Project 1: Essay about the use of Physics on Sports.
Date: 07/12/2015

Write an essay of 1500 words, giving credible references on the use of physics in a sport of your choice. Remember to follow the APA style and give at least two references.

Physics in sport

Looking coverage of the Olympic Games repairs itself in the physical characteristics of the athletes different modalities. Note, for example, that the marathon runners are usually slim runners, while the short-distance runners are usually well built. Also look how the gymnasts are small, and so on. Every sport favors and helps develop certain characteristics. Runners at distances as short as 100 and 200 meters need to develop enough leg muscles. You have to quickly getting evidence requiring physical effort and a lot of speed. Per Therefore, these athletes do a lot of weight and have a diet rich in proteins - found in the meat (red or white) and eggs, among others. Most of the energy of our body is a type of sugar called glucose, which is transported by the blood. In order the muscles to perform movements, they need power, which is produced from many chemical reactions in which the primary (but not sole) components are oxygen and glucose. This is the aerobic metabolism (which needs oxygen).
However, athletes run short distances have developed an anaerobic metabolism, i.e., they are capable to produce energy quickly without having to wait for oxygen. To this end, the store muscles substances that help in this process. Since the marathon is a race in which competitors run 42,195 meters in a little over two hours. Not for anyone! But what is the secret of so much resistance? For these athletes, oxygen is the fuel indispensable. With training, they develop an excellent breathing capacity and an effective rate of heartbeats. They can capture a volume of oxygen around 50% greater than that of a normal person. And every beat of your heart carries much more blood than usual, always keeping high the amount of oxygen. In order to perform prolonged efforts, marathoners need a lot of glucose to supply to serve energy. So eat foods rich in these substances, such as pasta, rice and cereals. And as need a lot of endurance, these athletes are thin and light general. Sportsmen who have hypertrophied muscles gain in speed but lost in resistance, coming faster exhaustion.
Among the gymnasts, the story is different: the more light and fast for the body, the easier it will be to carry those fancy pirouettes. Such as technical difficulty of tricks has been increasing through the years, smaller gymnasts lead increasingly advantage. The biggest secret of these virtues is age, especially in women's category. The sexual maturation leaves the body of the hard and heavy athletes. Therefore, that stand out are very young (between 15 and 18 years) and have the average height of 1,48m. For men, the average height is 1,64m. Although small, the gymnasts have musculature well developed. A large muscle explosion is important for the achievement Aerobatics. Learn why the friction helps some athletes and undermines other: For physics, every action force corresponds to a reaction force. Take, then the sample the race to understand the statement, when an athlete runs, his foot acts pushing the ground back. In turn, the floor reacts and pushes the foot forward competitive. If not there was friction - resistance force to the movement - between the floor and athlete's foot, not reaction would be and therefore the athlete would not go. The same reasoning applies to cycling. By pedaling, we rotate the crown - pieces in which the current passes – and they make the bike tire push the floor back and this push the bike front. For more than a surface looks smooth, it always offers resistance to movement. Without this resistance, no one could run, ride a bike or even walk. If the Friction is essential for athletes who need to run or cycle, it only disturbs the swimmers. The greater the friction between the swimmer and the water, the longer it will take to complete your test. As in swimming every hundredth of a second is crucial, a tiny fraction of lost time It can cost a medal. Friction with the net - the case of water - is much lower than the -if the solid floor. Yet when the swimmer starts swimming, its displacement causes friction.
Part of the water adheres to the competitor's body and moves along with it, causing resistance to its movement. To reduce the resistance and allow water to drain more easily, swimmers seek to become the most aerodynamic possible. A novelty aerodynamics in these Olympics is the shark suit. As its name suggests, the clothing is made imitating the skin of a shark. This swimsuit greatly decreases the friction between the water and the swimmer, helping him get better times. Therefore, mostly by shaving all of the body to decrease the amount of water that moves along with them. Another resource used for decreasing friction is the use of caps. But after all, what helps the swimmer to move? What if someone said that the same principle that lets Let's swim moves and space rockets planes, would you believe? You can doubt, but it's true! The combustion (or burning) of fuel displaces air out of the turbines and thus, the rocket moves in the opposite direction the air that is displaced. By giving strokes and leg kicks, it displaces the water back and she propels it forward. It is an action and a reaction. Note that, in this case, friction is not essential for movement; on the contrary, it hinders the movement in which swimming enables the displacement of a certain volume of water.
The sport, as well as physical, lives full of numbers, which in your case represent the results of athletes. But can we trust them? Professor P. Kirkpatrick does not think so, and analyzes various situations pointing fixes that should be made in athletic steps to repair any mistakes. We will present some considerations of Professor P. Kirkpatrick: An example of error in measurements is found in distance running: are mounted electrical or photographic devices capable of measuring time with an accuracy of up to 0.01 second; but at the same time, the revolver that gives the starting signal and, simultaneously, triggers the meter time is usually located at a distance such that the competitors shot noise spends up to 0.04 seconds to reach your ears. Note, then, that does not meaning the use of such an accurate clock, since the initial error in the time measurement is well above the machine's accuracy. Another example deals with the influence of gravity on the sports scores.
It is known that the range of a pitch, or a jump distance is inversely proportional to the value of "g" gravity. And the value of "g" varies from one place on Earth to another, depending on the latitude and the amplitude of the spot. Then, an athlete throwing a dart for example, in a town where the value of "g" is relatively small (small latitude and altitude) is benefited. To give an idea of the importance of these considerations, Professor P. Kirkpatrick showed that a pitch whose range of 16.75 m was in Boston constitute, in reality best result a range of 16.78 m in Mexico City. This is because the value of acceleration of gravity, in Mexico City lower than in Boston. Professor P. Kirkpatrick, as physical, concerned about the considerations presented, tried to sensitize the sport authorities in the United States, so that measures were taken to mitigate those errors. Surprisingly, observed a large disinterest in the subject and concluded that sport is an art, and people who do this successfully art would hardly willing to accept changes in their way of proceed.
The ball: In physics, both liquid such as water, air and gas type are considered fluids. A curious property of fluids is that when the speed increases, the pressure decreases. Instead using words, we can do an experiment to better explain this phenomenon. So, cut two strips of paper and place them on either side of the mouth, as shown. What do you think will happen when blowing between the strips? They will move away, right? Try it and see that they approach. This is because the air coming out of your mouth is moving faster than the air outside. Thus, the air pressure in the mouth is smaller than the pressure from outside, which finishes pushing strips of paper inside. Now let's follow a moving ball. The air is passing the ball, while she moves; some air is also dragged by it during turning. Where the ball and the air move in the same direction, the speed is higher and the pressure is lower. Where the air dragged by ball moves in the opposite direction to air passing through the ball, the speed is lower, and therefore, the pressure is greater. This difference in pressure causes the ball to deviate of its normal path, producing the so-called Magnus effect. Using this purpose can make a ball float in the air. Just put an air jet and a ball of Styrofoam the ball float even if the jet is tilted.

References: http://www.marathonguide.com/results/browse.cfm?MIDD=2168150704 http://www.active.com/running/articles/how-to-run-your-first-marathon http://www.webmd.com/fitness-exercise/20040825/why-many-elite-gymnasts-are-short http://evidencebasedfitness.net/gymnastics-makes-you-short/ http://www.thehealthyhomeeconomist.com/how-running-a-marathon-can-seriously-harm-your-health/ http://running-advice.com/blog/?p=2756