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Physical Assessment

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D. Physical Assessment Findings
VITAL SIGNS | Normal Finding | Outcome | Analysis | Body Temperature | 36.5-37.5 C | 38.1 C | Hyperthermia indicates sign of infection | Pulse Rate | 60-100 bpm | 68 bpm | Normal | Respiration | 12-20 cpm | 20 cpm | Normal | Blood Pressure | 120/80 mmHg | 160/80 mmHg | Increases Blood Pressure indicateshypertension |
HEAD TO TOE ASSESSMENT Area Assessed | Normal Findings | Actual Findings | Analysis | 1. Skull A. Inspects skull for 1. size 2. shape 3. symmetry B. Palpates for tenderness of mass/nodules, depressions and tenderness | Rounded (normocephalic & symmetrical with frontal, parietal, and occipital prominences: smooth skull contour)Smooth, uniform consistency Absence of nodules or masses | My client has a rounded skull usually normocephalic & symmetrical with frontal, parietal, and occipital prominences. She also has a smooth skull contour | The skull is rounded and smooth thus it is normal. | 2. Hair and Scalp A. Inspects for 1. Color of Scalp 2. Odor 3. Presence of dandruff infection 4. Lesions B. Inspects for 1. Color of Hair 2. Distribution 3. Thickness/ Thinness 4. Texture 5. Oiliness 6. Presence of lice, nits, split ends 7. Length | Evenly distributed Thick hair Silky, resilient hair (-) infection(-) infestations | The scalp of my client is slightly lighter in color than the skin color, no foul odor, no presence of dandruff infection and doesn’t have any lesions on her scalp. Her hair is black with some whitish color, evenly distributed, thick, smooth, silky and resilient, short and no presence of infection or infestations. | Hair and scalp is in normal condition. | 3. Face A. Inspects for 1. Color of Skin 2. Symmetry 3. Texture 4. Shape/Contour 5. Facial movements | Symmetric/ Slightly asymmetric facial featuresPalpebral fissures equal in sizeSymmetric nasolabial foldSymmetric facial movements | My client’s face is Jauncdice in color, symmetric, smooth and has very coordinated facial movements. | The face of my client resembles the normal features. Thus, there is a presence of Jaundice. | 4. Eyes A. Inspects the eyebrows for 1. color 2. hair distribution and alignment B. Inspects the eyelashes for 1. Distribution 2. Direction of curl C. Inspects the eyelids for 1. Surface Characteristics 2. Position in relation to corner 3. Ability to blink and frequency 4. Lower lids when eyes closed D. Inspects conjunctiva for 1. color 2. texture 3. lesions 4. foreign bodies E. Inspects the cornea for 1. clarity 2. texture 3. transparency 4. depth F. Palpates lacrimal gland and nasolacrimal duct for 1. edema 2. evidence of hearing G. Inspects the pupils for 1. color 2. shape 3. symmetry of size 4. direct and consensual reaction to light 5. Reaction and Accomodation (PERRLA ), Convergence H. Assesses for peripheral visual field 1. temporal 2. central 3. nasal I. Assesses six cardinal position of gaze 1. notes for nystagmus J. Assesses for visual acuity | Hair evenly distributed Skin intact Eyebrows symmetrically aligned Equal movementsEqually distributed Curled slightly outwardSkin intact (-) dischargeLids close symmetrically15-20 involuntary blinks/minBilateral blinkingWhen lids open, no visible sclera above corneas, and upper and lower borders of cornea slightly covered Bulbar conjunctiva is transparent; capillaries sometimes evident Sclera appears white Yellowish in dark-skinned ctsPalpebral conjunctiva is shiny, smooth and pink or redTransparent, shiny, and smooth Details of the iris are visible No edema or tenderness over lacrimal gland No edema or tearing Black Equal in sizeNormally 3-7 mmRound Smooth Border Iris flat and roundIlluminated pupil constricts Non illuminated pupil constricts Pupils constrict when looking near object Pupils dilate when looking at far object Pupils converge when object is moved towards nose(Pupils Equally Round and Reactive to Light and Accommodation=PERRLA)Ct can see object in the periphery while looking straight ahead Both eyes coordinated, move in unison, in parallel alignment | The eyebrows of my client are black in color and hairs are evenly distributed. They are also symmetrically aligned. The eyelashes are equally distributed and slightly curled outward.The eyelids skin is intact and no discharges. The lids were closed symmetrically. The client blinks involuntarily. When lids open, no visible sclera above corneas, and upper and lower borders of cornea slightly covered. The bulbar conjunctiva is transparent and some capillaries are evident;While the palpebral conjunctiva is shiny, smooth and red. The cornea is transparent, shiny, and smooth. The details of the iris are also visible. The lacrimal gland and nasolacrimal duct of my client when palpated were not tender. There is also no evidence of tearing. The pupils of my client are black in color, equal in size which are both 4 inches, and round. The illuminated and non illuminated pupils constricted. When the client looked at near object, the pupils constricted while when she looked at far object, the pupils dilated. (Pupils Equally Round and Reactive to Light and Accommodation=PERRLA)My client has seen the object in the periphery even though looking straight ahead. Both eyes of my client have coordinated movements. | Both eyes of my client are in coordinated movement and in unison with each other. The sclera is yellowish. | 5. Ears A. Inspects auricles for 1. color 2. symmetry of size 3. position B. Palpates for 1. texture 2. elasticity 3. areas of tenderness C. Inspects external ear canal for 1. cerumen 2. skin lesions, pus, blood D. Assesses for hearing (both ears) 1. Hearing normal voice 2. Watch tick test 3. Weber test 4. Rinne test | Color same as facial skinSymmetrical Auricle aligned with outer canthus of eye, about 10 degrees from verticalMobile, firm, and not tenderPinna recoils after it is foldedNo cerumenNo skin lesions, pus or bloodNormal voice tones audibleAble to hear ticking in both earsWeber negative Rinne positive | My client’s auricles are symmetrical with each other, same as the color of facial skin and aligned with the outer canthus of the eyes. The auricles when palpated were mobile, firm and not tender. The pinna recoiled after it is folded. The external ear canal doesn’t have any cerumen, skin lesions, pus or blood. My client heard normal voice tones audible. She also was able to hear the tick of the watch. My client heard the sound on both ears, therefore it is Weber negative.The air conduction is greater than the bone conduction so it is Rinne positive. | The ears of the client are symmetrical with each other and no skin lesion. The ears also heard the tests clearly, thus both ears are normal. | 6. Nose and Sinuses A. Inspects external nose for 1. shape 2. size 3. color 4. flaring 5. discharges B. Palpates for 1. areas of tenderness, masses C. Determine patency of nasal cavities D. Inspects for lining of the 1. nares 2. nasal septum 3. redness/ swelling E. Palpates maxillary and frontal sinuses for 1. tenderness | Symmetric and straight No discharge or flaringUniform colorNo tenderness; no lesionsAir moves freely as the client breathes through the naresNasal septum intact and in the middle Mucosa pinkClear, watery dischargeNo lesionsNot tender | The external nose of my client was symmetric and straight. There were no discharges or flaring and it is uniform with the color of the skin. The nose is not tender. The air on the client’s nose can move freely. The nares are symmetrical with each other. The nasal septum is intact and in the middle. There was also no redness and swelling. The maxillary and frontal sinuses were not tender. | The nose is normal and no discharges. | 7. Mouth and Oropharynx A. Inspects and palpates lips and buccal mucosa for 1. color 2. moisture 3. texture 4. presence of lesion B. Inspects the teeth and gums for 1. condition 2. number 3. color 4. presence of dental caries 5. odor 6. texture of gums C. Inspects the tongue for 1. surface 2. position 3. texture 4. movement D. Inspects the mouth floor and roof for 1. color 2. texture E. Palpates tongue for nodules, lumps or excoriated areas. F. Inspects hard and soft palate for 1. color 2. shape 3. texture G. Inspects uvula for position and mobility H. Inspects tonsils and oropharynx for 1. color 2. size 3. discharge 4. gag reflex | Uniform pink color Soft, moist, smooth textureSymmetric of contour Ability to purse lips 32 adult teeth Smooth shiny white tooth enamel Pink gums Moist, firm gum texture(-) retraction of gumsCentral position Pink color Smooth lateral margins(-) lesions Moves freely Smooth tongue base with prominent veinsSmooth with no palpable nodulesLight pink, smooth palateLighter pink hard palate, more irregular in textureUvula in midline of soft palate Pink, smooth, no dischargeNormal sizeNot visible Present | The lips of the client is in uniform pale mucosa and dry. It has a symmetrical contour and she has the ability to purse her lips. There are no lesions. My client has a total of 28 adult teeth. They are slightly yellowish with some cavities. The gums are pink, moist, has a firm texture and no retraction of gums. There is no foul odor.The tongue of my client is in central position, pink in color, no lesions and can move freely. There are evidence of prominent veins on the smooth mouth floor and roof. There are no palpable nodules but the tongue is smooth. The smooth palate is light pink and the hard palate is lighter than the smooth. The uvula of my client is in the midline of the soft palate. The tonsils are pink in color, no discharges, has a normal size and the gag reflex is present. | The lips and mucosa is pale and dry. Thus, the inner parts are in normal state. | Area Assessed | Normal Findings | Actual Findings | Analysis | 8. Neck | | | | Inspect the neck muscles for a. Swelling or masses b. Head movement c. Muscle strength | Muscles equal in size; head centered | My client’s head is centered and it is equal in size |
The client’s head is in normal. | | Coordinate, smooth movements with no discomfortHead flexes 45ºHead hyperextend 60ºHead laterally flexes 45ºHead laterally rotates 70º | As she moves his head, he doesn’t feel any discomfort, it is smooth as it moves and coordinated. | | | Equal strength | She able to fight the force when the examiner is trying to resist his face and shoulder. | | Palpates the lymph nodes for enlargement. | Not palpable | There are no palpable nodes on my client. | Normal | Palpates trachea for any lateral deviations. | Central placement in midline; spaces are equal in both sides. | It is in the center of his neck and the spaces are equal in both sides. | Normal | Inspect the thyroid gland for a. Visible masses | Not visible on inspectionGlands ascend during swallowing but are not visible. | Her thyroid gland is not visible and it ascends as she swallows but it is not visible while he is swallowing. | Normal | Palpates the thyroid gland for a. Smoothness b. Areas of enlargement, masses or nodules. | Lobes may not be palpated. If palpated, lobes are small, smooth, centrally located, and painless and rise freely with swallowing. | Lobes are not palpable. | Normal | 9. Posterior Thorax | | | | Inspect posterior thorax to for a. Shape b. Symmetry | Anteroposterior to transverse diameter is 1:2 ratioChest symmetric | She has ratio of 1:2 in anteroposterior to transverse diameter; she has also a pigeon type of chest symmetric. | Normal | Inspect the spinal alignment for deformities a. Cervical b. Thoracic c. Lumbar | Spine vertically aligned.Spinal column straight, R and L shoulders and hips at the same height | Her spine is vertically aligned with evident curves in cervical and lumbar spine. Her L and R are in the same height. | Normal | Palpates the posterior thorax for a. Temperature and integrity b. Areas of tenderness, bulges, abnormal movements c. Chest excursion d. Vocal (tactile) fremitus | Uniform temperatureSkin intactChest wall intactNo lumps, masses areas of tenderness | My client’s temperature is uniform. Her skin is intact same as his chest wall. My thumb moves or separate about 3-5 cm. when he inhales. There are no lumps, masses areas of tenderness | Normal | Percuss the thorax and identifies percussion notes a. Resonant b. Flat c. Dull d. Tympanic | Resonance except over scapulaDullness over ribsFlat over bone or muscleTympanic over stomach. | Resonance except over scapulaDullness over ribsFlat over bone or muscleTympanic over stomach. | Normal | Auscultate the chest for breath sounds. | Vesicular, Broncho-vesicular, Bronchial | There are no adventitious sounds. | Normal | 10. Anterior Thorax | | | | Inspect the anterior thorax for a. Breathing patterns b. Coastal angle and the angle at which ribs enter the spine | Quiet rhythmic and effortless respiration.Costal angle is < 90º.Ribs insert into spine at 45º angle. | He breathes rhythmic and effortless. | Normal | Palpates the anterior chest for a. Temperature, integrity of skin b. Areas of tenderness, bulges, abnormal movements c. Chest excursion d. Tactile (vocal ) fremitus (male only) | Uniform temperature.Skin intact.Chest wall intact.No lumps, masses areas of tenderness.Bilateral symmetry of vocal fremitus. | | | Percuss the anterior chest a. Resonant b. Flat c. Dull d. Tympanic | Resonance down to 6th rib @ diaphragm levelFlat over heavy muscles and boneDull over the heart and the liverTympanic over underlying stomach | Resonance down to 6th rib @ diaphragm levelFlat over heavy muscles and boneDull over the heart and the liverTympanic over underlying stomach | Normal | Auscultate the a. Trachea b. Breath sounds | Bronchial breath soundsBronchovesicular and vesicular breath sounds | Bronchial breath sound over the trachea. | Normal | 11. Heart, Carotid Arteries, Jugular Veins | | | | Inspect and Palpates the following areas a. Aortic b. Pulmonic c. Tricuspid d. Apical e. Epigastric for pulsation | No pulsationNo pulsationNo lifts or heavesPulsation visible in 50% adultsPalpable in most PMI in 5th LICS MCLNo lifts or heavesAortic pulsations | No pulsationNo pulsationNo lifts or heavesPulsation visible in 50% adultsPalpable in most PMI in 5th LICS MCLNo lifts or heavesAortic pulsations | Normal | Auscultates the heart in all four sites: Aortic, Pulmonic, Tricuspid, Apical (Mitral) | S1- all sites, esp at apicalS2- all sites, esp base of the heartS3- in children/ young adultsS4- older adults | S1- all sites, esp at apicalS2- all sites, esp base of the heartS4- older adults | Normal | Palpates the carotid artery | Symmetric pulse volumeFull pulsation, thrusting qualityQuality remains the same when ct breathes, turn head, changes sitting to supineElastic arterial wall | Symmetric pulse volumeFull pulsation, thrusting qualityQuality remains the same when ct breathes, turn head, changes sitting to supineElastic arterial wall | Normal | Inspect the jugular vein for distention | Vein is not visible | Vein is not visible | Normal | 12. Breast and Axillae | | | | Inspect breasts for a. Size b. Shape/contour c. Any discoloration/hyperpigmentation d. Retractions, dimpling e. Hypervascular areas f. Swelling or edema | Female: rounded shape, slightly unequal in size and generally symmetric.Male: even with chest wallSkin uniform in colorSkin smooth and intactDiffuse symmetric horizontal or vertical vascular pattern in light skinned peopleStriae | Skin uniform in colorSkin smooth and intactEven with chest wallStriae | Normal | Palpates breasts for a. Masses, tenderness b. Discharge of nipples | No tenderness and discharge | No tenderness and discharge | Normal | Inspect the areola a. Size b. Shape/contour c. Symmetry d. Color e. Surface characteristics f. Masses, lesions | Rounded or oval bilaterally the sameColor varies widely, from light to pink brownIrregular places of sebaceous glands | Oval bilaterally the sameColor is dark brown | Normal | Palpates the areola and nipple for a. Tenderness, masses b. Presence of any discharge | No tenderness, masses, nipple discharge and nodules | No tenderness, masses, nipple discharge and nodules | Normal | 13. Abdomen | | | | Inspect the abdomen for a. Skin integrity b. Contour/shape c. Symmetry d. Abdominal movement in relation of respiration | Unblemished skin, uniform color (no lesion)Silver-white striae (stretch marks) or surgical scarsFlat, Rounded (convex) or Scaphoid (concave)Symmetric contourNo evidence of spleen or liver enlargement | Unblemished skin, uniform in color, some white striae, flabby, symmetric contour and no evidence of enlargement of spleen/liver | Normal | Auscultates abdomen for a. Bowel sounds b. Vascular sounds c. Friction rubs | Audible bowel sounds (heard every 5 to 20 seconds)3-20 Bowel sounds/ minuteAbsence of arterial bruitsAbsence of friction rubs. | Bowel sounds: 15sounds/ minuteAbsence of arterial bruitsAbsence of friction rubs | Normal | Percusses the abdomen in each of the four quadrants for tympany and dullness | Tympany over the stomach and gas-filled bowels;Dullness over the liver and spleen, or a full bladder | Tympany over the stomach and gas-filled bowelsDullness over liver | Normal | Percusses the liver to determine size | MCL: 6-12 cm (2.5-3.5 inches)Midsternal: 4-8 cm. (1.5-3 in.) | Liver is not enlarged | Normal | Performs light palpation of the abdomen to detect areas of tenderness and muscle guarding | No tenderness, relaxed abdomen with smooth, consistent tension | No tenderness, relaxed abdomen with smooth, consistent tension in all four quadrants | Normal | Perform deep palpation over all four quadrants | Pain in the right upper quadrant during deep palpation | Pain in the right upper quadrant during deep palpation | There’s a deviation from normal | Palpates liver to detect enlargement and tenderness | May not be palpableBorders feel smooth | Not palpable.There is no enlargement of liver | Normal | Palpates the bladder for distension | Not palpable | (+) Munchy’sign | The client has a sudden increase in pain with palpation of RUQ during deep inspiration. | 14. Upper Extremities | | | | Inspect the shoulder, elbow, wrist, hand and fingers for a. Bony structure b. Bony prominences c. Muscle mass d. Joint structure e. Symmetry | Equal size on both sidesNo swelling/ tendernessNo nodules or crepitation | Equal size on both sidesNo swelling/ tendernessNo nodules or crepitation | Normal | Observes the shoulder, elbow, wrist, hand and fingers for range of motion a. Flexion b. Extension c. Abduction d. Adduction e. Rotation (internal, external) | Mobile, firm, no tenderness | The client is able to execute the exercises that we’ve done, there is no tenderness | There is weakness of the client. | Palpates the arm (biceps, triceps) for a. Muscle strength b. Tone | Normally firmEqual strength on both sides | Normally firmEqual strength on both sides | Normal | Palpates hand for a. Muscle strength b. Tone | Smooth coordinated movementEqual strength on both sides | Smooth coordinated movementEqual strength on both sides | Normal | Palpates the elbow, wrist, hand and fingers for a. Bony landmarks b. Muscle size c. Joint structure d. Strength e. Temperature | Equal in strengthTemperature is uniformNo swelling/ tenderness | Equal in strengthTemperature is warm and flush skinNo swelling/ tenderness | The temperature of the client is above normal. | 15. Lower Extremities | | | | Inspect the hip, knee, ankle, foot and toes for a. Bone structures and Bony landmarks b. Muscle mass c. Joint structure d. Leg length | Equal size on both sidesNo swelling/ tendernessNo nodules or crepitation | Equal size on both sidesNo swelling/ tendernessNo nodules or crepitation | Normal | Observes the hip, knee, ankle, foot and toes for a. Rotation b. Flexion c. Extension d. Abduction e. Adduction | Mobile, firm, no tenderness | My client does not able to execute the exercises that we’ve done, there is no tenderness | The client has body malaise. | Palpates the hip for a. Bony landmarks b. Muscle size and strength c. Joint structure d. Temperature | Equal in strengthTemperature is uniformNo swelling/ tenderness | Equal in strengthTemperature is warm and flush skinNo swelling/ tenderness | There is deviation from normal. |

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