Free Essay

Peronist Party

In:

Submitted By jfknelson
Words 490
Pages 2
The PJ (Peronist Party) according to Levitsky is a highly mis-conceptualized organization. Accepted amongst many is that the PJ lacks formal organization. Scholars have deemed its party’s organization as “virtually non-existent” (pg. 29). This belief is due to inactivity amongst party leader and the party bureaucracy. But to say the party is weak because of this, would be a mistaken belief. On the contrary, what would appear to be the greatest weakness is actually its greatest strength. One thing that is not misconstrued is that the PJ has a very large base. The PJ contains, “membership is nearly 4 million” (pg. 30). It is also “one of the largest democratic parties in the world” (pg. 30). So how can we say this party is so weak, when in its physical size, it is very large. Even if you were to disregard the fact that the PJ is strong in regards to its electoral strength, you still wouldn’t understand Levitsky’s argument. The PJ’s organizational structure has been under researched. Scholars tend to focus on the wrong things. The weak or lack of formal structure tends to “obscure the informal structure that surrounds it” (pg 30). The Peronist may not be highly visible in regards to a party bureaucracy, but is established in unions, homes, and clubs. These things are harder to see in records or statues but provide the party its network to the working or lower class. To understand why the party works this way, you must examine some of its history. The PJ is a “survivor”. It survived the death of Peron, its leader, which is very vital to the history of parties in Latin America. It has also survived, “decades of proscription” (pg. 30). In the late 40’s and early 50’s the PJ was very centralized and consisted of paramilitary supports that were loyal to Peron. Which would pose problems after his death. The party was able to re-emerge in the 80’s, but failed at creating bureaucratic institutions. It formed instead a decentralized organization, while maintaining some formal organization through what is called “Mass Organization”. Because of the mass territory that the party must cover, they use activist groups called “Base Units”, at the neighborhood level, which are very important to the party. The party also used municipal-level organizations also an informal function the lack of official reportings of this level masks the influence and power that it carries. Levitsky discusses that much of these lower levels aren’t linked to national party horizontally or vertically. Also, with less national standards leaves more room for diversity. Much of these groups claim that being less connected to national politics has allowed them to be more ideological driven. These informal functions of the party are attributed to much of the popularity of the party. It is theorized that being “catch all party” (pg. 34) with independent bases, is why PJ has been dominant for many years.

Similar Documents

Free Essay

Conflict Nd Resolution

...We define conflict as a disagreement through which the parties involved perceive a threat to their needs, interests or concerns. Every individual is unique and that very uniqueness will lead to conflicts in our relationship. You are in the middle of a conflict and resolution seems imminent, however, each time you approach the summit, the process stalls or goes into reverse. Why is this so? There are several factors that can delay or hinder the resolution process. The first one is Negative body language. A 'closed' posture (arms strapped across the chest), shaking one's leg, shaking one's head, tapping the floor with one's foot, sighing and grunting are all negative and do not help the process. Some men will apologise prematurely to get the woman 'to shut up' because 'I can't take the whole heap a argument'. This ploy may also be due to impatience. Some women will feign agreement while harbouring resentment and when the man thinks the hatchet is buried, the next conflict reveals that it was not buried deep enough. There may be times when there is a need to walk away from the conflict to prevent its escalation and to gather one's thoughts, but the decision to walk away must be thought out carefully as it could become a hindrance. On the flip side, persons may remain at the scene, but stew in silence. Besides that, Constant interruptions also can hinder conflicts resolution. If persons are serious about resolving conflicts, then there must be a concerted effort to allow the other...

Words: 478 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

Conflict

...the most important elements and systematically asks questions about issues, parties, strategies, and key components. When developing a conflict map, it is also important to focus on the parties’ grievances, trigger events, and root causes of the conflict. Although conflict mapping is used to facilitate the analysis of the conflict, it can actually make the process harder since there are so many possible answers. Each person analyzing the conflict may have different viewpoints for the components that make up that specific conflict as a whole. There are no right or wrong answers because each idea could be vital in solving the specific problems in that conflict. The reality of this became applicable during the Experiential Learning Activity because each group felt differently about the specific issues going on in Liberia. During the Experiential Learning Activity, the class was split into teams in order to analyze the conflict through the use of conflict mapping. As a group, it was decided that the parties involved in the conflict were the Mandingo and Loma. However, looking at the conflict in a broader sense it was decided that the government was another party involved because both the Mandingo and Loma were dissatisfied with the way it functioned. Both parties’ interests included equal access to government resources and land ownership. The grievances in a conflict are the problems caused by the parties. For example, the Loma felt that the country was not being controlled by “real”...

Words: 622 - Pages: 3

Free Essay

Strategies

...separate parties, management must act swiftly to engage the situation and find the appropriate solution to the problem. Not doing so may result in a decline in work efficiency or perhaps something much worse. In our case, David Nguyen and James Deal were two of the employees selected as part of the team for CardiCare Valve heart valves. However, them seem to be having their own issues between each other that must be resolved before they can progress together as a team. Both individuals feel that the other is doing whatever they can to either limit productivity or to harm their reputation. The following conflict management strategies should be considered when issues in the workplace surface: competing, collaborating, avoiding, accommodation, and compromising. The competing strategy “occurs when one party absolutely feels they have the authority to be right and the other party must give in regardless of feeling” (Bright, 2014). Competition is effective in the workplace when separate parties have great confidence and know that their approach could solve an issue The main problem with competition, however, is that the loser may become more upset and hold grudges against the winner. The collaboration strategy “is the win-win form of conflict resolution in which, at the end of negotiations, both parties feel they have gained something and no one feels as if they lost something” (Bright, 2014). The weakness in this strategy is that too much time is wasted because both parties must be...

Words: 457 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Intriges of Life

...EMPLOYMENT CONTRACT | | BY AND BETWEEN | EMPLOYER & EMPLOYEE | | BITS & BITES CYBER / M-PESA | | SECTION (1) PARTY (A) (FOR BRIDGING OUT-PATIENT) (A) | FIRST NAME | SECOND NAME | SURNAME | ID/NUMBER | | | | | | | RESIDENCE | PHONE NUMBER | KRA PIN/NO | SIGN | | | | | | (A) | WHO IS INVOLVED IN…… | | | | | | | (A) | HERE IN AFTER REFERRED TO AS | | | | | (A) | ASSUMING THE ROLE OF | | | | | AS AT | DAY | | DATE | | MONTH | | YEAR | | SIGN | | PARTY (B) (B) | FIRST NAME | SECOND NAME | SURNAME | ID/NUMBER | | | | | | | RESIDENCE | PHONE NUMBER | KRA PIN/NO | SIGN | | | | | | (A) | WHO IS INVOLVED IN…… | | | | | | | (A) | HERE IN AFTER REFERRED TO AS | | | | | (A) | ASSUMING THE ROLE OF…… | | | | | AS AT | DAY | | DATE | | MONTH | | YEAR | | SIGN | | | EMPLOYER | EMPLOYEE | IN THE PRESENCE OF | FIRST NAME | | | | SECOND NAME | | | | SIR NAME | | | | ID/NUMBER | | | | SIGN | | | | SECTION(2) both parties recite that (for the reasons set forth above, and in consideration of the mutual covenants and promises of the parties hereto, party (a) and party (b) covenant and agree as follows:) NO | DETAILS | INDICATE | (A) | (B) | 1.2 | THAT “EMPLOYEE APPROACHED EMPLOYER REQUESTING FOR EMPLOYMENT. | | | | 2.2 | THAT EMPLOYER HAS CONSIDERED THE REQUEST & ACCEPTED TO ENGAGE THE...

Words: 1042 - Pages: 5

Free Essay

Llalala

...see their new teachers, new advisers, new classrooms and new classmates. During the first day of classes, students were able to have a mini election were they supposed to elect their class officers (President, Vice President, Secretary, Treasurer and P.R.O). After having a mini election, the teachers also gave their class schedule. Continue to page 5 “TRY NOT TO BECOME A MAN OF SUCCESS, BUT RATHER TRY TO BECOME A MAN OF VALUE” -ALBERT EINSTEIN Mattheans welcome the newly elected CM officers For this school year 2013-2014, the CM election was automated. It was held at July 5, 2013 under the supervision of the new APSAD, Ms Rodhora Arevalo. The election was between two parties: The LIFE PARTY (LEADERSHIP INTEGRITY FAITH AND EXCELLENCE) and LET’S PARTY (LEADERS ENSURING TOMORROW’S SUCCESS). A meeting De Avance was held at the gymnasium a day before the election. Continue to page 3 WANTED: VARSITY PLAYERS Try outs! Try outs! All sports like Basketball, Volleyball, Badminton, Chess, Dama and Scrabble. It is for the preparation of the Interschool Competition or rather a District Meet. All coaches are preparing for Matthean’s potential to ba a varsity player. For the basketball and volleyball players were all set mean their players were already complete while the sports like badminton, chess, dama and scrabble are still on going to search for their players. Continue to page...

Words: 274 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

Social Media Networking

...EVENT PROMOTION THROUGH SOCIAL MEDIA: Social media networking is a familiar term in present days; it is just the synonym of the promotions. No event can be successful without promotion as promotion is only the medium though which people will know about the happenings of any event or programs. In the recent days people are very much craze on the networking whether it is the social event or the business event the door to the success is the social media networking. Networking helps in connecting the people so that they can share or present their view or opinion regarding any event that is going to happen in near future. (Brown, 2008) Social media is the umbrella view where the social networking takes place in other word social media is the platform where the social networking happens. Social networking is the interaction among the people that is people interact with each other give their opinion, share their learning and experiences, interest, business in the social media through internet. Social media networking is very good platform for the event promotion. Event promotion can be looked from the different prospective like:  Promoting personality  Promoting local sponsors  Information on date venues/upcoming events  Online booking and free offers Every planned activity that is designed for others are the event and unless it is shared with the others any event can’t be carried out or conducted. So event promotion is very necessary to get the desired goal. (Preston, 2012) Event...

Words: 1608 - Pages: 7

Free Essay

Chliean Mine Collaspe

...Misunderstanding #1 Who was the sender? | Family Member | Who was the receiver? | 2 Friends & Me | What was the message? | My sister was very disappointed that none of my friends offered to help me prepare for my birthday party in addition to overhearing them making negative comments about me and the party. | What channel was used to send the message? | In person | What was the misunderstanding that occurred? | My friends felt I should have ask for help, but I, and obviously my sister, and several others, felt like with almost 30 years of friendship under our belt, they should have offered. Not to mention I previously gave 1 of my friends a bridal and baby shower and another friend 2 surprise birthday parties. Everything funded out of my pocket of course. I did not do these kind gestures expecting anything, but it kind of hurt to know that when the shoe was on the other foot, it didn’t fit. | How could the misunderstanding have been avoided? | By not assuming that everyone thinks the same and communicating the need for help. | Misunderstanding #2 Who was the sender? | Myself | Who was the receiver? | School Representative | What was the message? | Application/Approval for School | What channel was used to send the message? | Email | What was the misunderstanding that occurred? | School Representative mistakenly reviewed the wrong form, which led her to believe my application had not been approved. | How could the misunderstanding have been...

Words: 264 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Tots

...these costs will be allocated to the birthday party business; advertising costs are not allocated to either product. Although the director only spent approximately 20% of her time in administration, the other full-time teachers doing the same teaching jobs earned $20,000 per year, then for the director’s $50,000 annual salary, $20,000 should attribute to teaching and the remained $30,000 should attribute to administration. See Appendix D – how to calculate the gross margin of birthday party business under current cost system. Advantages: TRU’s current cost system is extremely simple. Since the company had been using this existing cost system for several decades, the director should be very familiar with it and can handle all the numbers herself, no other accountant is needed. Under the current cost system, no building related costs and advertising costs were allocated to the birthday parties; then the company was able to significantly underprice its competitors, such as children’s gyms, arts and crafts stores, and museums, while maintaining a very high profit margin. If all the birthday party services were similar, then the customers could be price elastic, and TRU would have price advantages than its competitors and could increase its market share of birthday party business in the area. With a 55.65% gross margin, TRU’s strategy of market niche seemed to be very successful, whether or not to expand the birthday party business, the answer is definitely positive....

Words: 1435 - Pages: 6

Premium Essay

Assignment 1

...Assignment 1: Market Segmentation and Product Positioning New Millennium Affairs: Market Segmentation and Product Positioning Robin Brown Dr. Shirley Todd McLaughlin, CLU, ChFC MKT 500: Marketing Management January 22, 2012 New Millennium Affairs New Millennium Affairs is an event planning company specializing in social event planning. The company will offer specialized services in bridal consulting and party planning for consumers in order to personalize these special events. Our company offers one stop shopping to our customers as we will make all arrangements from venue, caterers, as well as travel arrangements for honeymoons or vacations. New Millennium Affairs is seeking to be one of the top event planning services in the Richmond metro; however, there is currently one location in Chesterfield County, Virginia. There are two employees; one part-time and one full-time. Within the next six months New Millennium Affairs anticipates both employees requires on a full-time basis. Overall, New Millennium Affairs is a small business designed to meet the needs of today’s working middle to upper middle class customers that have little time for outside event planning. Marketing segmentation of New Millennium Affairs is based upon age group and income and will include small private organizations. Consumers under the age of 25 are less likely to utilize the services of an event planner and will not be directly marketed and will generate low revenue for the company. Consumers...

Words: 712 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

Conflict Resolution

...these feelings for. f. Failure to communicate: The inability to communicate important information from one person to another. II. Conflict becomes apparent- When conflict becomes apparent companies need to take steps to resolve the issues. III. Interpersonal Conflict Management- a. Overpower other party: Overpowering the other party in a conflict to prove you clearly won. b. Using outside force: Having a person of authority from outside the conflict step in to resolve the issues. c. Planning a delay: Making parties in a conflict take a break to try to calm down the conflict. d. Ignoring the conflict: Caused when people of authority pretend nothing is happening. e. Giving in: Ends a conflict by letting the other party win over minor items and lost causes. f. Withdrawing: Pulling back from the position you are currently backing. g. Smoothing: Trying to find a peaceful way to cover over the conflict. h. Compromising: When no party in a conflict gets...

Words: 366 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

Dressing Up

...Dressing up Over the years it has become more and more essential to project an image of individuality. Especially in the teen-years, it is crucial to find oneself. Along with the self-awareness comes the increasing focus on other people’s image. If somebody possesses qualities that seem attractive, some people might assimilate that specific person’s behavior or style with the hope of obtaining these qualities. This is shown in the short story ‘Dressing up’, where the reader is presented with two sisters, Rachel and Flora. One of which (Rachel) possesses qualities that the other one (Flora) lacks. Flora therefore turns to drastic measures in her attempt to obtain Rachel’s qualities. ‘Dressing up’ is a short story that provides the reader with an insight into a typical, modern family that consists of a single mother who lives with her two daughters. The mother turns forty, and her birthday is the pivotal point of the short story. The story is structured in a way that gives the reader a full individually description of each of the three women involved. Throughout the whole story the reader is shown the mothers lack of capability handling her two daughters. As soon as the three of them are gathered in the restaurant, the mother senses a distance between her daughters. Her reaction is very dissimilar from the normal reaction of a parent. ‘The mother sat down between them, nibbling olives, talking incessantly, aware of the hollow silence between them,’ (page 2, line 57-58). She...

Words: 940 - Pages: 4

Free Essay

Future Focus

...classes ran from 9:00 a.m. to noon, and the afternoon meetings ran from 1:00 p.m. to 4:00 p.m. Lunch was not served in either class. However, each class served a snack to the children. Class size varied from nine to 15 students per class. Although there was a lot of pressure from parents to reduce class sizes, a recent article in an industry newsletter showed that, given current demographics, the market for such programs could increase by 10% a year for the next five years. The year before, a parent suggested that the school begin hosting birthday parties on the weekend. Since FF's three classrooms were empty during this time, it seemed like a good use of the space and could generate additional revenue. Over the past year, the school had managed to quickly build a sizable side business hosting birthday parties. Approximately 150 parties were held in the school's three classrooms on Saturdays and Sundays throughout the year. The parties were typically attended by 10-20 children and ran for approximately four hours. The four-hour running time included the time necessary to set up and clean up the facility. For this service, the school's main competitors consisted of children's gyms, arts and crafts...

Words: 1017 - Pages: 5

Free Essay

Reflection

... Becoming one of a pack can never have a good ending. It was going to be a boring Friday night. Just the thought of sitting at home watching some old rerun with my mom rubbed me the wrong way. But earlier, I had an invite from Jennifer to a birthday sleepover. At 17, I'm past the age for sleepovers but weighing my options, a sleepover didn't sound so immature. I found myself getting an address and saying I'll see you around 8. At home I get on Facebook to see who all is going to be there. The more I read, the more I know I shouldn't be attending this gathering. It has become more than a sleepover. The location has been moved to the house of some older boys who have graduated and are renting out a house referred to as the "party house". I know there will be no supervision, but this just makes it more interesting. I tell my mom, of course, it is still a sleepover for one of my friends birthday. I get her to drop me off before she has to go pick up my sister at work. She grills me about the fact I haven't brought a sleeping bag, change of clothes or pj's. I tell her girls don't do that at sleepovers anymore, she is living in past. "We'll just stay up all night playing video games, dancing, doing each other's nails and talking", I say. I can tell she is skeptical, but I remind her she is going to be late to pick up my sister so she leaves saying...

Words: 654 - Pages: 3

Free Essay

Anytg

...(Trainee's full name) (I/C No. (Trainee's IC No.)) ______________________________________________________________________________ In consideration of ( ● ) [To insert the name of the Company] providing and making available to Mr/Ms (Trainee's fullname) (I/C No. (Trainee's IC No.)) (“Trainee”) of discipline (Trainee's discipline of Study) a place and facilities for industrial training programme, ( ● ) (University/Institution's Name) from ( ● ) until (●) hereby agrees and undertakes that the University/Institute shall be liable for and will indemnify ( ● ) (to insert Company's Name) all liabilities, loss, claims or proceedings, actions in respect of injuries, including death of, and loss of or damage to property of, the Trainee or third parties arising out of negligence, any act, omission of the Trainee or contributable to or was partly contributable to the performance of work of the Trainee in the course of the Trainee undergoing the industrial training programme, save and except such injuries, deaths, loss, damage as may be caused by any act, omission, neglect or default of your Company (including your employees, contractor, workmen, invitees). Date: ………………… ----------------------------------------- (UNIVERSITY/INSTITUTE OFFICIAL STAMP) ----------------------------------------- For Director (University/Institution's Name & Address) .................................... .................................... ......................................

Words: 410 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

Axe: It Cleans Us Up and Helps Us Remember so We Can Forget Again

...entertaining, to say the least. With just a few sprays of this female attractant in a can, women no longer have control of themselves, they are hungry and you’re for dinner. Now there’s a new line of shower gels for the guy who women can’t resist. It makes sense because, dealing with the countless hordes of women does tend to make one sweaty. So the creators of Axe have created a product that the modern day chick magnet can’t do without. The extended uncut ad has a guy waking up face down on his front lawn. He then proceeds to groggily get up and hit the shower, seemingly not remembering a thing about the night before. And then, all of a sudden, after using Axe Shower Gel, he has a flashback to a pool party. After waking from the pool party, he heads to the shower, gets cleaned up and is ready for more excitement. This time around, he ends up at what looks like a wanna be honky tonk, where of course the hottest girl in the place has her eye on him alone. They proceed to get away in either a motel room or her place, and end up doing what any young guy and girl do when alone in a room. Which is try on these huge animal heads one after another, and then act out certain scenarios such as whoever had the horse head on got to be rode as one. Page 1 Once again, he wakes up and has no recollection of the previous night. He washes with Axe Shower Gel and gets ready for yet more excitement. This time he finds himself in what looks like a cantina, where...

Words: 441 - Pages: 2