...Question 2: Would you agree that the period between the 1950s and 1960s was a ‘golden age’ for Western Europe? What is ‘golden age’? From dictionary, it means a period of time is one of great happiness or success. Depending on this definition and the question’s situation that Western European economics had faced devastation following the end of World War II, I would like to define ‘golden age of Western Europe’ as the country/countries enjoy economic prosperity. I think the years between the 1950s and 1960s were a ‘golden age’, which was a time when economic growth surpassed all historical records, and it will be explained in two aspects below, countries and residents. From the countries’ aspect, it will be examined by Gross Domestic Product (GDP), export rates and industrial growth rates. Firstly, Western Europe’s GDP and per person GDP. GDP is an aggregate measure of production equal to the sum of the gross values added of all resident institutional units engaged in production. GDP increased represent all residents would benefit from their country’s increased economic production. Between 1950 and 1973, the GDP of Western Europe (include 29 countries) increased at an annualized rate of 4.81 per cent, against a secular growth rate (between 1973 and 1998) of 2.11 per cent, it rose more than twice as rapidly as over any comparable period before or since. The real per person GDP of Western Europe also increased at an annualized rate of 4.08 per cent, against the secular growth...
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...How has the development of fingerprinting techniques in forensics increased the succession rate of convicting criminals from the period of 1890-1950? Introduction The birth of forensic science within the use of the police force revolutionised how crime investigations were conducted, via the work of the forensic scientists, or also known as ‘forensic officers’. This work would consist of collecting evidence from a crime scene such as looking for fingerprints on either a suspected murder weapon used by the murder or on a touchable surface which is in the crime scene where the suspect laid their hand on. Furthermore this collectivisation of evidence from the crime scene could mean collecting; foreign fibres (unusual fibres that seem to look like that they do not belong their i.e. due to their different colour, type of fabric or thickness of the fibre.); retrieving bullets and firearms form the crime scene and any possible DNA samples that can be collected in the crime scene such as blood spatter on the walls of a room, where in this case the crime was committed. This evidence would then be sent to be analysed by more forensic scientists in different subdivisions to help led a path to a final suspect, thus leading the police to a quick and successful conviction of a criminal and bring justice to their crimes. Overall this revolution of the police force saw the birth of a new era of fighting crime throughout the whole of the country, as well as throughout the rest of the...
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...There is a lot of debate of which factor played the largest role in initiating the Cold War during the period of 1945-50. Mostly sources 7 and 9 argue that various ideological differences between the two superpowers were responsible for the origins of the Cold War; while sources 8 and also 9 differ and state that it could have been down to other factors, such as conflicting personalities of the leaders and general national interests. On the one hand source 7 supports the argument that it was political ideological differences that caused the Cold War, arguing that the USSR was seen as a “unique and unbending armed ideology threatening to expand” which resulted in an “ideological crusade” between the two superpowers. Source 9 provides support, stating one of USA’s capitalist strategies was “containment” of communism to ensure successful free markets could be established. It is easy to see how the conflicting ideologies between the two countries – USA supporting free market capitalism and a liberal democracy, while USSR had a controlled economy and a one party state. This evidence clearly shows that the two superpowers were essentially on the opposite sides of the spectrum to each other and were constantly trying to hinder one another, which would cause a rise in tension between them. However the interpretation that the political ideological disagreement is entirely responsible for the beginning of the Cold War can be considered too simplistic. As Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 did...
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...In my opinion, the 1950s cannot be seen as a period of prosperity for the people of Britain for a number of reasons which I will explain further on. I believe that source 1 mainly agrees with the above statement, however, there are some areas in the source which can display ways in which the source doesn’t fully agree with the above statements. Source 2 also, somewhat agrees with the above question, however, there are a greater number of aspects of the question which can imply that the statement is not 100% true. Source 3 is the source which mostly disagrees with the above question for a number of reasons. I believe that the 1950s were not years of great prosperity for the people in Britain for a number of reasons. Firstly, although source 1 states that the British people ‘have never had it so good’ it can be interpreted that this account could be considered as being somewhat biased as it is a speech made by Prime Minister Harold Macmillan in July 1957 during a Conservative Party rally in Bedford which means that all that is said in the rally is to ensure that all the supporters of the party are pleased with the progress that is being made. As it is a speech made at the rally of the party that implemented policies in order for this situation to happen they would only discuss the positives of their policies and only talk about the benefits it has for people, it would not discuss the limitations or the negative impact it may have had on the lives of some. The use of the word...
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...------------------------------------------------- Post–World War II economic expansion From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia "Golden Age of capitalism" redirects here. Other periods this term may refer to are Gilded Age and Belle Époque. In the United States and several other countries, the boom was manifested insuburban development and urban sprawl, aided by automobile ownership. Many Western governments funded large infrastructure projects during this period. Here the redevelopment of Norrmalm and theStockholm Metro, Sweden. The post–World War II economic expansion, also known as the postwar economic boom, the long boom, and the Golden Age of Capitalism, was a period of economic prosperity in the mid-20th century which occurred, following the end of World War II in 1945, and lasted until the early 1970s. It ended with the collapse of the Bretton Woods system in 1971, the 1973 oil crisis, and the 1973–1974 stock market crash, which led to the 1970s recession. Narrowly defined, the period spanned from 1945 to 1952, with overall growth lasting well until 1971, though there are some debates on dating the period, and booms in individual countries differed, some starting as early as 1945, and overlapping the rise of the East Asian economies into the 1980s or 1990s. During this time there was high worldwide economic growth; Western European and East Asian countries in particular experienced unusually high and sustained growth, together with full employment. Contrary to early...
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...NATIONAL INCOME SINCE 1950/51: The National income of India has shown progressive growth since 1950 till 2012 except during a few periods of decline in performance. Growth rate during the 1950’s averaged to around 3.5% until a deceleration during the period post 1965. The next decline in economic performance was due to oil shocks and currency devaluation prior to New Economic Policy of 1991. Apart from this the economic performance was affected by crises such as the Asian Financial Crisis and the global financial crisis of 2008. During the period of 1965-66, the economic performance deteriorated and there was a huge trade deficit. Subsequently there was currency devaluation to the extent of 56.75%. This was due to reasons like the war with Pakistan and China and the drought that hit the country. The first oil shock in 1973 resulted in a decline in economic performance but was absorbed by buoyant exports. The second oil shock of 1979 was more severe and the government has to resort to heavy borrowing. This was further aggravated by the Gulf war in 1990-91. Despite the recovery in 2009-2010 and 2010-11, the economic performance on the country deteriorated in 2011-12 due to adverse external environmental factors and low domestic investment. In addition to observing the trend in national income, it is also necessary to look at the structural shift of the economy over the years. The Indian economy has shifted from an agrarian economy with a decline from 57% in 1950-51 to 40% in 1980‐81...
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...striking/interesting/relevant/significant/innovative about the film and why? Given the lack of advanced of digital technology available to the film industry then, the way special effects were created was through a synthesis of camera work and the use of props. The low budget of the film had compelled them to use props consisting of condoms, oatmeal etc. together with filming techniques to replicate certain scenes like the tunnels or the heat-ray effect. These innovative methods of mixing prop-use and camera tricks, have mostly been replaced by digital technology. Poor representations of what we would come to expect of advanced technology, these special effects back then would have been the acceptable visual standard of portraying the scientific fantasies of the 1950s era. These different special-effects standards notwithstanding, the genre-function of science-fiction is to represent a sort of fantasy with hyper-real elements, while concurrently being a parody of contemporary issues. Hence, with the normative expectations of that genre in mind, it is interesting to see how cinematic expectations have changed, for example, to see how boiled-oatmeal coupled with camera tricks could pass off as a heat-ray’s effect then. However, a judgment regarding the proximity to reality between past and present visual effects can be passed while avoiding anachronisms. Hence, where hyper-real elements – successful exaggerations of reality where representation fades into reality – that are achieved through special effects...
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...advertisement of the conventional methods of creating advertisement campaigns and yet it still generates interest among people to use the soap today based on the curiosity generated by the vintage advertisements of the Palmolive soap decades ago (Thomas, 2008). Research Statement: The Palmolive Vintage advertisement was one of the most classic advertisements that launched the Palmolive Soap and made it a runaway success. The success of the advertisement campaign has managed to generate the attention of people even now 50 years later about the soap. Analysis of the vintage advertisement: This advertisement is based on the two concepts of advertising capture. It is capturing the target audience with logo awareness or with emotion. 1950 was a growth period for American history with the economy expanding and there was economic improvement which meant that the spending power of the population had also increased accordingly. The advertisement campaign is targeted at the women consumers and the vanity of a woman. Every woman wishes to look beautiful. The advertisement promises the beauty only if Palmolive soap is used and a minimum of 14 days is used to see a visible difference in the texture of the complexion. The advertisements were methodical and thought out realistically. Some of the...
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...easier to obtain. Furthermore, divorce today has become more socially accepted, as individuality has become the dominant value in our capitalist society. Despite the social acceptance of divorce, I think most would agree with me in stating that divorce is not desirable, as it causes emotional, physical and financial strains not only on those directly involved, but on their children and extended families as well. In this paper, I investigate the relationship between divorce and economic cycles in the United States from 1950 to 2000. My intention is to discover whether and how divorce rates change in periods of economic recession, as compared to periods of economic growth. It is important to look into further trends in divorce rates, as its increase over time may not simply be an issue of social and cultural changes, but rather another one of the effects of the economy on the family unit in the United States. My hypothesis is that divorce rates will decrease in periods of economic growth, as a husband's increased income has been identified to have a stabilizing effect on marital relationships. This is due largely to the fact that as income grows, so too does standard of living, relieving some of the potential stresses in a marriage. Furthermore, those with high potential earnings can better compete in the marriage market, therefore they are likely to attract more desirable partners, making divorce less likely. I must acknowledge, however, that the...
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...During the 1950’s it was an interesting period in the history of America. It was just after World War II ended and the generation of “Baby Boomers” was just growing. Therefore around this time period is when society started to change and grow. Men and women were being treated unequally during this time period. Women starting to enter the workforce, but it were typically the men, who were the breadwinner and the women were the homemakers. So many women had to suffer through men for many years of inequality for it to improve. I am going to analyze the difference of how the housewife’s roles were being portrayed in the 1950’s television in America. The American film Salt of the Earth 1954 is a very interesting concept of feminism and political...
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...Shortly after the Second World War ended, America was swept into a period of mass hysteria now recognized as the Second Red Scare. This period of time, which occurred from 1947 and lasted until the late 1950s, was popularly known as “McCarthyism.” As the lead proponent who spoke out against communism and subversion in the United States, Senator Joseph McCarthy added fuel to the popular fear by initiating a series of accusations of government officials who were supposedly communist supporters. This “witch-hunt” that resulted from McCarthy’s reign of terror is reflected in the movie Good Night and Good Luck. Since any challenge to McCarthy’s authority would lead to suspicion and eventual attack, many didn’t speak out against McCarthy’s tactics in fear of being discredited themselves. However, this film not only captured the fear and terror that McCarthy’s accusations created, but also identified Edward R. Murrow, a journalist and host working under the Columbia Broadcasting Station, as one of the few who dared speak out against Senator McCarthy. Good Night and Good Luck, named after Murrow’s famous sign-offs that concluded his program See It Now, is a realistic presentation of the communist paranoia that enveloped America and the emergence of television as a mass media. Directed by George Clooney, Good Night and Good Luck follows Edward R. Murrow and his CBS crew in a production that addresses how the media can offer a voice that counters that of the government. Wanting to report...
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...Cars in the 1950’s In the 1950’s, one in six Americans enjoyed an occupation in the automotive industry. America was growing rapidly. The 50’s were termed the “Golden Age” of the 20th Century. World War II was over and the manufacturing industry progressively moved forward. Automobiles became an essential part of life enabling the public to travel further. The 1950’s automotive industry’s production and designs were impacted by several key events that transpired during that century. As a matter of fact, the 1950’s were defined as one of the most influential periods the history of the United States of America. World War II concluded in 1945, and United States citizens felt hope once again. Manufacturing companies were actively producing numerous products for war, such as guns, ammunition and army vehicles. During the 40’s time period there was a shortage of metal because it was being sold to generate guns and weapons. Therefore, automotive manufacturing companies were forced to create other materials. Later in the century, President Eisenhower established The Interstate Highway Act. This Act planned...
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...Bretton Woods System and world trade in post-war period Introduction This reading report is based on two technical papers( The Bretton Woods international monetary system: An historical overview by Michael D. Bordo 148 pages & The post-war rise of world trade: Does the Bretton Woods System deserve credit? By Andrew G. Terborgh 74 pages)on Bretton Wood System as well as the post war international trade system since the U.S has become the most powerful economy after World War II, that US dollar was at that time the dominant currency internationally speaking. The first paper is titled of “The Bretton Woods International Monetary System: An historical overview” by professor Michael D. Bordo who is an economic professor and Director of the center for Monetary and Financial History at Rutger University. His paper has a brief overview of Bretton Woods experience. From its emergence and how it evolved that influence the monetary convertibility and gold dollar standard, until its collapse due to the U.S depression in 1970s. I considered this article to be a very technical one that gives many details on Bretton Wood System in history, but the very interesting part could also be that the author has given the ideas that why Bretton Woods was very stable but lived so short. Meanwhile, the second paper I chose to read is “The Post-War Rise of World Trade: Does the Bretton Wood System Deserve Credit?” . This one is more of an analyzing paper written by Andrew G. Terborgh, economic professor...
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...The 1950s Decade The 1950s was a time of extraordinary inventions and famous individuals. This decennium had historic people and events from all over the world, especially America. While some may argue that this decade was one less memorable than other time periods, these nine years are years that people should never dismiss from their minds. These years include our change of understanding the universe, new gadgets that are widely used all across the world, and a time with unforgettable faces. In my essay, I will be writing about interesting history, a kitchen device popularly used today, and a well-known actress. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has arguably become the world’s premier source for exploration that pushed...
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...Canada experienced many changes in the post war period, the 1950’s and the 1960’s such as population growth, new expectations of women, and the immigration policy. Key changes to Canadian culture in the 1950’s and 1960’s had a significant impact on Canada. These key changes include social changes, mass media, and also immigration and citizens. Some of the social changes in Canada faces in the 50’s and 60’s included the Baby Boom, changes to women’s roles, urbanization and suburbia. The Baby Boom was a very significant social change that Canada had to face from 1945 to 1967. Just in those twenty two years Canada’s population grew fifty percent, from twelve million to eighteen million due to the children being born post-World War Two....
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