...David Elkind, “The Hurried Child” Averett University Child and Adolescent Psychology ED 502 August 21, 2010 Introduction “Children do not copy what they encounter, but actively construct reality out of their experiences with the environment” (Elkind, 1981, pp 97). Those words were quoted, studied, and believed by Jean Piaget. I am going into my fifth year of teaching and I can agree with Piaget. David Elkind was a follower of Jean Piaget and believed these very same words as well. Elkind is instrumental in explaining the implications of Piaget’s theory for early childhood education both through his writings and films (Bergen, 2008). This paper will explore David Elkind’s beliefs and the affects of his mentor’s theories. David Elkind’s Biography David Elkind was born in Detroit, Michigan, to Peter and Bessie Elkind. His family moved to California when he was an adolescent. He received his Bachelor of Arts from the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) in 1952, and his Doctorate in Philosophy (Ph.D.) from UCLA in 1955 (Doorey, 2010). He also received an honorary Doctorate in Science from Rhode Island College in 1987. Elkind's father operated machinery in a factory that built parts for the automotive industry. Elkind remembered his father complaining about how the engineers who designed the parts did not understand the machinery his father was working with and thus sometimes designed things the machines could not create. This memory stuck with Elkind so he always...
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...that they commit, but they should not be tried as an adult. This paper will offer information on why there needs to be changes in the juvenile justice system, and it will analyze why the increased prosecution of juveniles in adult court is disastrous and nothing but a threatening policy. This policy is unjust, harmful to children and does nothing to increase public safety; consequently punishing adolescents as adults does more harm than good. Thomas J Bernard a professor of criminal justice and sociology at Pennsylvania State University explained how psychologists and sociologists saw young offenders. Bernard’s (2010) book The Cycle of Juvenile Justice recognized that minors are children and not adults. (p. 45) Bernard (2010) further explains that during the 18th century children were tried as adults. Juveniles as young as the age of seven could be tried and sentenced in criminal courts. (Bernard 2010) His research expounds on the Society for the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency and their role as “child savers.” A child savers movement resulted in the first juvenile court. The child savers group was opposed to the confrontational adult criminal system, where the state's role was to prosecute the offender. However, the juvenile court had a more compassionate mission, which was flexible, easy going and tailored to the...
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...Adolescence comes from the latin word “adolescere” meaning to grow up”. It started from 12 to 18 years old. During this stage, you develop the ability to understand abstract ideas, such as higher math concepts and develop moral philosophies including rights and privileges, establish and maintain satisfying relationships by learning to share intimacy without feeling worried or inhibited, question old values without losing your identity. You may go through many changes as you move from childhood into physical maturity. The sudden and rapid physical changes that you go through make you very self- conscious, sensitive and worried about your own body changes. You may make painful comparisons about yourselves with your peers. Sometimes you may tend to pull away from your parents in search for your own identity, and your friends become more important, your peer group may become a safe haven, in which you can test new ideas. This group consists of non romantic friendships, often including “cliques,”gangs, or clubs. Members of the group often act alike, have secret codes or rituals and participate in the same activities. And as you move into mid-adolescence ages 14 to 16 years old and beyond, you may start to have romantic relationships. Through romantic friendships, dating and experimenting, you learn to express and receive intimate or sexual advances. As adolescence you should know your duties and responsibilities towards yourself, your family and to the society. To yourself you should...
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...learning process during early childhood development by the engagement of adults with children as they draw, and the interpretations of these drawings. By being engaged with young children as they express themselves on paper, allows the visualization of the child’s “thought” process as they are drawing. Along with the many applications of childhood developmental theories, the interpretation of a young child’s doodling is now perceived through Deleuzians and Guattarians dreaming concepts and Foucauldians heterotopic space concepts (Knight, 2009). Foucault’s concept of heterotopic space suggests that the young drawer visits his own imaginary space while doodling. This is a place where the child is free to imagine, free to choose, and free to express. Deleuzian’s and Guattarian’s concept suggests the child be free to be chaotic and unpredictable. Being able to dream allows the child to disconnect from the work and make his own connections. Examining and interacting with a child and his artwork can give us insight to emotional, cognitive, and physical development to the child. To a small child, scribbling can aid in muscle coordination, emotional release and social interaction. As an adult may see scribbles, the child sees whatever his imagination wants to see. Allowing a child to make decisions and have some control, gives them a sense of autonomy, which is important for the child’s emotional development. Social interaction when the child shares drawings with other children or...
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...most wonderful times in life. These years can be full of fun. At this age of innocence a child is most impressionable by learning from their surrounding environment. The beginning of a child’s life can be broken down into different stages leading into an adult. In this paper the focus will be on the middle childhood and adolescence. The research will focus on evaluating the effect of functional and dysfunctional family dynamics on development such as family structure, function, and shared and non-shared environments. Examination of additional pressures that are faced in adolescence versus middle childhood, also the research will help to determine the positive and negative impact of peers and changes in peer relations from middle childhood to adolescence. The research will then discuss the development of moral values from middle childhood and adolescence. “It is human to have a long childhood; it is civilized to have an even longer childhood. Long childhood makes a technical and mental virtuoso out of man, but it also leaves a life-long residue of emotional immaturity in him.” — Erik Homburger Erikson (1902-1994) Erik Erikson a theorist believes that our temperament traits are inborn. Other characteristics such as competency or inferiority can be learned according to the challenges or support an individual receives growing up. Erikson developed eight stages of life based upon the philosophy that the world gets bigger as we go along, and that failure is cumulative (Harder, 2012)...
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...Personality Development Adolescence There are many factors that affect the physical, cognitive, social, moral and personality development in an adolescent. Adolescence as defined in the dictionary, is the transitional period between puberty and adulthood in human development extending mainly over the teen years (RHCD, 1980). Adolescence is the time that can bring various changes physical, social and emotional. Adolescence begins with the onset of puberty. This usually occurs during the ages of twelve to twenty years old. Puberty is the period during which the reproductive system matures. This process is characterized by the increase in sex hormones (RHCD, 1980). Heredity and the environment both plays a significant role in the development of various human traits. Genes are determinants of heredity, and each individual carries genes from the mother and father. Characteristics such as height, weight, skin color, eye and hair color are all determined through the balance of genes in the body. Genes are responsible for cognitive and mental processes as well as physical features (ehow.com). Adolescents undergo a wide range of physical changes in a very short time, which is a result of biological and hereditary factors, but environmental influences are also significant. There are rapid height and weight gains, which generally takes place earlier in girls, more body fat is generated in girls where muscles are developed in boys. Changes in hormone levels trigger the development of...
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...They strive to provide support for the entire family unit. Unlike other residential treatment centers, adopted youth, and their families are the only clients. The philosophy is systemic—they believe that the "problem" is not the adopted child, but rather, a family system that needs help. If a change is to be long-lasting, the family must be united to change. All treatment plans and goals are specific to your child and your family's particular needs. Many trauma-informed interventions, including clinical and psychoeducational support, embrace various parts of the family, including siblings and extended family. Everything they do is geared towards healing wounds and feeding growth within the adoptive family. Disturbing trends in regards to adopted adolescents and current residential treatment centers: 1. Up to 30% of all residents in residential treatment centers are adopted. 2. The majority of therapists working with these youth in these centers are not competent in adoption. Some research even indicates that the advice, guidance, and actions of professionals have not only been unhelpful, but sometimes damaging to the adoptee and their...
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...Child Psychology Developmental Transitions Developmental Transitions In the study of child development, adolescence refers to the second decade of the life span, roughly from ages 10 to 20. The word adolescence is Latin in origin, derived from the verb adolescere, which means "to grow into adulthood." In all societies, adolescence is a time of growing up, of moving from the immaturity of childhood into the maturity of adulthood. There is no single event or boundary line that denotes the end of childhood or the beginning of adolescence. Rather, experts think of the passage from childhood into and through adolescence as composed of a set of transitions that unfold gradually and that touch upon many aspects of the individual's behavior, development, and relationships. These transitions are biological, cognitive, social, and emotional (Laurence Steinberg, 2016). While there is much research to be done as to what creates the best environment for young adolescents, understanding their transition from childhood to adulthood may help adults know how to better support them. Children will find their bodies and minds beginning to change. For the young adolescent, these changes either come about too swiftly or too slowly, causing them to become painfully self-conscious about their appearance. Developmental transitions are an important juncture in people’s lives. For adolescents, two important transitions are from childhood to adolescence and from adolescence to adulthood. Let’s explore...
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...Contrasting Theorists- Piaget, Vygotsky and Erikson Piaget, Vygotsky and Erikson all had great impact on the research of how the human mind develops. Personally I believe that Jensen would agree with both Piaget and Erikson theories because they both tie to his four stages of development and Gladwell would agree with the three. Nonetheless, I believe that all, Jensen, Erikson, Vygotsky, and Gladwell would agree with Jean Piaget that “ the principle goal of education in the schools should be creating men and women who are capable of doing new things, not simply repeating what other generations have done.” Piaget’s theory of cognitive development focused on children’s intellectual development, the nature of thought and how it developed. He believed in self-initiated discovery and learning by doing. According to Piaget, “ children sort the knowledge they acquire through their experienced and interactions into groupings known as schemas”(Cherry, n.d.). He also believed that learning occurred through 4 different stages, sensorimotor stage, preoperational stage, concrete operations stage, and formal operations stage (Boeree, 2006). He believed that in order for learning to happen, students must interact with their environment in a new way and apply their previous schema to their interaction. I work with middle school students so they like learning from their own mistakes. I’ve learned that at middle school age, students do not want to be told what to do and that they...
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...Different schools of Psychology to the advancement of the field of Psychology Psychology began or has its roots in philosophy, the mother of all sciences. Aristotle in his works speaks rather remotely on different aspects of psychology. Among some of Aristotle’s major and famous works namely metaphysics, De Anime; he speaks of the soul which in profound consideration could come to the conclusion that it sounds synonymous with our modern understanding of ‘mind’. Thus psychology was a part of philosophy from the very beginning through it stands independently now. Further long before Aristotle existed; philosophers like Thales, Pythagoras, Heraclites and Parmenides spoke on the same subject even though it was not that much elaborated. Here we cannot forget the contribution made by Plato. He very clearly explains in his dialogues further on this matter. Psychology originated very simply as a result of the development of the metaphysical approach of the people of different times. In sociology it is an acceptable fact that the prevailing circumstances and state of a particular social milieu make a great impact on a particular matter. This impact varies from place to place time to time depending on the social characteristics. By inferences the aforementioned is the reason why there are different schools in psychology. When we analyses it stands to reason that all psychologists were trying to deal with the same matter. They have seen the same problems or the issues with regard to ‘mind’...
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...CHILD DEVELOPMENT Principles & Perspectives © 2005 Joan Littlefield Cook Greg Cook 0-205-40028-0 Exam Copy ISBN 0-205-31411-2 Bookstore ISBN Visit www.ablongman.com/replocator to contact your local Allyn & Bacon/Longman representative. s a m p l e c h a p t e r The pages of this Sample Chapter may have slight variations in final published form. Allyn & Bacon 75 Arlington St., Suite 300 Boston, MA 02116 www.ablongman.com Cognitive Development Piagetian and Sociocultural Views CHAPTER PREVIEW Piaget’s Constructivist View of Cognitive Development Vygotsky’s Sociocultural View of Cognitive Development • Piaget as a Child Prodigy • Constructivism and Interaction with the Environment Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development • Vygotsky’s Background: The Sociocultural Context for a New Theory • The Role of Speech and Language • Mediation: With a Little Help from Your Friends • The Zone of Proximal Development • Scaffolding: Support during Learning Recent Sociocultural Views of Cognitive Development • Stage 1: Sensorimotor Thought (Birth to 2 Years) • Stage 2: Preoperational Thought (2 to 7 Years) • Stage 3: Concrete Operational Thought (7 to 11 Years) • Stage 4: Formal Operational Thought (Approximately Age 12 and Above) • Evaluation of Piaget’s Theory • Piaget’s Legacy • Situated Cognition • Guided Participation • Thinking as Socially Shared Cognition: Two Heads Are Better than One “Maria wants to pick the best school for her sons, so she...
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...California Adolescent Nutrition and Fitness Program (CANFit). CANFit is an organization that is specialized in helping minority communities to improve their youth’s nutritional and physical activity habits. It offers guidelines and many different, fun programs for children ages 10-14 that are culturally appropriate. CANFit has launched many campaigns that are culturally appropriate and facilitate change in children. These programs include P.H.A.T. (Promoting Healthy Activities Together) for African-American children, R.E.A.L. (Redefining Excellence Activity and Leadership) for Asian American children, and the Adelante Con Leche Semi-Descremada 1% program for Hispanic and Latino children. The goal for any child is 60 minutes of physical activity per day. CANFit offers a “physical activity pyramid” for after school programs that includes 60 minutes of individual activity, activities with parents or group games (California Adolescent Nutrition and Fitness Program, 2007). These activities can be any type of sport, such as basketball or volleyball, playing Frisbee, walking the dog or may include individual activities such as rollerblading or hopscotch. Flexibility and strength exercises, such as circuit training or martial arts are included 2-3 times per week and inactivity such as watching TV or playing video games are listed on top of the pyramid and should be done at a maximum of 2 hours per day (California Adolescent Nutrition and Fitness Program, 2007). B. Philosophy I will...
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...Teaching Philosophy Using developmental knowledge to create a healthy, education with an academic setting is a requirement for all educators. I believe to improve the lives of children with disability, using a child-centered approach will help them grow and develop to their fullest potential. Feeling welcome, safety, and treating each child fairly will ensure this growth. Having lesson plans that are enough to engage the child, create a healthy atmosphere and variation to inspire or capture children attention. I will nourish and support an inclusion classroom, where children will benefit from peer interaction. I chose children with disability because I am fearless with trying new things and making a difference. I am firm, gentle, generous, and will accomplish all obstacles that will come my way. Being faced with daily challenges, the parent's along with myself will be trained, and support one another therefore we can collaborate to better serve the children. I will encourage parent to share with me their concerns or questions, and also respect their role as parents. My class room will be a safe environment for children with disabilities. I will have a positive workplace promoting respect, integrity and honesty. It is my belief that children with disabilities are just as creative as the others and they have a right to high quality education. I will provide active learning, individualized instruction, observation, and developmentally practice. It is also my objective to...
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...applies to student learning. Also I will compare adolescence student learning in a social environment and social environment. This paper will address delayed languages development affect on teachers and the learning in children and adolescences and also the positive and negative affects on students thinking abilities. Observation Analysis Introduction I observed the classroom of Mrs. Alicia Freeman. Mrs. Freeman is an 11th grade chemistry teacher at Carver High School. She teaches chemistry to six different classes daily. Her classroom is located in a technology classroom but the students gathered in the science laboratory classroom to complete their weekly laboratory assignment. Which educational theories were employed? The educational theories employed in her classroom are Bandura’s Social Learning Theory and Lev Vygotsky’s Social Development Theory. The Social Learning Theory, also called Observational Learning “occurs when an observer's behavior changes after viewing a behavioral model. An observer's behavior can be affected by the positive or negative consequences called vicarious reinforcement or vicarious punishment - of a model's behavior” (Educational Theories, October 2012). The Social Learning Theory entails three parts, attention, retention, and reproduction. Attention occurs when the child needs to pay attention to the learning. Retention is the child’s ability to store the information and pull it up later....
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...How do the Theories of Emotion, Motivation and Development explain the events and public response to the James Bulger case of 1993? Theories allow people to see the world in a clear manner and allow them to perform actions based on what is rational. There are many theories that have evolved over the past century in Western cultures that attempt to explain how personalities develop, why people behave in certain ways, the type of environmental conditions that motivate them into acting in specific ways, and how these factors are interrelated. Some of the theories base their explanations on the social and emotional circumstances in the early years of an individual. This Essay aims to analyse the theories of emotion, motivation, and development and apply them to the events and public response to the James Bulger case of 1993. “ ‘I can never forgive Thompson and Venables for the horrendous, calculated, cold blooded murder of James.’ Said Denise Fergus the mother of the boy.” (Day. 2008). In an act that shocked the world, two ten year old boys, Jon Venables and Robert Thompson kidnapped and murdered James Bulger aged just two. The murder of James Patrick Bulger took place in Kirkby, Merseyside, England, on the 12 of February 1993. Bulger was a victim of abduction, torture and murder by two 10-year-old boys, named Robert Thompson (born 23rd August 1982) and the other one named Jon Venables (born 13th August 1982). It started with Bulger's disappearance on the 12 of February 1993...
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