...University of Phoenix Veronica Byro, Jamie Davis, Janene Long, Michael Menendez, Jorens Pierre PHI/215 October 12, 2011 Kelley Armitage Jean Paul Sartre Jean-Paul Sartre was a French philosopher, novelist, and playwright in the 20th Century. Jean-Paul’s key concepts that compromised his beliefs were known as the best philosophy back in the 20th Century. Jean-Paul believed in individual rights which led to Political Philosophy. Sartre’s was a Marxist that set his political economic theories. Jean-Paul’s main ideas, was that every human being are subject to their own rights and deserve to be free; this enhanced his theories. However, Sartre’s work and beliefs made him best known as an Atheist; a believer of his own thoughts. Mankind is responsible for his own actions, stated by Sartre. The Existentialism Jean-Paul Sartre, took the label that people placed on him and two other philosophers Heidegger and Albert; existentialists. Sartre was the only one out of the three to take to this label, because he felt as if he would then be allowed to define it; this was a step closer to him reaching his dreams in philosophy. The main key concept that was analyzed by Sartre is that existence proceeds essence, basically meaning that all human beings are defined by their own actions. Humans outcome on life are based on the choices that we make and all humans are completely free. Sartre’s beliefs on ethics also played a role within his key concepts similar to human actions...
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...To some, philosophy may seem like an ambiguous course with no real focus, and can be hard to differentiate from other studies and fields, sciences and religion in particular. However, philosophy is the study of human intellect and reasoning, or in other words, thinking about thinking. The word philosophy derives from the Greek words “philo” (meaning “love of”) and “Sophia” (meaning “wisdom”), so together it literally means “the love of wisdom.” Those who use philosophy seek total knowledge, meaning understanding and knowing everything. In order to obtain total knowledge, new knowledge must be created, which is what philosophy allows philosophers to do. The creation of new knowledge yields power, power yields freedom, and freedom yields survival. So, in a sense, the key to our survival is to use philosophy. Philosophy is used in every field of study and all aspects of life, separating it from other disciplines and faiths that it is so often confused with. There are distinct attributes about philosophy that allows it to stand on its own. Religion and philosophy are different entities, however, philosophy does impact religion. Religion can be defined as the rules for the direction of life under conditions of maximum certainty. For comparison, philosophy can be defined as the rules for the direction of maximum uncertainty. In simpler terms, philosophy is use to provide answers that we don’t know (i.e. what happens when we die). Religion, on the other hand provides those answers...
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...human nature; each of us has the free will to develop as we see fit. Existentialism is the most individualistic of all modern philosophies. Its overriding concern is with the individual and its primary value is the absolute freedom of the person, who is only what he makes himself to be, and who is the final and exclusive arbiter of the values he freely determines for himself. Great emphasis is placed on art, on literature, and the humanistic studies, for it is in these areas that man finds himself and discovers what values he will seek to attain. Existentialism represents a protest against the rationalism of traditional philosophy, against misleading notions of the bourgeois culture, and the dehumanizing values of industrial civilization. Since alienation, loneliness and self-estrangement constitute threats to human personality in the modern world, existential thought has viewed as its cardinal concerns a quest for subjective truth, a reaction against the ‘negation of Being’ and a perennial search for freedom.. The evaluation of existentialism has been quite negative. Some even view it as an anti philosophical movement. Others, however, do not take such a dismal view of it. James Collins believes that it is a challenging and instructive philosophy After studying the philosophy of Existentialism, the question will arise in anybody’s mind: how can the aims, curriculum and methods in a school depend upon the individual’s...
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...people to embrace the philosophy of communism. Capitalism and free markets were viewed to be in the service of Germany’s fascism, leading to the rise of the Nazis. Central planning was seen as a remedy for the chaos of the free markets, which had recently plunged the world into the Great Depression. The ideals of free market capitalism were pit against those of fascism, socialism, and communism, and World War II became not just a war of nations, but also a war of political philosophy. Hayek set out to tout the virtues of freedom and classical liberal democracy, warning that all other roads only led to some form of slavery to the state. In the Road to Serfdom, Hayek links the different form of freedom together, arguing that the loss of freedom in either the personal, political, or economic realm inevitably leads to a loss of freedom in the others. A cascade effect occurs as more power is transferred to the government. For example, in a system such as communism, economic freedom is eschewed in favor of central planning. Difficult problems in society may be turned over to “experts” to solve rapidly rather than waiting for the consensus of elected officials, thus resulting in the loss of political freedom. As resources and labor are inefficiently moved around and reallocated, the loss of personal freedom follows as people are not free to choose their own profession. It is only the classical liberal democracy that allows the people to retain the most freedoms with the least government...
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...consumption in respect to consumer and employee wellbeing. The power of all modern Fast Food giants combined have eclipsed the power of any one government. Marketing has become a key component to luring consumers to fast food. Schlosser makes the argument that a once AllAmerican ideal, fast food has grown too big to control. Schlosser highlights the freedom right philosophy of make your own luck through the story of Carl’s Jr. founder, Carl Karcher. Karcher did not grow up in the restaurant business, rather a string of opportunities and risk created a perfect storm for Karcher. At a young age Carl went to work for family in California. After 3 years he delivered fresh bread for a bakery. He was now married and took out a loan to buy a hot dog stand. 4 years later he opened his first restaurant Carl’s DriveIn BBQ. This was all happening at the same time McDonald’s was becoming big in Southern California. In 30 years Carl’s Jr had over 300 restaurants. By managing risk and a good business model, Carl Karcher thrived using freedom right philosophy. He also happened to be a political conservative. Order left philosophy is brought to life in Fast Food Nation in the horrific plight of Kenny Dobbins, a factory worker. Kenny suffered a herniated disc in his back from catching a box. Kenny was hit by a train. Kenny was chemically burned inside and outside his body. Kenny had a massive heart attack on the job, and while recovering in the hospital, he was fired. Other than Job...
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...Classical Liberalism VS Classical Conservatism Are you Republican or Democrat? Maybe you are Conservative or Liberal? What do these terms mean and how did they begin? Classical Conservatism is defined as “a political philosophy emphasizing the need for the principles of natural law and transcendent moral order.”(Frohnen, Beer, and Nelson, 2006) Classical Liberalism is described as “a philosophy committed to the ideal of limited government and liberty of individuals including freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and free markets.” (Hudelson, 1999) These two ideas have shaped our philosophies and parties for centuries to come. These philosophies were made possible by many bright men of the time like Edmund Burke, John Adams, John Locke and Adam Smith. Classical conservatism or traditional conservatism, Burkean conservatism, and Toryism, is a party that has re-expressed their convections to fit the time. (Frohnen, Beer, and Nelson, 2006) In classical conservatism, many parties have adapted their view points. One of the first parties in American that adapted the philosophies of conservatism was the Whigs. The Whigs opposed monarchial power, advocated internal reform of administration, and freedom under the law. They believed in balancing orders in the common wealth and religious toleration. (Kirk, 1953) One person highly recognized for his work in the public sector for conservatism was Edmund Burke. Edmund Burke was born January 12, 1729 in Dublin, Ireland, and...
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...Meaning and Existentialism in My Life - Existentialism is a phiosophy which revolves around the central belief that we create ourselves. External factors are not important. It is the way that we let external factors affect us that determines who we are. As individuals we all have the freedom to choose our own path and that is what life is all about. Along with the freedom of choice comes the responsibilty of one's actions which can make some people anxious but give others meaning to their lives. To overcome this anxiousness and accept responsibilty is to meet the challenges of life and to truly live it.... [tags: Existentialism, ] 675 words (1.9 pages) $14.95 [preview] Understanding Existentialism - Do we matter. Do we seek personal happiness in life. These are questions from existentialism. The dictionary defines existentialism as an individual’s experience filled with isolation in a hostile universe where a human being attempts to find true self and the meaning of life through free will, choice, and personal responsibility. Hamlet is an existentialist character who believes that he is forced to avenge his father’s death and the hatred builds in his heart because of the many betrayals which direct him towards a senseless life and constant thoughts about suicide; this ultimately leads to his demise and he is left with naught.... [tags: Existentialism] 872 words (2.5 pages) $14.95 [preview] Life Value vs. Existentialism in Grendel - A main theme in John Gardner’s Grendel...
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...HZT4U1 Mrs. Faria February 13, 2014 Philosophy Reflection Essay What is Philosophy? Philosophy is more than simply a school subject, it is a worldview that involves complex and contemplative ways of thinking. It can also be considered as a hypothesis, the love of wisdom, law, equation, and major part of it, science and religion. As Socrates once said " philosophy is a quest for wisdom- an unrelenting devotion to uncover the truth about what matters most in one's life." As mentioned above, Philosophy according to Socrates is a process of proving the truth and validity of certain visual ideas. Philosophy branches out. To understand Philosophy, we need to know what makes someone a philosopher, which helps to determine analytic philosophy. Along with this, we need to understand the method of philosophy which leads us to the true value of philosophy. The study of philosophy is a discipline that develops analytic thought and, ultimately, autonomy. To understand philosophy, and how it leads up to autonomy through analytic thought, we must understand what makes someone a philosopher. in the article " What makes someone a philosophy" by Mark Warnock, she helps to define the subject. Warnock clearly defines a philosopher through her articles. She says "Professional recognition is unimportant: what matters is that a philosopher is someone who thinks at a high level of generality, has 'explanatory ambition' and most importantly, provides arguments in support of his or her views. these...
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...Existonalism has undergone a lot of criticism as many existentialists have regarded many traditional philosophies as abstract and remote less from humanness. Soren Kierkegaard was one of the first one to put his views in regards to this subject-Existonalism but he did not use the term Existonalism but rather described that a human is solely responsible for giving motive and finding ways to make his life purposeful and the society and religion have got no shares to play authenticity. An odd movement it was, because to all those most practical and intellectual thinkers in the world claimed existentialists, denied it almost all the times. Existonalism out of no doubt is one of the most arduous terms to outline and comprehend. The movement is termed odd in relevance to the following delegates- Soren Kierkegaard and Fredrich Nietzsche whom everybody claims and points to be important to the movement, they denied as the members of the movement. It was not only these big figures who denied being the part of the movement but also some really big names like Jean-Paul Sartre, Albert Camus and few other names also come to the list of all those who at least once, denied on being ever a part of the movement. The basic philosophy of existentialism is discussed below with concern to the following terms and points. 1. Freedom- freedom and choice are very much emphasized under the philosophy of existentialism. Every human is free to make choice of his matter regardless of social and relational...
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...Tanith Perridge 1 Keywords Glossary Philosophy Definition: Anguish Satre’s lecture on existentialism and humanism brings with it several emotional implications or responsibilities in which choice is connected. One of the emotional links is that of anguish. Satre states that anguish is an individual’s response to freedom …“we are responsible as we are free” .. (Flynn 2006 pg8) that individuals have to take sole responsibility for actions taken resulting in the feeling of anguish. Discussion As starte stated existence precedes essence, we are all a Tabula Rasa(blank slate) that we are all free in which to make the choices and decisions that shapes who we are. Anguish is almost an emotional response to the freedom that we have, that we are all free to choose own paths in life, we should be responsible for all of our actions, choices and decisions that we make. When choosing that decision we are choosing that decision for all. ..”When choosing for himself he chooses for all mankind..” (Cohen- solal 1996 pg, 67) Satre utilised Kierkegaards example of Abraham sacrificing his son as a result of a divine command in which to explain anguish more clearly. Stare sates that is it Abraham’s choice in which to interpret the command as divine or god like. To satre the freedom is the value of all values that we can experience aguish as a result of the responsibility of being truly free, however satre suggested that we are also condemned to be free, resulting in anguish felt at...
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...Part of a series on Liberalism Development[show] Ideas[show] Variants[show] People[show] Organizations[show] • Liberalism portal • Politics portal • v • t • e • 1. • • • • • • • • • • Words such as liberal, liberty, libertarian, and libertine all trace their history to the Latin liber, which means "free". One of the first recorded instances of the word liberal occurs in 1375, when it was used to describe the liberal arts in the context of an education desirable for a free-born man.[13] The word's early connection with the classical education of a medieval university soon gave way to a proliferation of different denotations and connotations. Liberal could refer to "free in bestowing" as early as 1387, "made without stint" in 1433, "freely permitted" in 1530, and "free from restraint"—often as a pejorative remark—in the 16th and the 17th centuries.In 16th century England, liberal could have positive or negative attributes in referring to someone's generosity or indiscretion.[13] In Much Ado About Nothing, Shakespeare wrote of "a liberal villaine" who "hath...confest his vile encounters".[13] With the rise of the Enlightenment, the word acquired decisively more positive undertones, being defined as "free from narrow prejudice" in 1781 and "free from bigotry" in 1823.[13] In 1815, the first use of the word liberalism appeared in English.[14] In Spain, the Liberales, the first group to use the liberal label in a political...
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...Alicia Thomas-Williams Philosophy of Human Nature April 16, 2014 Existentialism can be defined as a “philosophical movement oriented toward two major themes the analysis of human existence and the centrality of human choice.” If is a philosophy that implies that one can define his own value or meaning of life in a peace that is void of meaning. There’s also an implication that one has the freedom to choose his or own path. Existentialism is a belief that one has the freedom to make his or her own choices and with his freedom comes individuality, authenticity and responsibility. In order to possess a certain amount of individuality you must have a certain amount of freedom to think in a way that conducive to your way of life. In other words, existentialism is the essence of humanity, the thing that makes us different from anyone and anything else in the world. Merriam-Webster defines freedom as the state of being free or at liberty rather than in confinement or under physical restraint; the quality or state of being free: as a: the absence of necessity, coercion, or constraint in choice or action; liberation from slavery or restraint or from the power of another. Some years ago when there was slavery, people of color had to do as they were told, they had no freedom. They were told when they could use the restroom, which water fountain to drink from, they had no say so. They couldn’t change the status of slavery unless they were killed...
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...TITLE: SPINOZA’S PHILOSOPHY ST GREGORY THE GREAT PROVINCIAL MAJOR SEMINARY NAME: EBENEZER MANAF TANOR COURSE: MODERN PHILOSOPHY INTRODUCTION Baruch Spinoza was born a Jew in Amsterdam in 1632. His religious opinions caused his expulsion from the synagogue. He became associated with the Christian circle after his expulsion though he did not profess Christianity. His whole life was spent in Holland and Hague. He was always poor and withdrawn and he earned his living by polishing lenses. He was still young when he died in 1677. He was a rationalist, determinist and a pantheist. Spinoza’s philosophy was profoundly influenced by Descartes. His writings were mainly in Latin with few in Dutch. The most important of his works include the brief treatise of God, Man and his happiness, the tractacus theologico-politico, the cogitata metaphysica and, above all, his masterwork, published after his death: the ethica ordine geometric demonstrate. In our presentation, we will discuss his metaphysics and on his metaphysics we look at what is substance, substance-monism, God and the world, and communication between substances. We will look at his ethics and on his ethics we will consider his work on Man. We will discuss his epistemology and on his epistemology we will look at levels of knowledge. We will then proceed to criticize his philosophy and finally make our conclusion. METAPHYSICS Spinoza follows in the path established by Descartes. He adopts Descartes’ situation as his starting point...
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...Jean-Paul Sartre and Existentialism Jean-Paul Sartre . . . the name is one of the most popular in modern philosophy. But who was he? What did he write and what were his works about? What was his role with regard to Existentialism? What is Existentialism, really? What life influences affected the person as whom he became famous? How would Sartre assess various social topics that we face today? What are the problems with Sartre's view of Existentialism and existence in general? These are the questions addressed in the following pages of this brief dissertation.His life Upon reviewing several sources, it is apparent that Sartre was a very disorganized and inconsistent individual. Sartre was obsessed with his intellect to the point of abandon of all else in his life - personal hygiene, honesty, organization, thoroughness, and more. It seems that he felt he was of superior intelligence in comparison to all others who surrounded him. He was not necessarily a great and original thinker, but rather a superb media sensation of sorts. Rather than developing Existentialist thought, he merely promoted it to amazing popularity through his eccentric lifestyle. Although he is best known for his association with Existentialism, it is interesting to note that he denounced its principles later in life and adopted Marxism, which he also later denounced. Jean-Paul-Charles-Aymard Sartre was born in Paris on June 21, 1905, the only child of Anne-Marie Schweitzer Sartre and Jean-Baptiste Sartre. Anne-Marie...
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...QUEEN OF APOSTLES PHILOSOPHY CENTRE JINJA (PCJ) CRITIQUE OF THE NOTION OF AUTONOMY IN KANT’S MORAL PHILOSOPHY AN UNDER GRADUATE DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE INSTITUTE OF ETHICS AND DEVELOPMENT STUDIES OF UGANDA MARTYRS UNIVERSITY (UMU) NKOZI, IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ARTS IN PHILOSOPHY BISIMWA MUNYALI EVARISTE MARCH 2011 1 DEDICACE This work is dedicated in a special way to: My ever loving and caring God, My family and the community of the Missionaries of Africa. 2 DECLARATION I………………………………………………………..have read the rules of Uganda Martyrs University on plagiarism and hereby state that this work is my own. It has not been submitted anywhere else for any qualification. I have acknowledged the secondary sources used in this work. NAME OF STUDENT…………………………………………………………. SIGNATURE…………………………………………………………………… DATE: …………………………………………………………………………… SUPERVISOR………………………………………………………………….. SIGNATURE…………………………………………………………………… DATE: ………………………………………………………………………….. 3 ABSTRACT The importance of a philosophical study dealing with moral issues, especially the principle of autonomy is indisputably great. It is a common agreement that morality is located within the scope of duty. Kant corroborates this held agreement by stating the categorical imperative which every human is obliged to act upon. He conceived this categorical imperative as the moral law which all those who claim to be moral beings have to live on. However, he also affirmed...
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