LA OBRA Janet Miriam Holland Taylor Caldwell nació el 7 de septiembre de 1900 en Manchester, Inglaterra y falleció en Greenwich, Conneticut, el 2 de septiembre de 1985. También se le conocía por sus pseudónimos Marcus Holland, Max Reiner, y su nombre de casada, J. Miriam Reback. Escribió varias novelas con su marido, Marcus Reback, entre las que destacan La dinastía de muerte y La columna de hierro, novela con la que alcanzó la cima de su popularidad. Taylor emigró a los Estados Unidos con su familia en 1907, poco después falleció su padre. Con tan sólo ocho años empezó a escribir relatos, y terminó su primera novela con doce. En 1919 se casó con William F. Combs, con quien tuvo a su hija Peggy. Se divorció de Combs en 1931, año en el que se licenció en la Universidad de Buffalo, Nueva York. Trabajó para varios departamentos estatales de Buffalo, hasta dedicarse de pleno a la escritura. Llegó a casarse cuatro veces en total, y no dejó de escribir hasta 1980, año en el que un infarto la dejó sorda e incapaz de hablar. Es conocida por crear diversas grandes sagas familiares, con temáticas centradas en la intolerancia social, racial y étnica y el enfrentamiento entre el deseo de poder y dinero y las aspiraciones espirituales, familiares y amorosas. En sus obras más tardías se centró en historias de personajes que abandonaban la miseria para alcanzar una gran fortuna. Sus novelas eran a menudo de corte histórico, y la religión jugaba un papel...
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...How important for the development of Athenian Democracy was the period from 510 to 480 BC? Give reasons for your views. The birth and growth of Athenian Democracy saw drastic changes occur for Greek life economically and socially, especially during 510 to 480 BC, hence why this era is said to be when the most radical reforms occurred due to archons such as Cleisthenes who attached people by proposing political power to all. Therefore some would consider this era to be the most important in the development of Athenian democracy despite Solons attempts previously. The consequences of the expulsion of Hippias in 511 BC proved to be vital in Athenian Democracy being developed. The citizens of Athens were becoming restless after the cruel reign of Hippias and were determined for a change. The rival leaders for political power were “Isagoras, son of Tisander, a partisan of the tyrants and Clesithenes who belonged to the family of the Alcmenidea. Cleisthenes was beginning to lose the political battle after Isagoras getting the Archonship in 508 BC, he decided to appeal to the masses and put forward a measure by which all free people in Attica should be legally placed on the citizen roles. This alarmed Isagoras who, after appealing to King Cleomenes, asserted that any member of the Alcmeaonid family is to lose their citizenship and for the Council to become an oligarchy of 300 Isagoras supporters. The council resists causing the Spartans to seize the sacred Acropolis but the Athenians...
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...Artistic Monuments The Age of Pericles refers to the period in Greek history that spans from the Persian Wars in 448 BCE to the death of Pericles 429 BCE or the Peloponnesian War in 404 BCE. Pericles was an Athenian general, politician and orator known for his noteworthy achievements. He gave Athens an unmatched splendor. Hence, his name denotes the Athenian Golden Age. High Italian Renaissance peaked in the 15th century. The Renaissance is known for numerous cultural achievements. Works of art by Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci and architectural structures such as The Duomo and St. Peter's Basilica were created during this time. On the Greek side, the Age of Pericles also produced various works of arts known for perfection. The works were religious such as Temple of Olympian Zeus, Temple of Apollo in Delphi, the massive project Acropolis of Athens which was built by the best architects, sculptors and workers during their time. The Acropolis was considered the most perfect monument in Greek art. During the High Italian Renaissance, Italy's condition was less than perfect but it somehow inspired the citizens to build the best architectural structures. The Age of Pericles saw an era of progress for the Greeks and through the financial aid of the Delian League, Greek art and sculptures also flourished during this time. High Italian Renaissance plunged Italy into turmoil was wars and invasions spread. In sharp contrast, Age of Pericles saw relative peace and quiet...
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...I feel the most interesting part about this video was the huge statue of Athena that Pericles had placed in the Parthenon. The reason why I found this so interesting is because of the shear height of the statue standing thirty-nine feet tall. Also, the statue of Athena helped to look over and protect the city of Athens where it was located. The way it was made I found very interesting as well. The reason for this is that Pericles and the rest of Athens gathered the money through taxes for the return of protection by Athens for the other cities. The six-foot statue that the statue of Athena is also interesting in what it helps to represent with Athena. With this video, I feel that a documentary like this represents the values of being able to provide visual aides for all of the items and people that it explains throughout. Also, by doing this, you get an idea of what the architecture and lifestyle was like back during this time. It also allows established academic researchers to give their side of the story to describe the events and reasons why these sort of events took place during this time of the fifth century. This video also makes it easier to learn about the history because it is more interesting to watch something on a topic then to read about it because you do not get the entire effects and passion from just reading about something as you do watching it and really being able to see what was going...
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...Themistocles was a naval strategist and politician who lived in ancient Greece. His expertise in strategy and politics as well as his preparation for combat were very important in helping the Greeks defeat the mighty Persians. Themistocles political power was key in getting ready to defend against the Persian invasion. Persia invaded Greece in 490 B.C.E. The Greeks won. Between these attacks, Themistocles gained complete political control of Athens. He was made an archon in 493 B.C.E(although the title in the case is disputed by historians and may not refer to the typically understood highest administrative position). The archon is the chief judicial position in the Greek government. As an archon, he sponsored the first public works destined to make the defensible rocky bays of Piraeus into harbours. He also helped build the port’s fortifications and made it the largest naval base in the world.(Cartwright 4,5) Ten years later, Xerxes, The Persian king, led hundreds of thousands of troops onto Greek turf again. The Greeks were ready, and Themistocles and his navy defeated the mighty Persian empire. Themistocles expertise was very important in helping the Greeks in preparing for the Persian War. Themistocles used the excuse of an ongoing conflict with Aegina to push his troops forward to the silver mines of Laurion.(Cartwright 4) Also, the state-owned silver mines near Sunium were the site of a rich strike, and Themistocles persuaded the assembly, instead of “declaring and dividend”...
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